The Hemodynamic Effects of Aortic Regurgitation in Patients Supported by a HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device.

BACKGROUND: Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a common complication following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We evaluated the hemodynamic implications of AR in patients with HeartMate 3 (HM3) LVAD at baseline and in response to speed changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinically stable outpatients supported by HM3 who underwent a routine hemodynamic ramp test were retrospectively enrolled in this analysis. Patients were stratified based on the presence of at least mild AR at baseline speed. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were compared between the AR and non-AR groups. Sixty-two patients were identified. At the baseline LVAD speed, 29 patients (47%) had AR, while 33 patients (53%) did not. Patients with AR were older and supported on HM3 for a longer duration. At baseline speed, all hemodynamic parameters were similar between the groups including central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial pressures, cardiac output and index, and pulmonary artery pulsatility index (p > 0.05 for all). During the subacute assessment, AR worsened in some, but not all, patients, with increases in LVAD speed. There were no significant differences in 1-year mortality or hospitalization rates between the groups, however, at 1-year, ≥ moderate AR and right ventricular failure (RVF) were detected in higher rates among the AR group compared to the non-AR group (45% vs. 0%; p < 0.01, and 75% vs. 36.8%; p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of stable outpatients supported with HM3 who underwent a routine hemodynamic ramp test, the presence of mild or greater AR did not impact the ability of HM3 LVADs to effectively unload the left ventricle during early subacute assessment. Although the presence of AR did not affect mortality and hospitalization rates, it resulted in higher rates of late hemodynamic-related events in the form of progressive AR and RVF.

A change of heart: Characteristics and outcomes of multiple cardiac retransplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Among heart transplant (HT) recipients who develop advanced graft dysfunction, cardiac re-transplantation may be considered. A smaller subset of patients will experience failure of their second allograft and undergo repeat re-transplantation. Outcomes among these individuals are not well-described. METHODS: Adult and pediatric patients in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry who received HT between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2020 were included. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2020, 90 individuals received a third HT and three underwent a fourth HT. Recipients were younger than those undergoing primary HT (mean age 32 years). Third HT was associated with significantly higher unadjusted rates of 1-year mortality (18% for third HT vs. 13% for second HT vs. 9% for primary HT, p < .001) and 10-year mortality (59% for third HT vs. 42% for second HT vs. 37% for primary HT, p < .001). Mortality was highest amongst recipients aged >60 years and those re-transplanted for acute graft failure. Long-term rates of CAV, rejection, chronic dialysis, and hospitalization for infection were also higher. CONCLUSIONS: Third HT is associated with higher morbidity and mortality than primary HT. Further consensus is needed regarding appropriate organ stewardship for this unique subgroup.

Comparative Analysis of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Heart Transplantation: A Single-Center Study Evaluating Conventional Ice-Cold Storage versus the Paragonix SherpaPak Cardiac Transport System.

BACKGROUND: Since the 2018 allocation system change in heart transplantation (HT), ischemic times have increased, which may be associated with peri-operative and post-operative complications. This study aimed to compare ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in hearts preserved using ice-cold storage (ICS) and the Paragonix SherpaPak TM Cardiac Transport System (CTS). METHODS: From January 2021 to June 2022, consecutive endomyocardial biopsies from 90 HT recipients were analyzed by a cardiac pathologist in a single-blinded manner: 33 ICS and 57 CTS. Endomyocardial biopsies were performed at three-time intervals post-HT, and the severity of IRI manifesting histologically as coagulative myocyte necrosis (CMN) was evaluated, along with graft rejection and graft function. RESULTS: The incidence of IRI at weeks 1, 4, and 8 post-HT were similar between the ICS and CTS groups. There was a 59.3% statistically significant reduction in CMN from week 1 to 4 with CTS, but not with ICS. By week 8, there were significant reductions in CMN in both groups. Only 1 out of 33 (3%) patients in the ICS group had an ischemic time >240 mins, compared to 10 out of 52 (19%) patients in the CTS group. During the follow-up period of 8 weeks to 12 months, there were no significant differences in rejection rates, formation of de novo donor-specific antibodies and overall survival between the groups. CONCLUSION: The CTS preservation system had similar rates of IRI and clinical outcomes compared to ICS despite longer overall ischemic times. There is significantly more recovery of IRI in the early post operative period with CTS. This study supports CTS as a viable option for preservation from remote locations, expanding the donor pool.

Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Outcomes Associated With the Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists After Heart Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The use of glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) has dramatically increased over the past 5 years for diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) and obesity. These comorbidities are prevalent in adult heart transplant (HT) recipients. However, there are limited data evaluating the efficacy of this drug class in this population. The aim of the current study was to describe cardiometabolic changes in HT recipients prescribed GLP1-RA at a large-volume transplant center. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all adult HT recipients who received GLP1-RA after HT for a minimum of 1-month. Cardiometabolic parameters including body mass index (BMI), lipid panel, hemoglobin A1C, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and NT-proBNP were compared prior to initiation of the drug and at most recent follow-up. We also evaluated for significant dose adjustments to immunosuppression after drug initiation and adverse effects leading to drug discontinuation. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included (28% female, 53% White, 20% Hispanic) and followed for a median of 383 days [IQR 209, 613] on a GLP1-RA. The majority of patients (n = 56, 76%) were prescribed semaglutide. The most common indication for prescription was T2DM alone (n = 33, 45%), followed by combined T2DM and obesity (n = 26, 35%). At most recent follow-up, mean BMI decreased from 33.3 to 31.5 kg/m2 (p < 0.0001), HbA1C from 7.3% to 6.7% (p = 0.005), LDL from 78.6 to 70.3 mg/dL (p = 0.018) and basal insulin daily dose from 32.6 to 24.8 units (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: HT recipients prescribed GLP1-RA therapy showed improved glycemic control, weight loss, and cholesterol levels during the study follow-up period. GLP1-RA were well tolerated and were rarely associated with changes in immunosuppression dosing.

Long-term outcomes for pediatric heart transplant recipients transitioning to adult care teams.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data evaluating the success of a structured transition plan specifically for pediatric heart transplant (HT) recipients following their transfer of care to an adult specialist. We sought to identify risk factors for poor adherence, graft failure, and mortality following the transfer of care to adult HT care teams. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent transition from the pediatric to adult HT program at our center between January 2011 and June 2021. Demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and psychosocial history were collected at the time of HT, the time of transition, and the most recent follow-up. Adverse events including mortality, graft rejection, infection, and renal function were also captured before and after the transition. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were identified (54.1% male, 54.2% Caucasian). Mean age at the time of transition was 23 years after a median of 11.6 years in the pediatric program. The use of calcineurin inhibitors was associated with reduced mortality (HR .04, 95% CI .0-.6, p = .015), while prior psychiatric hospitalization (HR 45.3, 95% CI, 6.144-333.9, p = .0001) was associated with increased mortality following transition. Medication nonadherence and young age at the time of transition were markers for high-risk individuals prior to the transition of care. CONCLUSIONS: Transition of HT recipients from a pediatric program to an adult program occurs during a vulnerable time of emerging adulthood, and we have identified risk factors for mortality following transition. Development of a formalized transition plan with a large multidisciplinary team with focused attention on high-risk patients, including those with psychiatric comorbidities, may favorably influence outcomes.

Utility of a fusion protein T-cell co-stimulation blocker Belatacept in heart transplant recipients: Real world experience from a high volume center.

BACKGROUND: Belatacept (BTC), a fusion protein, selectively inhibits T-cell co-stimulation by binding to the CD80 and CD86 receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and has been used as immunosuppression in adult renal transplant recipients. However, data regarding its use in heart transplant (HT) recipients are limited. This retrospective cohort study aimed to delineate BTC's application in HT, focusing on efficacy, safety, and associated complications at a high-volume HT center. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients who underwent HT between January 2017 and December 2021 and subsequently received BTC as part of their immunosuppressive regimen. Twenty-one HT recipients were identified. Baseline characteristics, history of rejection, and indication for BTC use were collected. Outcomes included renal function, graft function, allograft rejection and mortality. Follow-up data were collected through December 2023. RESULTS: Among 776 patients monitored from January 2017 to December 2021 21 (2.7%) received BTC treatment. Average age at transplantation was 53 years (± 12 years), and 38% were women. BTC administration began, on average, 689 [483, 1830] days post-HT. The primary indications for BTC were elevated pre-formed donor-specific antibodies in highly sensitized patients (66.6%) and renal sparing (23.8%), in conjunction with reduced calcineurin inhibitor dosage. Only one (4.8%) patient encountered rejection within a year of starting BTC. Graft function by echocardiography remained stable at 6 and 12 months posttreatment. An improvement was observed in serum creatinine levels (76.2% of patients), decreasing from a median of 1.58 to 1.45 (IQR [1.0-2.1] to [1.1-1.9]) over 12 months (p = .054). eGFR improved at 3 and 6 months compared with 3 months pre- BTC levels; however, this was not statistically significant (p = .24). Treatment discontinuation occurred in seven patients (33.3%) of whom four (19%) were switched back to full dose CNI. Infections occurred in 11 patients (52.4%), leading to BTC discontinuation in 4 patients (19%). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, BTC therapy was used as alternative immunosuppression for management of highly sensitized patients or for renal sparing. BTC therapy when combined with CNI dose reduction resulted in stabilization in renal function as measured through renal surrogate markers, which did not, however, reach statistical significance. Patients on BTC maintained a low rejection rate and preserved graft function. Infections were common during BTC therapy and were associated with medication pause/discontinuation in 19% of patients. Further randomized studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of BTC in HT recipients.

