RESUMEN
Gut bacteria influence brain functions and metabolism. We investigated whether this influence can be mediated by direct sensing of bacterial cell wall components by brain neurons. In mice, we found that bacterial peptidoglycan plays a major role in mediating gut-brain communication via the Nod2 receptor. Peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides reach the brain and alter the activity of a subset of brain neurons that express Nod2. Activation of Nod2 in hypothalamic inhibitory neurons is essential for proper appetite and body temperature control, primarily in females. This study identifies a microbe-sensing mechanism that regulates feeding behavior and host metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2 , Peptidoglicano , Animales , Apetito , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/metabolismo , Temperatura Corporal , Ratones , Neuronas/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2/genética , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2/metabolismo , Peptidoglicano/metabolismoRESUMEN
Epidemiological data reveal an association between obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, animal models demonstrate that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) and maternal obesity increase susceptibility to IBD in offspring. Here we report that excess calorie intake by neonatal mice, as a consequence of maternal HFD, forced feeding of neonates or low litter competition, leads to an increase during weaning in intestinal permeability, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hydrogen sulfide production by the microbiota. These intestinal changes engage in mutual positive feedback that imprints increased susceptibility to colitis in adults. The pathological imprinting is prevented by the neutralization of IFN-γ and TNF-α or the production of hydrogen sulfide, or by normalization of intestinal permeability during weaning. We propose that excess calorie intake by neonates leads to multiple causally linked perturbations in the intestine that imprint the individual with long-term susceptibility to IBD.
Asunto(s)
Colitis/etiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Ingestión de Energía , Exposición Materna , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Femenino , Homeostasis , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , EmbarazoRESUMEN
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.