Five-Year Clinical Outcome and Valve Durability After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients.

BACKGROUND: The FRANCE-2 registry (French Aortic National Corevalve and Edwards) previously reported good early- and medium-term clinical and echocardiographic efficacy for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. We here report 5-year follow-up results from the registry. METHODS: The registry includes all consecutive patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis in France. Follow-up is scheduled at 30 days, 6 months, then annually from 1 to 5 years. Clinical events were defined according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria, and hemodynamic structural valve deterioration (SVD) was defined according to the consensus statement by the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. RESULTS: Between January 2010 and January 2012, 4201 patients were enrolled in 34 centers. Five-year vital status was available for 95.5% of patients; 88.1% had clinical evaluation or died. Overall, at 5 years, all-cause mortality was 60.8% (n=2478; 95% CI, 59.3% to 62.3%). The majority of cardiovascular events occurred in the first month after valve implantation, and incidence remained low thereafter, at <2% per year up to 5 years, except for heart failure. The rate of heart failure was 14.3% at 1 year, then decreased over time to <5% per year. In cumulative incidence function, the rates of severe SVD and moderate/severe SVD at 5 years were 2.5% and 13.3%, respectively. Mortality did not differ between patients with or without severe SVD (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.47-1.07; P=0.1). Finally, in the population of patients with severe SVD, 1 patient (1.7%) experienced a stroke, and 8 patients presented ≥1 heart failure event (13.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year follow-up results of the FRANCE-2 registry represent the largest long-term data set available in a high-risk population. In surviving patients, the low rate of clinical events and the low level of SVD after 1 year support the long-term efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in both types of transcatheter prosthesis featuring in the registry.

High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy: A Powerful New Structural Tool in Environmental Biogeochemistry Sciences.

The study of the speciation of highly diluted elements by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is extremely challenging, especially in environmental biogeochemistry sciences. Here we present an innovative synchrotron spectroscopy technique: high-energy resolution fluorescence detected XAS (HERFD-XAS). With this approach, measurement of the XAS signal in fluorescence mode using a crystal analyzer spectrometer with a ∼1-eV energy resolution helps to overcome restrictions on sample concentrations that can be typically measured with a solid-state detector. We briefly describe the method, from both an instrumental and spectroscopic point of view, and emphasize the effects of energy resolution on the XAS measurements. We then illustrate the positive impact of this technique in terms of detection limit with two examples dealing with Ce in ecologically relevant organisms and with Hg species in natural environments. The sharp and well-marked features of the HERFD-X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra obtained enable us to determine unambiguously and with greater precision the speciation of the probed elements. This is a major technological advance, with strong benefits for the study of highly diluted elements using XAS. It also opens new possibilities to explore the speciation of a target chemical element at natural concentration levels, which is critical in the fields of environmental and biogeochemistry sciences.

Postprocedural aortic regurgitation in balloon-expandable and self-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures: analysis of predictors and impact on long-term mortality: insights from the FRANCE2 Registry.

BACKGROUND: Significant postprocedural aortic regurgitation (AR) is observed in 10% to 20% of cases after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The prognostic value and the predictors of such a complication in balloon-expandable (BE) and self-expandable (SE) TAVR remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: TAVR was performed in 3195 consecutive patients at 34 hospitals. Postprocedural transthoracic echocardiography was performed in 2769 (92%) patients of the eligible population, and these patients constituted the study group. Median follow-up was 306 days (Q1-Q3=178-490). BE and SE devices were implanted in 67.6% (n=1872) and 32.4% (n=897). Delivery was femoral (75.3%) or nonfemoral (24.7%). A postprocedural AR≥grade 2 was observed in 15.8% and was more frequent in SE (21.5%) than in BE-TAVR (13.0%, P=0.0001). Extensive multivariable analysis confirmed that the use of a SE device was one of the most powerful independent predictors of postprocedural AR≥grade 2. For BE-TAVR, 8 independent predictors of postprocedural AR≥grade 2 were identified including femoral delivery (P=0.04), larger aortic annulus (P=0.0004), and smaller prosthesis diameter (P=0.0001). For SE-TAVR, 2 independent predictors were identified including femoral delivery(P=0.0001). Aortic annulus and prosthesis diameter were not predictors of postprocedural AR for SE-TAVR. A postprocedural AR≥grade 2, but not a postprocedural AR=grade 1, was a strong independent predictor of 1-year mortality for BE (hazard ratio=2.50; P=0.0001) and SE-TAVR (hazard ratio=2.11; P=0.0001). Although postprocedural AR≥grade 2 was well tolerated in patients with AR≥grade 2 at baseline (1-year mortality=7%), it was associated with a very high mortality in other subgroups: renal failure (43%), AR

Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in high-risk patients.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) is an emerging intervention for the treatment of high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis and coexisting illnesses. We report the results of a prospective multicenter study of the French national transcatheter aortic-valve implantation registry, FRANCE 2. METHODS: All TAVIs performed in France, as listed in the FRANCE 2 registry, were prospectively included in the study. The primary end point was death from any cause. RESULTS: A total of 3195 patients were enrolled between January 2010 and October 2011 at 34 centers. The mean (±SD) age was 82.7±7.2 years; 49% of the patients were women. All patients were highly symptomatic and were at high surgical risk for aortic-valve replacement. Edwards SAPIEN and Medtronic CoreValve devices were implanted in 66.9% and 33.1% of patients, respectively. Approaches were either transarterial (transfemoral, 74.6%; subclavian, 5.8%; and other, 1.8%) or transapical (17.8%). The procedural success rate was 96.9%. Rates of death at 30 days and 1 year were 9.7% and 24.0%, respectively. At 1 year, the incidence of stroke was 4.1%, and the incidence of periprosthetic aortic regurgitation was 64.5%. In a multivariate model, a higher logistic risk score on the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE), New York Heart Association functional class III or IV symptoms, the use of a transapical TAVI approach, and a higher amount of periprosthetic regurgitation were significantly associated with reduced survival. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective registry study reflected real-life TAVI experience in high-risk elderly patients with aortic stenosis, in whom TAVI appeared to be a reasonable option. (Funded by Edwards Lifesciences and Medtronic.).

Impact of pre- and post-procedural anemia on the incidence of acute kidney injury and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (from the French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2 [FRANCE 2] Registry).

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between anemia, renal insufficiency, and the outcomes of TAVI patients has not been thoroughly studied. We aimed to evaluate the influence of pre- and post-procedural anemia on the incidence of renal insufficiency, especially AKI, and on the outcomes of TAVI. METHODS: Data from the French national TAVI registry were collected in 3,472 patients who underwent TAVI between January 2010 and December 2012. Of these 2,137 were in the no/mild anemia group, 748 were in the moderate anemia group, and 587 were in the severe anemia group before TAVI. Furthermore, we divided the 3,472 patients into three groups according to post-procedural anemia, measured as post-procedural hemoglobin (Hb) drop: <2 g/dl (n=1,633, group 1), 2 to <4 g/dl (n=1,458, group 2), and >4 g/dl (n = 381, group 3). Procedure and outcome variables were compared. RESULTS: Increased severity of anemia before TAVI was associated with significantly different rates of 1-year mortality (15%, 19%, and 24%, P<0.01), with similar differences in the incidence of AKI (5%, 8%, and 10%, P<0.01). Increased severity of Hb drop was associated with significantly different rates of 1-year mortality (16%, 18%, and 23%, P<0.01), and with similar differences in the incidence of AKI (6%, 7%, and 10%, P=0.04). Both pre- and post-procedural anemia were predictors of the incidence of AKI (OR 1.82, P<0.01; OR 1.82, P<0.01, respectively) and 1-year mortality (HR 1.44, P<0.01; HR 1.50, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both pre- and post-procedural anemia were significantly associated AKI and 1-year mortality.

A Staged Hybrid Procedure to Manage Complex Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Aortic Arch Aneurysm.

We report the management of a patient who had an open-surgical repair following traumatic avulsion of the supra-aortic trunks (SAT) 30 years prior to presentation with a large arch aneurysm and poor cerebral collaterals. "Simple" thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) was not an option because it would have excluded the collateral circulation to the carotid and vertebral arteries. We devised a two-stage hybrid procedure to repair this challenging aneurysm.

Novel high-pressure/high-temperature reactor cell for in situ and operando x-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of heterogeneous catalysts at synchrotron facilities.

