The influence of ethnicity on disease outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.

Since the cultural diversity in Western Europe is growing, this study assessed whether foreign-born chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients have more cirrhosis than Dutch- or Belgian-born patients, with a main focus on the Turkish population. Baseline characteristics (eg, socioeconomic status [SES]), biological characteristics, and disease outcome (eg, cirrhosis) were collected for all patients. Between December 2009 and January 2015, 269 CHB patients participated from the outpatient departments of three hospitals in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Turkey. Out of the 269 CHB patients, 210 were foreign-born and 59 were Dutch- or Belgian-born. Compared with Dutch- or Belgian-born patients, foreign-born patients had a higher prevalence of low SES (58% vs 31%; P = 0.001) and cirrhosis (27% vs 10%; P = 0.007). Among the Turkish population, there were no significant differences regarding the prevalence of low SES (73% vs 61%; P = 0.170), alcohol abuse (1% vs 5%; P = 0.120), anti-hepatitis C virus positivity (4% vs 0%; P = 0.344), anti-hepatitis D virus positivity (1% vs 6%; P = 0.297), and cirrhosis (37% vs 27%; P = 0.262) between patients (n = 102) living in Turkey (local) and Turkish CHB (n = 38) patients living in the Netherlands or Belgium (immigrant). In multivariate analysis, low SES (odds ratio, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-14.5; P < 0.001) was associated with cirrhosis. In this study, foreign-born CHB patients were associated with more advanced HBV-related liver disease with 27% having cirrhosis. However, ethnicity was not associated with cirrhosis when SES was included in the multivariate analysis. The similar prevalence of cirrhosis in local Turkish compared to immigrant Turkish CHB patients is novel and warrants further investigation.

Declining Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Incidence in Dutch Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men After Unrestricted Access to HCV Therapy.

Background: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAa) cure hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in 95% of infected patients. Modeling studies predict that universal HCV treatment will lead to a decrease in the incidence of new infections but real-life data are lacking. The incidence of HCV among Dutch human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) has been high for >10 years. In 2015 DAAs became available to all Dutch HCV patients and resulted in a rapid treatment uptake in HIV-positive MSM. We assessed whether this uptake was followed by a decrease in the incidence of HCV infections. Methods: Two prospective studies of treatment for acute HCV infection enrolled patients in 17 Dutch HIV centers, having 76% of the total HIV-positive MSM population in care in the Netherlands. Patients were recruited in 2014 and 2016, the years before and after unrestricted DAA availability. We compared the HCV incidence in both years. Results: The incidence of acute HCV infection decreased from 93 infections during 8290 person-years of follow-up (PYFU) in 2014 (11.2/1000 PYFU; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1-13.7) to 49 during 8961 PYFU in 2016 (5.5/1000 PYFU; 4.1-7.2). The incidence rate ratio of 2016 compared with 2014 was 0.49 (95% CI, .35-.69). Simultaneously, a significant increase in the percentage positive syphilis (+2.2%) and gonorrhea (+2.8%) tests in HIV-positive MSM was observed at sexual health clinics across the Netherlands and contradicts a decrease in risk behavior as an alternative explanation. Conclusions: Unrestricted DAA availability in the Netherlands was followed by a 51% decrease in acute HCV infections among HIV-positive MSM.

Boceprevir, peginterferon and ribavirin for acute hepatitis C in HIV infected patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acute hepatitis C virus infections (AHCV) are prevalent among HIV positive men having sex with men and generally treated with pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) during 24weeks. The addition of a protease inhibitor could shorten therapy without loss of efficacy. METHODS: We performed an open-label, single arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a 12-week course of boceprevir, PegIFN and RBV for AHCV genotype 1 infections in 10 Dutch HIV treatment centers. The primary endpoint of the study was achievement of sustained virological response rate at week 12 (SVR12) in patients reaching a rapid viral response at week 4 (RVR4) and SVR12 in the intent to treat (ITT) entire study population was the most relevant secondary endpoint. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven AHCV patients were screened in 16 months, of which 65 AHCV genotype 1 patients were included. After spontaneous clearance in six patients and withdrawal before treatment initiation in two, 57 started therapy within 26 weeks after infection. RVR4 rate was 72%. SVR12 rate was 100% in the RVR4 group. SVR12 rate in the ITT group was 86% and comparable to the SVR12 rate of 84% in 73 historical controls treated for 24 weeks with PegIFN and RBV in the same study centers. CONCLUSION: With the addition of boceprevir to PegIFN and RBV, treatment duration of AHCV genotype 1 can be reduced to 12 weeks without loss of efficacy. Given the high drug costs and limited availability of interferon-free regimens, boceprevir PegIFN and RBV can be a considered a valid treatment option for AHCV. ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01912495.