Early post-transplant leukopenia in heart transplant recipients and its impact on outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Leukopenia in the early period following heart transplantation (HT) is not well-studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for the development of post-transplant leukopenia and its consequences for HT recipients. METHODS: Adult patients at a large-volume transplant center who received HT between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2020 were included. The incidence of leukopenia (WBC ≤3 × 103 /µL) in the first 90-days following HT, individual risk factors, and its effect on 1-year outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 506 HT recipients, 184 (36%) developed leukopenia within 90-days. Median duration of the first leukopenia episode was 15.5 days (IQR 8-42.5 days). Individuals who developed leukopenia had lower pre-transplant WBC counts compared to those who did not (6.1 × 103 /µL vs. 6.9 × 103 /µL, p = .02). Initial immunosuppressive and infectious chemoprophylactic regimens were not significantly different between groups. Early leukopenia was associated with a higher mortality at 1-year (6.6% vs. 2.1%, p = .008; adjusted HR 3.0) and an increased risk of recurrent episodes. Rates of infection and rejection were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Leukopenia in the early period following HT is common and associated with an increased risk of mortality. Further study is needed to identify individuals at highest risk for leukopenia prior to transplant and optimize immunosuppressive and infectious chemoprophylactic regimens for this subgroup.

The utilization of molecular microscope in management of heart transplant recipients in the era of noninvasive monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring for graft rejection is a fundamental tenet of post-transplant follow-up. In heart transplantation (HT) in particular, rejection has been traditionally assessed with endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). EMB has potential complications and noted limitations, including interobserver variability in interpretation. Additional tests, such as basic cardiac biomarkers, cardiac imaging, gene expression profiling (GEP) scores, donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) and the novel molecular microscope diagnostic system (MMDx) have become critical tools in rejection surveillance beyond standard EMB. METHODS: This paper describes an illustrative case followed by a review of MMDx within the context of other noninvasive screening modalities for rejection. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest MMDx be used to assist with early detection of rejection in cases of discordance between EMB and other noninvasive studies.

COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >3 000 000 patients worldwide as of April 28, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Among patients with COVID-19, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and >7% of patients experience myocardial injury from the infection (22% of critically ill patients). Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 serves as the portal for infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation. COVID-19 poses a challenge for heart transplantation, affecting donor selection, immunosuppression, and posttransplant management. There are a number of promising therapies under active investigation to treat and prevent COVID-19.

Right Ventricular Pressure-Volume Analysis During Left Ventricular Assist Device Speed Optimization Studies: Insights Into Interventricular Interactions and Right Ventricular Failure.

