Application of Giemsa stain for easy detection of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.

The application of Giemsa technique to stain compressed diaphragm samples obtained from rodents experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis is described. Diaphragm samples from rats heavily infected with 20 muscle larvae per gram of body weight (20 ML/gbw) were cut into several pieces and stained with Giemsa; on the other hand, whole diaphragms from slightly infected mice (1 ML/gbw) were also stained with Giemsa. Besides, muscle samples were also stained with Giemsa. Observation at 10 x magnification revealed that both ML and nurse cells (NC) look as bluish structures clearly contrasting with the pinkish color of the non-infected muscle fibers. NC in the diaphragms of mice could be easily observed at naked eye as blue points contrasting with the pink surrounding areas formed by the non-infected muscle fibers. Among NC observed in the diaphragms of rats infected with 20 ML/gbw, 4.4% was multiple infection. These findings were confirmed in sectioned and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens. This data could be usefulness for a rapid diagnosis of trichinellosis in post-mortem mammals without magnification procedures.

Riesgo de transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi por transfusión de sangre en México / Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by blood transfusion in Mexico

Datos de finales de los años ochenta indican que 1,6% de la población mexicana estaba infectada por la enfermedad de Chagas y que la transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi por transfusión de sangre ocurría en casi todos los estados, si bien en zonas de diversa extensión. El riesgo de transmisión por esa vía está poco documentado en México, por lo que en 1994 se realizó una encuesta centinela de 18 bancos de sangre de la Secretaría de Salud, situados en sendos estados. El estudio tuvo como objeto conocer el riesgo de transmisión por transfusión de sangre y estimar la prevalencia nacional de infección en los candidatos a donantes, para disponer de indicadores generales de la situación actual de la enfermedad y de la relevancia de ese tipo de transmisión. La selección de participantes se basó en criterios operativos: todos los centros estatales de transfusión que contaban con la capacidad para tamizar a los donantes de sangre por lo menos durante un año y los candidatos a donar (n = 64969) que cumplían con los requisitos exigidos por la Norma Oficial Mexicana para la disposición de sangre humana y derivados con fines terapéuticos. Para el análisis de los resultados, los centros se agruparon según el flujo migratorio para detectar cualquier posible relación entre este y la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en el país. Como prueba de tamizaje se usó la hemaglutinación indirecta con reactivo producido por el Instituto Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos y donado a los bancos de sangre. Los casos positivos se confirmaron mediante la inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se detectaron 996 personas con resultados positivos, que representan una prevalencia de 1,5% (IC95%: 1,44 a 1,63). La concordancia de los resultados finales entre los laboratorios locales y el laboratorio central presentó un índice kappa de 0,87 (IC95%: 0,862 a 0,877). En las ciudades con los índices más altos de emigración el riesgo de transmisión fue tres veces mayor...

Data from the late eighties indicate that 1.6% of the Mexican population was infected with Chagas' disease and that transmission by way of blood transfusion was taking place in nearly every state, in areas of different sizes. The risk of transmission via that route has seldom been documented in Mexico, and for this reason a sentinel survey was conducted in 1994 in 18 blood banks belonging to the Ministry of Health and located in various states. The purpose of the study was to determine the risk of transmission via blood transfusion and to calculate the national prevalence of infection among potential donors, so as to have a set of general indicators of the prevailing disease burden and of the importance of this transmission route. Participants were selected on the basis of operating criteria: all government-run transfusion centers with the capacity to screen blood donors for at least one year and persons seeking to donate blood (n = 64969) who satisfied the Official Mexican Standards (Norma Oficial Mexicana) for the therapeutic use of human blood and blood products. For the analysis of the results the centers were grouped according to migration flow in order to detect any possible influence the latter may have had on Chagas' disease transmission within the country. Screening was done with indirect hemagglutination using a reagent produced by the Instituto Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos and donated to the blood banks. Positive cases were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. Positive results were detected in 996 persons, for a prevalence of 1.5% (95%CI: 1.44 to 1.63). Concordance between the final results obtained by local labs and by the central lab was given by a kappa index of 0.87 (95%CI: 0,862 to 0.877). Cities having the highest emigration rates had three times the risk of transmission as compared to cities that drew immigrants (odds ratio = 2.82; 95%CI: 2.18 to 3.65). We recommend that mandatory serologic...