Long-term follow-up of hepatitis C infection in a large cohort of patients with inherited bleeding disorders.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with inherited bleeding disorders are an interesting group to study the long-term course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, because of their uniform mode of infection and reliable follow-up. Our aim was to assess the long-term occurrence of adverse liver-related events in these patients. METHODS: The occurrence and determinants of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) were assessed using retrospective data of 863 HCV infected patients with inherited bleeding disorders from the Netherlands and the UK. RESULTS: Median follow-up since HCV infection was 31 years, while 30% of patients had >35 follow-up years. Nineteen percent of patients spontaneously cleared the virus and 81% developed chronic HCV infection. Of the 700 patients with chronic HCV, 90 (13%) developed ESLD. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was diagnosed in 3% of patients with chronic HCV, 41% of which occurred in the last six years. Determinants of ESLD development were age at infection (hazard ratio (HR) 1.09 per year increase), HIV co-infection (HR 10.85), history of alcohol abuse (HR 4.34) and successful antiviral treatment (HR 0.14). Of the 487 patients who were still alive at the end of follow-up, 49% did not undergo optimal conventional antiviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: After over 30 years of HCV infection, ESLD occurred in a significant proportion of patients with inherited bleeding disorders. HCC appears to be an increasing problem. There is a significant potential for both conventional and new antiviral treatment regimens to try and limit ESLD occurrence in the future.

Acute internal medicine physicians' clinical intuition based on acute care telephone referral: A prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: In the Netherlands, most emergency department (ED) patients are referred by a general practitioner (GP) or a hospital specialist. Early risk stratification during telephone referral could allow the physician to assess the severity of the patients' illness in the prehospital setting. We aim to assess the discriminatory value of the acute internal medicine (AIM) physicians' clinical intuition based on telephone referral of ED patients to predict short-term adverse outcomes, and to investigate on which information their predictions are based. METHODS: In this prospective study, we included adult ED patients who were referred for internal medicine by a GP or a hospital specialist. Primary outcomes were hospital admission and triage category according to the Manchester Triage System (MTS). Secondary outcome was 31-day mortality. The discriminatory performance of the clinical intuition was assessed using an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). To identify which information is important to predict adverse outcomes, we performed univariate regression analysis. Agreement between predicted and observed MTS triage category was assessed using intraclass and Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: We included 333 patients, of whom 172 (51.7%) were referred by a GP, 146 (43.8%) by a hospital specialist, and 12 (3.6%) by another health professional. The AIM physician's clinical intuition showed good discriminatory performance regarding hospital admission (AUC 0.72, 95% CI: 0.66-0.78) and 31-day mortality (AUC 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.81). Univariate regression analysis showed that age ≥65 years and a sense of alarm were significant predictors. The predicted and observed triage category were similar in 45.2%, but in 92.5% the prediction did not deviate by more than one category. Intraclass and Spearman's correlation showed fair agreement between predicted and observed triage category (ICC 0.48, Spearman's 0.29). CONCLUSION: Clinical intuition based on relevant information during a telephone referral can be used to accurately predict short-term outcomes, allowing for early risk stratification in the prehospital setting and managing ED patient flow more effectively.

Cascade of care among hepatitis B patients in Maastricht, the Netherlands, 1996 to 2018.