This paper presents the development of a novel high-pressure/high-temperature reactor cell dedicated to the characterization of catalysts using synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy under operando conditions. The design of the vitreous carbon reactor allows its use as a plug-flow reactor, monitoring catalyst samples in a powder form with a continuous gas flow at high-temperature (up to 1000 °C) and under high pressure (up to 1000 bar) conditions, depending on the gas environment. The high-pressure/high-temperature reactor cell incorporates an automated gas distribution system and offers the capability to operate in both transmission and fluorescence detection modes. The operando x-ray absorption spectroscopy results obtained on a bimetallic InCo catalyst during CO2 hydrogenation reaction at 300 °C and 50 bar are presented, replicating the conditions of a conventional microreactor. The complete setup is available for users and permanently installed on the Collaborating Research Groups French Absorption spectroscopy beamline in Material and Environmental (CRG-FAME) sciences and French Absorption spectroscopy beamline in Material and Environmental sciences at ultra-high dilution (FAME-UHD) beamlines (BM30 and BM16) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France.

David Procedure: A 21-year Experience With 300 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Valve-sparing aortic root replacement with the David procedure is an alternative to the Bentall procedure in patients with aortic root aneurysm. The aim of this study was to describe our long-term experience with this technique and the predictive factors of late failure. METHODS: Between January 1998 and August 2019, 300 consecutive patients underwent a David procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic early- and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Median follow-up was 7.0 years (range, 4.1-11.5), with 98.3% complete. RESULTS: Early mortality was 1%. No early valve-related reoperations occurred. There were 9 cardiac-related deaths and 22 reinterventions (19 valve-related). All patients survived reoperation. In 3 patients reintervention consisted of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Overall survival rates were 95.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.0-97.2), 91.1% (95% CI, 86.5-94.2), and 82.9% (95% CI, 75.3-88.4) at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Freedom from postoperative aortic insufficiency (AI) grade ≥ 2 was 84.8% (95% CI, 79.9-88.6) and 74.3% (95% CI, 67.4-79.9) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Freedom from reintervention for aortic valve disease was 97.1% (95% CI, 94.2-98.5), 92.9% (95% CI, 88.2-95.7), and 92.5% (95% CI, 87.1-95.7) at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Preoperative AI ≥ 2 (hazard ratio, 1.782; 95% CI, 1.352-2.350) and a ventriculoaortic junction ≥ 29 mm (hazard ratio, 3.379; 95% CI, 1.726-6.616) were predictive factors for postoperative AI ≥ 2 in a multivariate analysis (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative AI ≥ 2 and a ventriculoaortic junction ≥ 29 mm were identified as risk factors for late postoperative AI ≥ 2.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: early results of the FRANCE (FRench Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards) registry.

AIMS: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a therapeutic alternative for high-surgical-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Two models of prosthesis are currently commercialized in France, which can be implanted either via a transarterial or a transapical approach. The aim of the study was to evaluate in a national French registry the early safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) using either the Edwards SAPIEN™ or CoreValve™ in high-surgical-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: The multicentre national registry was conducted in 16 centres between February 2009 and June 2009, under the authority of the French Societies of Cardiology and Thoracic and Cardio-Vascular Surgery. The primary endpoint was mortality at 1 month. Two hundred and forty-four high-surgical-risk patients (logistic EuroSCORE ≥20%, STS ≥10%, or contra-indication to AVR) were enrolled. Mean age was 82 ± 7 years and 43.9% were female. Edwards SAPIEN and CoreValve were implanted in 68 and 32% of patients, respectively. The approaches used were transarterial (transfemoral: 66%; subclavian: 5%) or transapical in 29%. Device success rate was 98.3% and 30-day mortality was 12.7%. Severe complications included stroke (3.6%), tamponade (2%), acute coronary occlusion (1.2%), and vascular complications (7.3%). Pacemaker was required in 11.8%. At 1 month, 88% of patients were in NYHA class II or less. CONCLUSION: This prospective registry reflects the real-life experience of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in high-risk elderly patients in France. The early results are satisfactory in terms of feasibility, short-term haemodynamic and functional improvement, and safety. Longer term follow-up will be further assessed.