BACKGROUND: Interventricular interaction, which refers to the impact of left ventricular (LV) function on right ventricular (RV) function and vice versa, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RV failure in LV assist device (LVAD) recipients. We sought to understand more about interventricular interaction by quantifying changes in the RV systolic and diastolic function with varying LVAD speeds. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four patients (ages 22-69 years, 75% male, and 25% with ischemic cardiomyopathy) underwent a protocolized hemodynamic ramp test within 12 months of LVAD implantation where RV pressure-volume loops were recorded with a conductance catheter. The end-systolic PV relationship and end-diastolic PV relationship were compared using the V20 and V10 indices (volumes at which end-systolic PV relationship and end-diastolic PV relationship reach a pressure of 20 and 10 mm Hg, respectively). The ∆V20 and ∆V10 refer to the change in V20 and V10 from the minimum to maximum LVAD speeds. RV PV loops demonstrated variable changes in systolic and diastolic function with increasing LVAD speed. The end-systolic PV relationship changed in 1 patient (patient 2, ∆V20 = 23.5 mL), reflecting a decrease in systolic function with increased speed, and was unchanged in 3 patients (average ∆V20 = 7.4 mL). The end-diastolic PV relationship changed with increasing speed in 3 of 4 patients (average ∆V10 = 12.5 mL), indicating an increase in ventricular compliance, and remained unchanged in one participant (patient 1; ∆V10 = 4.0 mL). CONCLUSIONS: Interventricular interaction can improve RV compliance and impair systolic function, but the overall effect on RV performance in this pilot investigation is heterogeneous. Further research is required to understand which patient characteristics and hemodynamic parameters influence the net impact of interventricular interaction.

Donor-derived cell-free DNA is associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND: The role of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in screening for cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is unknown. We hypothesized that dd-cfDNA correlates with CAV, markers of inflammation, and angiogenesis in stable heart transplant (HT) recipients. METHODS: Sixty-five HT recipients ≥2 years post-transplant, without recent rejection, were stratified by high (≥0.12%) versus low levels (<0.12%) of dd-cfDNA. A targeted amplification, next-generation sequencing assay (AlloSure® ; CareDx, Inc.) was used to detect dd-cfDNA. Peripheral blood inflammatory and angiogenesis markers were assessed using a multiplex immunoassay system (Bioplex® ). RESULTS: Of 65 patients, 58 patients had a known CAV status and were included. Thirty had high levels of dd-cfDNA (≥0.12%), and 28 had low levels (<0.12%). CAV was present in 63% of patients with high dd-cfDNA vs. 35% with low dd-cfDNA (p = .047). Donor-specific antibodies were present in 25% of patients with high dd-cfDNA vs. 3.8% in those with low dd-cfDNA (p = .03). There were no differences in rejection episodes, inflammatory, or angiogenesis markers. Importantly, dd-cfDNA levels were not different when stratified by time post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dd-cfDNA levels were associated with CAV in stable chronic HT recipients. Further studies are warranted to investigate a possible association between dd-cfDNA levels and CAV severity and whether dd-cfDNA can predict CAV progression.

How can we better inform our patients about post-heart transplantation survival? A conditional survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: Conditional survival (CS) is a dynamic method of survival analysis that provides an estimate of how an individual's future survival probability changes based on time post-transplant, individual characteristics, and post-transplant events. This study sought to provide post-transplant CS probabilities for heart transplant recipients based on different prognostic variables and provide a discussion tool for the providers and the patients. METHODS: Adult heart transplant recipients from January 1, 2004, through October 18, 2018, were identified in the UNOS registry. CS probabilities were calculated using data from Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. RESULTS: CS probability exceeded actuarial survival probability at all times post-transplant. Women had similar short-term, but greater long-term CS than men at all times post-transplant (10-year CS 1.8-11.5% greater [95% CI 1.2-12.9]). Patients with ECMO or a surgical BiVAD had decreased survival at the time of transplant, but their CS was indistinguishable from all others by 1-year post-transplant. Rejection and infection requiring hospitalization during the first year were associated with a persistently decreased CS probability. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we report differential conditional survival outcomes based on time, patient characteristics, and clinical events post-transplant, providing a dynamic assessment of survival. The survival probabilities will better inform patients and clinicians of future outcomes.

Extracorporeal photopheresis and its role in heart transplant rejection: prophylaxis and treatment.

Heart transplantation is the gold standard therapeutic option for select patients with end-stage heart failure. Unfortunately, successful long-term outcomes of heart transplantation can be hindered by immune-mediated rejection of the cardiac allograft, specifically acute cellular rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Extracorporeal photopheresis is a cellular immunotherapy that involves the collection and treatment of white blood cells contained in the buffy coat with a photoactive psoralen compound, 8-methoxy psoralen, and subsequent irradiation with ultraviolet A light. This process is thought to cause DNA and RNA crosslinking, ultimately leading to cell destruction. The true mechanism of therapeutic action remains unknown. In the last three decades, extracorporeal photopheresis has shown promising results and is indicated for a variety of conditions. The American Society for Apheresis currently recommends the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, scleroderma, psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, graft-versus-host disease, Crohn's disease, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and solid organ rejection in heart, lung, and liver transplantation. In this review, we aim to explore the proposed effects of extracorporeal photopheresis and to summarize published data on its use as a prophylactic and therapy in heart transplant rejection.