Background & aims: There are approximately 49,000 people (0.34%) in the Netherlands with a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It is unclear how many are linked to care and under follow-up in hepatitis outpatient clinics. This study determined the cascade of care and identified predictors for not being linked to care and loss to follow-up in Maastricht, the Netherlands. Methods: All hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients between December 1, 1996 and September 30, 2018 were retrospectively identified. Results: In total, 644 HBsAg-positive patients were identified; of whom 75 had acute HBV infection, 471 chronic HBV infection and 98 unknown. Out of 569 individuals with a chronic/unknown HBV status, 134/569 (23.6%) were not linked to care and 58.7% (195/332 after excluding those who died or achieved HBsAg-seroclearance) were loss to follow-up (LTFU). A predictor for not being linked to care was Caucasian ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.76 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.21-6.29); p = .015). Predictors for LTFU were older age (OR = 0.97 (CI = 0.94-0.99); p = .008), HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL (OR = 0.44 (CI = 0.21 - 0.93); p = .033) and Asian ethnicity (OR = 0.46, (CI = 0.21-1.00); p = .050). Rates of not being linked to care and LTFU decreased over time from 12.7% in 1996 to 4.4% in 2018 and from 79.2% in 1996 to 37.2% in 2018, respectively. Conclusions: A considerable amount of HBsAg-positive individuals were not linked to care or LTFU. This study indicates that ethnicity plays a role in linkage to care and follow-up. Further research is needed to elaborate on those results.

Mpox vaccination willingness, determinants, and communication needs in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, in the context of limited vaccine availability in the Netherlands (Dutch Mpox-survey).

Introduction: In the 2022 multicountry mpox (formerly named monkeypox) outbreak, several countries offered primary preventive vaccination (PPV) to people at higher risk for infection. We study vaccine acceptance and its determinants, to target and tailor public health (communication-) strategies in the context of limited vaccine supply in the Netherlands. Methods: Online survey in a convenience sample of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, including transgender persons (22/07-05/09/2022, the Netherlands). We assessed determinants for being (un)willing to accept vaccination. We used multivariable multinominal regression and logistic regression analyses, calculating adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95 percent confidence-intervals. An open question asked for campaigning and procedural recommendations. Results: Of respondents, 81.5% (n = 1,512/1,856) were willing to accept vaccination; this was 85.2% (799/938) in vaccination-eligible people and 77.7% (713/918) in those non-eligible. Determinants for non-acceptance included: urbanization (rural: aOR:2.2;1.2-3.7; low-urban: aOR:2.4;1.4-3.9; vs. high-urban), not knowing mpox-vaccinated persons (aOR:2.4;1.6-3.4), and lack of connection to gay/queer-community (aOR:2.0;1.5-2.7). Beliefs associated with acceptance were: perception of higher risk/severity of mpox, higher protection motivation, positive outcome expectations post vaccination, and perceived positive social norms regarding vaccination. Respondents recommended better accessible communication, delivered regularly and stigma-free, with facts on mpox, vaccination and procedures, and other preventive options. Also, they recommended, "vaccine provision also at non-clinic settings, discrete/anonymous options, self-registration" to be vaccinated and other inclusive vaccine-offers (e.g., also accessible to people not in existing patient-registries). Conclusion: In the public health response to the mpox outbreak, key is a broad and equitable access to information, and to low-threshold vaccination options for those at highest risk. Communication should be uniform and transparent and tailored to beliefs, and include other preventive options. Mpox vaccine willingness was high. Public health efforts may be strengthened in less urbanized areas and reach out to those who lack relevant (community) social network influences.

Appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy and added value of adjunctive gentamicin in patients with septic shock: a prospective cohort study in the ICU.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the appropriateness of empiric antibiotic therapy and the possible benefit of adding short-course gentamicin in septic shock patients with abdominal, urogenital, or an unknown focus. Secondary objectives were the effect of gentamicin addition on shock reversal and the incidence of a fungal infection. METHODS: Microbiological cultures, antibiotic treatment, and antibiotic resistance patterns of the cultured microorganisms were recorded during the first 5 days of admission. Inappropriate antibiotic therapy was defined as a prescription within the first 24 h that did not cover cultured bacteria during the first 5 days of admission and was determined in the overall group and in patients receiving adjunctive gentamicin (combination therapy) versus patients receiving monotherapy. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of gentamicin addition with shock reversal. RESULTS: Of 203 septic shock patients, with abdominal (n = 143), urogenital (n = 27) or unknown (n = 33) focus, 115 patients received monotherapy, and 88 patients received combination therapy. Inappropriate therapy occurred in 29 patients (14%), more frequently in monotherapy (17%) versus combination therapy (10%). Combination therapy would have been effective in 55% of patients with inappropriate monotherapy. We found no association between gentamicin addition and shock reversal (p = .223). A fungal infection was present in 22 patients (11%). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy occurs in 17% of septic shock patients receiving monotherapy. In 55% of these patients, additional gentamicin would have resulted in appropriate therapy. When clinical course is unfavourable, lowering the threshold for administering adjunctive aminoglycoside and antifungal therapy should be considered.

Improving peak concentrations of a single dose regime of gentamicin in patients with sepsis in the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To achieve an optimal effect in patients with sepsis at the emergency department (ED), the gentamicin peak-concentration should be sufficiently high (i.e. peak-concentration/MIC ≥8-10). ICU patients with sepsis often need higher gentamicin doses to achieve sufficiently high peak-concentrations. The aim of this study is to investigate which dose is needed to reach adequate peak-concentrations in patients presenting with sepsis at the ED. METHODS: Patients with sepsis at the ED were included from August 2015 until February 2017. Peak-concentrations were measured in blood 30 minutes after the first gentamicin dose. The study consisted of three phases. In the first phase, peak-concentrations were measured after a standard dose of 5mg/kg. In the second phase, a simulation ((peak-concentration/actual dose) × simulated dose) was performed to determine which dose was needed to reach adequate gentamicin peak-concentrations of ≥16mg/L. In the third phase, peak-concentrations were measured for the best simulated dose. RESULTS: In phase one, of 86 patients who received a dose of 5mg/kg, 34 (39.5%) patients did not reach the target peak-concentration of ≥16mg/L, and 73 (84.9%) did not reach ≥20mg/L. In phase two, the simulation showed that with a dose of 7mg/kg 83 (96.5%) patients would reach peak-concentrations ≥16mg/L, and 67 (77.9%) of ≥20mg/L. In phase three, 53 patients received a dose of 7mg/kg, of whom 45 (84.9%) reached peak-concentrations of ≥16mg/L, and 31 (58.5%) of ≥20mg/L. CONCLUSION: Patients with sepsis at the ED need higher doses of gentamicin. A dose of 7mg/kg is needed to achieve adequate peak-concentrations in the majority of patients.

Treatment of acute hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 4 with 8 weeks of grazoprevir plus elbasvir (DAHHS2): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 3b trial.

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antivirals effectively treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection but there is a paucity of data on their efficacy for acute HCV, when immediate treatment could prevent onward transmission. We assessed the efficacy of grazoprevir plus elbasvir treatment in acute HCV infection and investigated whether treatment can be shortened during the acute phase of HCV infection. METHODS: The Dutch Acute HCV in HIV study number 2 (DAHHS2) study was a single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3b trial. Adult patients (≥18 years) with acute HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection (duration of infection 26 weeks or less, according to presumed day of infection) were recruited at 15 HIV outpatient clinics in the Netherlands and Belgium. All patients were treated with 8 weeks of grazoprevir 100 mg plus elbasvir 50 mg administered as one oral fixed drug combination tablet once daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12; HCV RNA <15 IU/mL) in all patients who started treatment. Reinfection with a different HCV virus was not considered treatment failure in the primary analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02600325. FINDINGS: Between Feb 15, 2016, and March 2, 2018, we assessed 146 patients with a recently acquired HCV infection for eligibility, of whom 86 were enrolled and 80 initiated therapy, all within 6 months after infection. All patients who initiated treatment completed treatment and no patients were lost to follow-up. 79 (99%, 95% CI 93-100) of 80 patients achieved SVR12. All 14 patients who were infected with a virus carrying a clinically significant polymorphism in NS5A were cured. If reinfections were considered treatment failures, 75 (94%, 86-98) of 80 patients achieved SVR12. Two serious adverse events not considered related to the treatment were reported (traumatic rectal bleeding and low back surgery). The most common adverse event was a new sexually transmitted infection (19 [24%] of 80 patients). The most common reported possibly drug-related adverse events were fatigue (11 [14%] patients), headache (seven [9%] patients), insomnia (seven [9%] patients), mood changes (five [6%] patients), dyspepsia (five [6%] patients), concentration impairment (four [5%] patients), and dizziness (4 [5%] patients), all of which were regarded as mild by the treating physician. No adverse events led to study drug discontinuation. INTERPRETATION: 8 weeks of grazoprevir plus elbasvir was highly effective for the treatment of acute HCV genotype 1 or 4 infection. The ability to treat acute HCV immediately after diagnosis might help physicians to reach the WHO goal of HCV elimination by 2030. FUNDING: Merck Sharp and Dohme and Health-Holland.

