Liquid biopsy for precision diagnostics and therapeutics.

Liquid biopsy (LB) has emerged as a highly promising and non-invasive diagnostic approach, particularly in the field of oncology, and has garnered interest in various medical disciplines. This technique involves the examination of biomolecules released into physiological fluids, such as urine samples, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The analysed biomolecules included circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, and other cell-free components. In contrast to conventional tissue biopsies, LB provides minimally invasive diagnostics, offering invaluable insights into tumor characteristics, treatment response, and early disease detection. This Review explores the contemporary landscape of technologies and clinical applications in the realm of LB, with a particular emphasis on the isolation and analysis of ctDNA and/or cfDNA. Various methodologies have been employed, including droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (DDP), BEAMing (beads, emulsion, amplification, and magnetics), TAm-Seq (tagged-amplicon deep sequencing), CAPP-Seq (cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing), WGBS-Seq (whole genome bisulfite sequencing), WES (whole exome sequencing), and WGS (whole-genome sequencing). Additionally, CTCs have been successfully isolated through biomarker-based cell capture, employing both positive and negative enrichment strategies based on diverse biophysical and other inherent properties. This approach also addresses challenges and limitations associated with liquid biopsy techniques, such as sensitivity, specificity, standardization and interpretability of findings. This review seeks to identify the current technologies used in liquid biopsy samples, emphasizing their significance in identifying tumor markers for cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment outcome monitoring.

Anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a murine model for rheumatoid arthritis using in vivo, in vitro and radiological analysis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that causes discomfort, synovial membrane inflammation, peripheral joint inflammation, morning stiffness, articular tissue loss, and restricted joint movement. In the present study, we aim to explore the anti-arthritic efficacy of Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract in a Freund's Complete Adjuvant-induced arthritis, in murine model. The hot soxhlet method was used to extract dried aerial components of Bombax ceiba using an ethyl alcohol: water (70:30) ratio. Bombax ceiba ethanolic extract at two doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was investigated in Wistar rats against Freund's full adjuvant-induced chronic immunological arthritis. Anti-arthritis efficacy was studied utilising morphological research (paw volume, paw diameter, and body weight). On the 28th day, the animals were sacrificed, and haematological parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6), cell culture, histological and radiological analysis were performed. BCEE inhibited paw oedema significantly (P 0.05) at a dose of 40mg/Kg, which was corroborated by paw volume and diameter, as well as haematological parameters, in Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis model. The BCEE also significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and the histopathological changes caused by Freund's full adjuvant model. BCEE preserves synovial membranes by enhancing health and has shown a significant anti-arthritic activity. Thus, data confirms the traditional usage of Bombax ceiba for arthritis.