Illustration of the echocardiographic diagnosis of subaortic membrane stenosis in adults: surgical and live three-dimensional transoesophageal findings.

We report here two cases of patients admitted in our institution for heart failure. The first had been previously diagnosed with severe aortic valve stenosis and was referred for aortic valve replacement. The myocardial and valvular anatomy combined with the Doppler profiles allowed, however, to suggest the diagnosis of a discrete subaortic membrane that was confirmed by surgical findings. In the second case, the use of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) provided superb 3D visualization quality of the subaortic membrane and allowed assessing the stenosis area using the multiplanar review mode. Hence, the use of live real-time 3D TEE is likely to be key in the spatial assessment of this complex lesion.

High Post-Procedural Transvalvular Gradient or Delayed Mean Gradient Increase after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Incidence, Prognosis and Associated Variables. The FRANCE-2 Registry.

Mean Gradient (MG) elevation can be detected immediately after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or secondarily during follow-up. Comparisons and interactions between these two parameters and their impact on outcomes have not previously been investigated. This study aimed to identify incidence, influence on prognosis, and parameters associated with immediate high post-procedural mean transvalvular gradient (PPMG) and delayed mean gradient increase (6 to 12 months after TAVI, DMGI) in the FRANCE 2 (French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2) registry. The registry includes all consecutive symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis who have undergone TAVI. Three groups were analyzed: (1) PPMG < 20 mmHg without DMGI > 10 mmHg (control); (2) PPMG < 20 mmHg with DMGI > 10 mmHg (Group 1); and (3) PPMG ≥ 20 mmHg (Group 2). From January 2010 to January 2012, 4201 consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled in the registry. Controls comprised 2078 patients. In Group 1(n = 131 patients), DMGI exceeded 10 mmHg in 5.6%, and was not associated with greater 4-years mortality than in controls (32.6% vs. 40.1%, p = 0.27). In Group 2 (n = 144 patients), PPMG was at least 20 mmHg in 6.1% and was associated with higher 4-year mortality (48.7% versus 40.1%, p = 0.005). A total of two-thirds of the patients with PPMG ≥ 20 mmHg had MG < 20 mmHg at 1 year, with mortality similar to the controls (39.2% vs. 40.1%, p = 0.73). Patients with PPMG > 20 mmHg 1 year post-TAVI had higher 4-years mortality than the general population of the registry, unlike patients with MG normalization.

Designing a Multifunctional Catalyst for the Direct Production of Gasoline-Range Isoparaffins from CO2.

The production of carbon-neutral fuels from CO2 presents an avenue for causing an appreciable effect in terms of volume toward the mitigation of global carbon emissions. To that end, the production of isoparaffin-rich fuels is highly desirable. Here, we demonstrate the potential of a multifunctional catalyst combination, consisting of a methanol producer (InCo) and a Zn-modified zeolite beta, which produces a mostly isoparaffinic hydrocarbon mixture from CO2 (up to ∼85% isoparaffin selectivity among hydrocarbons) at a CO2 conversion of >15%. The catalyst combination was thoroughly characterized via an extensive complement of techniques. Specifically, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals that Zn (which plays a crucial role of providing a hydrogenating function, improving the stability of the overall catalyst combination and isomerization performance) is likely present in the form of Zn6O6 clusters within the zeolite component, in contrast to previously reported estimations.

Active Aortic Endocarditis in Young Adults: Long-term Results of the Ross Procedure.

BACKGROUND: The best valvular substitute remains controversial in young adults with active aortic valve endocarditis. The Ross procedure has gained interest because of its theoretical resistance to infection. We aimed to report our long-term outcomes of the Ross procedure in this indication. METHODS: Between March 1992 and January 2019, 511 patients underwent a Ross procedure in our institution. Among them, we included 38 patients who suffered from an active aortic valve infective endocarditis. The mean age was 33.9 ± 8.1 years. Six patients had emergent procedures and 17 patients had perivalvular involvement. A pulmonary autograft was implanted using the full root technique in 78.9% of patients. Median follow-up was 12 (interquartile range, 1.75-16.25) years. RESULTS: The hospital mortality rate was 5.3%. Estimated overall survival was 84.2% ± 6.6% at 10 years. There were 2 cases of recurrent endocarditis, both requiring reoperation. Six other patients required reoperation on an autograft or homograft. Estimated freedom from recurrent endocarditis or reoperation was 89.4% ± 5.9% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: In experienced centers, the Ross procedure is a reliable alternative to prosthetic or homograft valve replacement in young adults experiencing active aortic valve endocarditis, with a low operative risk and good long-term results.