Intentional overdose of dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (Triumeq) in a 26-year-old man.

Triumeq is a single-tablet regimen for patients with HIV infection comprising dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine. Overdoses with Triumeq have not been reported previously. We present a case of a 26-year-old man who presented to our hospital after intentionally ingesting 30 tablets of Triumeq. An intoxication with Triumeq can lead to several side effects. An overdose of abacavir and lamivudine can cause mitochondrial toxicity and lactic acidosis. An intoxication with dolutegravir appears to be relatively harmless. As Triumeq will be used on a regular basis as treatment for patients with HIV-1 infection, these intoxications are expected to be encountered more often.

An 86-year-old man with acute abdominal pain.

An 86-year-old man presented with severe pain in the upper abdomen along with fever. On physical examination, we found an arterial blood pressure of 84/43 mm Hg, a heart rate of 80 bpm and a temperature of 38.3°C. The abdomen was painful and peristalsis was absent. Empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis was started with amoxicillin/clavulanate and gentamicin. CT scan of the abdomen revealed an emphysematous cholecystitis. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystostomy was applied. Bile cultures revealed Clostridium perfringens. Emphysematous cholecystitis is a life-threatening form of acute cholecystitis that occurs as a consequence of ischaemic injury to the gallbladder, followed by translocation of gas-forming bacteria (ie, C. perfringens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Streptococci). The mortality associated with emphysematous cholecystitis is higher than in non-emphysematous cholecystitis (15% vs 4%). Therefore, early diagnosis with radiological imaging is of vital importance.

Hepatitis C and health-related quality of life among patients with hemophilia.

Hepatitis C has a negative effect on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It is not clear whether hepatitis C affects HRQoL of patients with hemophilia. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on HRQoL in patients with hemophilia. A cross-sectional study was performed among all registered hemophilia patients in the Netherlands. HRQoL was determined by using the self-administered SF-36 questionnaire. Patients were eligible for the study if they completed the SF-36, had been treated with clotting factor products before 1992, and had reported their hepatitis C status. Data on the severity of hemophilia were obtained from the hemophilia treatment centers. The validity of the self-reported data on hepatitis C status was verified in a random sample of 92 (15%) patients; 92% reported their hepatitis C status correctly. Fifty-five percent (333/602) of the study population had a current HCV infection. All eight domains of the SF-36 were lower in patients with a current HCV infection than they were in patients who had never been infected with HCV. After adjustment for age, severity of hemophilia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, employment status, and joint limitations, hepatitis C infection was associated with a decrease of HRQoL on the domains of general health (difference 6.9 [95% confidence interval (C.I.) 2.7 to 11.2]) and vitality (3.8 [95% C.I. 0.1 to 7.7]). Hemophilia patients infected with HCV scored lower on the HRQoL domains of general health and vitality than hemophilia patients who had never been infected with HCV.

