RESUMEN
Regenerative medicine therapies hold enormous potential for a variety of currently incurable conditions with high unmet clinical need. Most progress in this field to date has been achieved with cell-based regenerative medicine therapies, with over a thousand clinical trials performed up to 2015. However, lack of adequate safety and efficacy data is currently limiting wider uptake of these therapies. To facilitate clinical translation, non-invasive in vivo imaging technologies that enable careful evaluation and characterisation of the administered cells and their effects on host tissues are critically required to evaluate their safety and efficacy in relevant preclinical models. This article reviews the most common imaging technologies available and how they can be applied to regenerative medicine research. We cover details of how each technology works, which cell labels are most appropriate for different applications, and the value of multi-modal imaging approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the responses to cell therapy in vivo.
RESUMEN
During 2007-2008, serious adverse events were reported following iv administration of certain batches of commercially available heparin in humans. Anaphylactoid reactions with acute hypotension were the hallmark of these cases. Subsequently, it was shown that a contaminant, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS), was responsible for these adverse events. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the risks related to OSCS-contaminated heparin preparations. Using an anesthetized rat hemodynamic model, marked diastolic blood pressure drops were induced with a single iv injection of a contaminated heparin (1000 IU/kg; 34% wt/wt OSCS). OSCS alone (0.8 and 20 mg/kg) or in combination (0.8-1.7 mg/kg) with uncontaminated heparin produced a similar hypotensive effect, whereas heparin spiked with 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg OSCS produced no hemodynamic changes. In conscious rats, acute hypotensive effects were seen following single iv administration of OSCS-spiked heparin (1.7 or 3.0 mg/kg). Conversely, no hemodynamic effects were observed with same doses when administered sc. Pretreatment with a bradykinin-2 receptor antagonist (HOE140) fully abolished the hypotensive response after iv OSCS (1.7 mg/kg) administration, whereas pretreatment with the histamine (H1) receptor antagonist cetirizine did not. In vitro, OSCS (25 and 250 µg/ml) induced a robust, dose-related increase in kallikrein activity in rat and human plasma with a lower amplitude of response in dog and pig. The data suggest that the adverse events associated with OSCS-contaminated heparin are dependent upon the concentration of contaminant and its route of administration. Furthermore, the kallikrein-kinin system plays a pivotal role in the initiation of OSCS-related vascular effects.