TEVAR in patients with late complications of aortic coarctation repair.

PURPOSE: To review the use of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for late pseudoaneurysm formation after surgical repair of aortic coarctation. METHODS: From May 2001 to May 2005, 8 patients (5 men; mean age 47.6 years, range 18-73) with a history of aortic coarctation repairs 17 to 40 years prior were referred to our institution for an anastomotic thoracic pseudoaneurysm. TEVAR was performed successfully in 7 patients; 1 died of suspected aneurysm rupture before the scheduled procedure. A carotid-subclavian bypass was performed in 3 patients. RESULTS: All the procedures were immediately successful. No type I endoleaks were seen on the final control angiogram, but 2 of the patients with carotid-subclavian bypasses required additional left subclavian artery embolization due to type II endoleak. One of these patients died before embolotherapy on the 5th postoperative day from presumed aneurysm rupture (14% 30-day mortality rate). Over a follow-up period ranging from 15 to 72 months (mean 37), all the false aneurysms have remained thrombosed and the mean diameter has decreased from 44 to 23 mm. No endograft-related complications have occurred, and no further interventions have so far been necessary. CONCLUSION: TEVAR is a feasible alternative treatment for patients who have already undergone surgical repair of aortic coarctation. Technical issues regarding the endovascular strategy should be discussed with a multidisciplinary team to define the correct interventional plan.

A new high temperature reactor for operando XAS: Application for the dry reforming of methane over Ni/ZrO2 catalyst.

The construction of a high-temperature reaction cell for operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization is reported. A dedicated cell was designed to operate as a plug-flow reactor using powder samples requiring gas flow and thermal treatment at high temperatures. The cell was successfully used in the reaction of dry reforming of methane (DRM). We present X-ray absorption results in the fluorescence detection mode on a 0.4 wt. % Ni/ZrO2 catalyst under realistic conditions at 750 °C, reproducing the conditions used for a conventional dynamic microreactor for the DRM reaction. The setup includes a gas distribution system that can be fully remotely operated. The reaction cell offers the possibility of transmission and fluorescence detection modes. The complete setup dedicated to the study of catalysts is permanently installed on the Collaborating Research Groups French Absorption spectroscopy beamline in Material and Environmental sciences (CRG-FAME) and French Absorption spectroscopy beamline in Material and Environmental sciences at Ultra-High Dilution (FAME-UHD) beamlines (BM30B and BM16) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France.

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Aortic-valve stenosis can be complicated by bleeding that is associated with acquired type 2A von Willebrand syndrome. However, the prevalence and cause of the hemostatic abnormality in aortic stenosis are unknown. METHODS: We enrolled 50 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis, who completed a standardized screening questionnaire to detect a history of bleeding. Forty-two patients with severe aortic stenosis underwent valve replacement. Platelet function under conditions of high shear stress, von Willebrand factor collagen-binding activity and antigen levels, and the multimeric structure of von Willebrand factor were assessed at base line and one day, seven days, and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: Skin or mucosal bleeding occurred in 21 percent of the patients with severe aortic stenosis. Platelet-function abnormalities under conditions of high shear stress, decreased von Willebrand factor collagen-binding activity and the loss of the largest multimers, or a combination of these was present in 67 to 92 percent of patients with severe aortic stenosis and correlated significantly with the severity of valve stenosis. Primary hemostatic abnormalities were completely corrected on the first day after surgery but tended to recur at six months, especially when there was a mismatch between patient and prosthesis (with an effective orifice area of less than 0.8 cm2 per square meter of body-surface area). CONCLUSIONS: Type 2A von Willebrand syndrome is common in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Von Willebrand factor abnormalities are directly related to the severity of aortic stenosis and are improved by valve replacement in the absence of mismatch between patient and prosthesis.

Cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of early and late survival after bioprosthetic valve replacement for aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with aortic valve stenosis, which is considered as an atherosclerosis-like process. The study aim was to assess the effect of cardiovascular risk factors on early and late outcome after valve replacement with a bioprosthesis for aortic stenosis (AS), and the impact of these factors on the outcome of the bioprosthesis. METHODS: Preoperative clinical, biological and echocardiographic data were recorded in 222 patients (110 males, 112 females; mean age 73 +/- 8 years) who underwent surgery for severe AS between 1989 and 1993. The mean follow up was 7.3 +/- 4.7 years; total follow up was 1,621 patient-years (pt-yr). RESULTS: Overall 12-year actuarial survival rate was 36.1%. Independent predictors of mortality were age (hazards ratio (HR) 1.11; 95% CI: 1.08-1.14, p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR 2.53; 95% CI: 1.65-3.88, p < 0.0001), male gender (HR 2.17; 95% CI: 1.53-3.12, p < 0.0001), and NYHA class (HR 1.66; 95% CI: 1.17-2.34, p = 0.004). Other cardiovascular risk factors had no significant effect on survival. DM and NYHA class were also independent predictive factors for valve-related death and overall valve-related complications. The 12-year actuarial survival was 13% in DM patients compared to 38% in non-diabetic patients (p = 0.003), with a significant increase in cardiovascular death (p = 0.0028), and a non-significant increase in thromboembolic events (p = 0.08) in DM patients. The only independent predictive risk factor of structural valve failure in multivariate analysis was renal failure (HR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.03-1.16, p = 0.047). Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, DM, hypertension, tobacco smoking and obesity had no effect on the outcome of the bioprosthesis. CONCLUSION: Age, male gender, DM and NYHA class were the main predictors for long-term mortality after bioprosthesis implantation for AS. DM significantly impaired survival, with an excess of cardiovascular deaths and thromboembolic events. Other cardiovascular risk factors had no significant effect on either survival or bioprosthesis durability.

Baseline characteristics and outcomes after transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in patients with or without previous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Insights from the FRANCE 2 registry.

BACKGROUND: Some patients who are at high surgical risk because of multiple co-morbidities undergo balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) as a bridge therapy towards transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI). AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical course of patients with or without previous BAV who underwent TAVI and were included in the FRANCE 2 registry. METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2011, 3953 patients underwent TAVI. Survival analysis was done by multivariable regression and propensity-score analysis to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: Patients in the previous BAV group (n=664, 16.8%) were older than patients in the primary TAVI group. The logistic EuroSCORE I and the rates of co-morbidities and symptoms were higher in the previous BAV group. Procedural success was similar in both groups, as was postprocedural aortic regurgitation grade≥2/4. The 1-month mortality rates from all causes were 12.5 and 8.7%, respectively, in the previous BAV and primary TAVI groups (P=0.001). The 1-month to 1-year mortality rates were similar in both groups. Previous BAV was not an independent predictor of 1-month mortality (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 0.90-2.34; P=0.14) or 1-month to 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Crude 1-month mortality was higher in patients with previous BAV. Nevertheless, precarious preoperative status, but not previous BAV, was associated with mortality, and is the only marker that should be considered as detrimental at the time of preTAVI reassessment.

Novel high-pressure windows made of glass-like carbon for x-ray analysis.

Original high-pressure glass-like carbon windows developed for x-ray spectroscopy applications are presented. The scientific and technological background of this new technical development is exposed, in particular the limitations of our existing beryllium windows in the context of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements of solutions with very low solute concentrations at hydrothermal conditions (0.1-200 MPa, 30-600 °C). The benefits of glass-like carbon are exposed, notably its non-crystalline character, the absence of impurities which has been verified by micro-fluorescence laboratory measurements, and its non-toxicity which makes its machining safer. Finite elements mechanical calculations and experimental pressure tests were conducted to determine the pressure limits of windows with two different geometries: cylindrical (thickness 0.5 mm) and inversed-dome shape (thickness 0.5 mm at the tip of the dome). The former break at 150 MPa and the latter show no sign of rupture at 400 MPa. Recent XAS measurements conducted with the new dome shaped windows are presented to show the advantages of the design that allow for the detection of very low concentrations in the transmission mode (down to 30 ppm) and the acquisition of fluorescence XAS spectra in diluted solutions at high pressure. Eventually the perspectives of this original development are discussed.