Isolated GH deficiency: mutation screening and copy number analysis of HMGA2 and CDK6 genes.

OBJECTIVE: In most patients, the genetic cause of isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is unknown. By identifying several genes associated with height variability within the normal population, three separate genome-wide association studies provided new candidate genes for human growth disorders. We selected two of them for genetic screening of our IGHD population. AIM: We aimed to determine whether high-mobility group A2 (HMGA2) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 6 (CDK6) are involved in the pathogenicity of IGHD. METHODS: We directly sequenced coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the genes HMGA2 and CDK6 in 105 Caucasian IGHD patients from the Dutch HYPOPIT study. In addition, we developed a new probe set of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for both genes in order to detect copy number variations. RESULTS: In one patient with classical IGHD phenotype, we identified a new heterozygous 20 bp deletion in the intronic region of HMGA2 (c.250-29_-9del), which was absent in the databases and healthy controls. Together, with recently published data concerning the 12q14 microdeletion syndrome, where patients with an HMGA2 haploinsufficiency had proportionate short stature, this study provides further support of the important role for HMGA2 in growth. In CDK6, we found only known polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first report of a deletion in the HMGA2 gene that might be related to IGHD. We suggest that this gene is investigated as a second screening in patients with a classical IGHD phenotype in which mutations in classical candidate genes have been excluded.

Progression to end-stage liver disease in patients with inherited bleeding disorders and hepatitis C: an international, multicenter cohort study.

Prior to 1990, many patients with inherited bleeding disorders were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study assessed the risk of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in patients with hemophilia with chronic hepatitis C. Patients were infected between 1961 and 1990 and were followed up to August 2005. Of 847 anti-HCV(+) patients, 160 (19%) spontaneously cleared HCV and 687 (81%) developed chronic hepatitis C. Coinfection with HIV was present in 210 patients. After 35 years of infection the cumulative incidence of ESLD was 11.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-14.8%) in HIV(-) patients and 35.1% (95% CI, 29.2%-41.0%; P < .001) in patients coinfected with HIV. Independent risk factors of ESLD were HIV coinfection (hazard ratio 13.8; 95% CI, 7.5-25.3), older age at infection (hazard ratio 2.3 per 10 years; 95% CI, 2.0-2.8), alcohol abuse (hazard ratio 4.9; 95% CI, 2.5-9.6), and presence of HCV genotype 1 (hazard ratio 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2). With longer duration of HCV infection, the risk of developing ESLD is emerging in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Risk factors for rapid progression to ESLD are alcohol abuse, coinfection with HIV, older age at infection, and presence of HCV genotype 1.

The natural history of childhood-acquired hepatitis C infection in patients with inherited bleeding disorders.

BACKGROUND: Although many patients with inherited bleeding disorders have been infected with hepatitis C in early childhood, the natural history of infection in this patient group remains poorly defined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 212 patients with inherited bleeding disorders born between 1976 and 1992 were evaluated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, spontaneous clearance, and (by noninvasive tests) progressive liver disease. RESULTS: A total of 120 of 212 patients had been exposed to non-HCV-inactivated clotting products, and 68 of these 120 patients (57%) were anti-HCV-positive. Of these patients, 44 (65%) had chronic hepatitis C (HCV RNA-positive) and 24 (35%) showed spontaneous clearance (HCV RNA-negative). Five patients with hepatitis C were coinfected with hepatitis B virus and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Multivariate analysis indicated that hepatitis C infection was independently associated with longer treatment period (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-1.9) and exposure to a larger number of donors (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.9). Spontaneous HCV clearance was associated with a younger age at first exposure to clotting product (p = 0.02). After a mean infection period of 21 years, evidence of cirrhosis was present in 2 patients (5%), both of whom were coinfected with HIV. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous HCV clearance is associated with young age at infection. Despite frequent childhood-acquired hepatitis C infection among patients with inherited bleeding disorders, progression to cirrhosis after 21 years of infection is rare. The diagnosis of cirrhosis without biopsy, however, remains challenging in this population, and new, noninvasive means must be developed to accurately identify cirrhotic patients.