Impact of worsening of aortic insufficiency during HeartMate 3 LVAD support.

Aortic insufficiency remains a difficult to treat and highly morbid condition even in the era of HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). The prognostic nature of the longitudinal progression of aortic insufficiency, however, remains unknown. We prospectively collected data on patients who received HeartMate 3 LVAD implantation, who had assessments of aortic insufficiency using a novel Doppler echocardiography obtained at outflow graft at three (baseline) and 6 months postimplant. Patients with moderate or greater aortic insufficiency at baseline were excluded. The risk of aortic insufficiency progression on 1-year death and readmission for heart failure was investigated. In total, 41 patients (median 51 years old and 29 males) were included. All patients had less than moderate aortic insufficiency at baseline. Of them, 22 patients had worsening aortic insufficiency for 3 months following baseline assessments, which was associated with a significantly higher risk of 1-year death or heart failure readmission rate (41% vs. 11%, P = .023) with a hazard ratio of 3.24 (95% confidence interval 1.02-18.5, P = .038) adjusted for device speed at baseline and destination therapy indication. In patients with HeartMate 3 LVADs, progressive aortic insufficiency may be associated with a higher risk of 1-year death or readmission for heart failure. Close monitoring of patients with baseline aortic insufficiency should be considered as a measure to risk-stratify those for future adverse events.

Longitudinal Trajectories of Hemodynamics Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

BACKGROUND: Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improve the hemodynamics of patients with advanced heart failure. However, the longitudinal trajectories of hemodynamics in patients after LVAD implantation remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends of hemodynamic parameters following LVAD implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent LVAD implantation between April 2014 and August 2018. We collected hemodynamic parameters from right heart catheterizations. Of 199 consecutive patients, we enrolled 150 patients who had both pre- and postimplant right heart catheterizations. They had 3 (2, 4) postimplant right heart catheterizations during a follow-up of 2.3 (1.3, 3.1) years. The mean age was 57 ± 13 years, and 102 patients (68%) were male. Following LVAD implantation, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased, and cardiac index increased significantly, then remained unchanged throughout follow-up. Right atrial pressure decreased initially and then gradually increased to preimplant values. The pulmonary artery pulsatility index decreased initially and returned to preimplant values, then progressively decreased over longer follow-up. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in the trajectories of the pulmonary artery pulsatility index based on gender. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvement in left-side filling pressures and cardiac index following LVAD implantation, right atrial pressure increased and the pulmonary artery pulsatility index decreased over time, suggesting progressive right ventricular dysfunction.

Discordance Between Clinical Assessment and Invasive Hemodynamics in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Historically, invasive hemodynamic guidance was not superior compared to clinical assessment in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). This study assessed the accuracy of clinical assessment vs invasive hemodynamics in patients with ADHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients admitted with ADHF. Prior to right-heart catheterization (RHC), physicians categorically predicted right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index and hemodynamic profile (wet/dry, warm/cold) based on physical examination and clinical data evaluation (warm = cardiac index > 2.2 L/min/m2; wet = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure > 18 mmHg). We collected 218 surveys (of 83 cardiology fellows, 55 attending cardiologists, 45 residents, 35 interns) evaluating 97 patients. Of those patients, 46% were receiving inotropes prior to RHC. The positive and negative predictive values of clinical assessment compared to RHC for the cold and wet subgroups were 74.7% and 50.4%. The accuracy of categorical prediction was 43.6% for right atrial pressure, 34.4% for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and 49.1% for cardiac index, and accuracy did not differ by clinician (P > 0.05 for all). Interprovider agreement was 44.4%. Therapeutic changes following RHC occurred in 71.1% overall (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical assessment of patients with advanced heart failure presenting with ADHF has low accuracy across all training levels, with exaggerated rates of misrecognition of the most high-risk patients.

Heart transplantation in patients with localized prostate cancer-Are we denying a life-saving therapy due to an indolent tumor?

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. Approximately 90% of these cancers are localized (LPC) with a cancer-specific survival rate of 99% at 10 years. Some heart transplant centers (HTCs) regard PC as an absolute contraindication to heart transplantation (HT). This study aims to understand the current status of HT in patients with advanced heart failure (AHF) and concurrent LPC in the United States. METHODS: Adult HTCs in the United States were asked to fill out an email questionnaire addressing their current approach to HT in AHF patients with concurrent LPC. RESULTS: Fifty of the 90 HTCs that received the questionnaire responded. Only 16% of HTCs had a formal policy regarding HT in patients with LPC, while only 10% had patients with LPC on the HT waitlist at the time of the survey. Overall, 84% of the HTCs had never performed HT in a patient with LPC in the history of their transplant program. CONCLUSION: An overwhelming majority of HTCs in the United States do not consider HT an option for AHF patients with concurrent LPC and lack a formal policy regarding the same.

Hypogammaglobulinemia following heart transplantation: Prevalence, predictors, and clinical importance.

Hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) can occur following solid organ transplantation. However, there are limited data describing the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes associated with HGG following heart transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed data of 132 patients who had undergone heart transplantation at our institution between April 2014 and December 2018. We classified patients into three groups based on the lowest serum IgG level post-transplant: normal (≥700 mg/dL), mild HGG (≥450 and <700 mg/dL), and severe HGG (<450 mg/dL). We compared clinical outcomes from the date of the lowest IgG level. Mean age was 57 (47, 64) years, and 94 (71%) patients were male. Prevalence of severe HGG was the highest (27%) at 3-6 months following heart transplantation and then decreased to 5% after 1 year. Multivariate analysis showed that older age and Caucasian race were independent risk factors for HGG. Overall survival was comparable between the groups; however, survival free of infection was 73%, 60%, and 45% at 1 year in the normal, mild HGG, and severe HGG groups, respectively (P = .013). In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of HGG in the early post-heart transplant period that decreases over time. HGG is associated with an increased incidence of infection.

United network for organ sharing outcomes after heart transplantation for al compared to ATTR cardiac amyloidosis.

Light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has a worse prognosis than transthyretin (ATTR) CA. In this single-center study, we compared post-heart transplant (OHT, orthotopic heart transplantation) survival for AL and ATTR amyloidosis, hypothesizing that these differences would persist post-OHT. Thirty-nine patients with CA (AL, n = 18; ATTR, n = 21) and 1023 non-amyloidosis subjects undergoing OHT were included. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the impact of amyloid subtype and era (early era: from 2001 to 2007; late era: from 2008 to 2018) on survival post-OHT. Survival for non-amyloid patients was greater than ATTR (P = .034) and AL (P < .001) patients in the early era. One, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were higher for ATTR patients than AL patients in the early era (100% vs 75%, 67% vs 50%, and 67% vs 33%, respectively, for ATTR and AL patients). Survival in the non-amyloid cohort was 87% at 1 year, 81% at 3 years, and 76% at 5 years post-OHT. In the late era, AL and ATTR patients had unadjusted 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of 100%, which was comparable to non-amyloid patients (90% vs 84% vs 81%). Overall, these findings demonstrate that in the current era, differences in post-OHT survival for AL compared to ATTR are diminishing; OHT outcomes for selected patients with CA do not differ from non-amyloidosis patients.

Optimal cannula positioning of HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device.

Cannula position in HeartMate II and HeartWare left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is associated with clinical outcome. This study aimed to investigate the clinical implication of the device positioning in HeartMate 3 LVAD cohort. Consecutive patients who underwent HeartMate 3 LVAD implantation were followed for one year from index discharge. At index discharge, chest X-ray parameters were measured: (a) cannula coronal angle, (b) height of pump bottom, (c) cannula sagittal angle, and (d) cannula lumen area. The association of each measurement of cannula position with one-year clinical outcomes was investigated. Sixty-four HeartMate 3 LVAD patients (58 years old, 64% male) were enrolled. In the multivariable Cox regression model, the cannula coronal angle was a significant predictor of death or heart failure readmission (hazard ratio 1.27 [1.01-1.60], P = .045). Patients with a cannula coronal angle ≤28° had lower central venous pressure (P = .030), lower pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (P = .027), and smaller left ventricular size (P = .019) compared to those with the angle >28°. Right ventricular size and parameters of right ventricular function were also better in the narrow angle group, as was one-year cumulative incidence of death or heart failure readmission (10% vs. 50%, P = .008). Narrow cannula coronal angle in patients with HeartMate 3 LVADs was associated with improved cardiac unloading and lower incidence of death or heart failure readmission. Larger studies to confirm the implication of optimal device positioning are warranted.