Lacunae in Laboratory Medicine Services and in Pathology Education in Medical Schools in India.

CONTEXT.­: Laboratories of many medical college hospitals in India do not offer important diagnostic tests, most of which are routine in the West. This detracts from the service as well as the educational function of the college. OBJECTIVES.­: To provide the background to pathology and laboratory medicine services and education in India, and to create a questionnaire that will put the lack of tertiary care laboratory services in perspective. This article will help illustrate the lacunae in laboratory medicine services and in the education of students. For this, we present information on the health services and pathology education facilities in India. We propose a questionnaire comprising 30 questions in various disciplines in pathology and laboratory medicine. These questions will help administrators and bureaucrats evaluate the status of the laboratories with respect to the services provided. DATA SOURCES.­: Sources include Web sites of the government of India, including that of the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories; indexed medical journal articles; and standard books and white papers on health care in India. We also used our personal experiences and interpretations of the laboratory and medical education sector in India. CONCLUSIONS.­: Medical colleges in India need to offer specialized diagnostic services if they are to achieve the targets of universal health care as well as turning out competent doctors. The agencies responsible for health care in India should use the questionnaire as a first step toward improving laboratory services. Other low- and middle-income countries should also adopt this method.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with extensive emperipolesis mimicking Rosai-Dorfman disease: A rare case report.

Emperipolesis is the hallmark finding for Rosai-Dorfman disease. Till now many studies in literatures have shown emperipolesis as a finding in other benign as well as malignant conditions. Very few cases of malignant lymphoma have this phenomenon. Herewith, we put forward a rare case of lymphoma with clinical presentation showing involvement of spleen, liver, lymph nodes as well as lleo-cecal region. Light microscopy revealed large to medium sized lymphoid cells with intervening plenty of histiocytes showing evidence of emperipolesis that mimics Rosai Dorfmann disease. Due to atypical clinical presentations we thought of lymphoma as a differential diagnosis. Further immunohistochemistry was performed using histiocytic as well as lymphoid markers. To our surprise, it turns out to be Non Hodgkin Lymphoma with extensive emperipolesis which is extremely rare in thorough literature search. This case is presented due to its unique clinical as well as histological presentations.

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome with Testicular Seminoma in Transverse Testicular Ectopia.

Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) is a disorder of male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by the persistence of Mullerian duct derivatives (uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper two-third of vagina) in a phenotypically and genotypically male. Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare congenital anomaly in which both gonads migrate toward same hemiscrotum. About 150 cases of PMDS and 100 cases of TTE have been reported in previous studies. Testicular tumor in patients with PMDS with TTE is very rare. We report a case of testicular seminoma in a 35-year-old male patient with PMDS and TTE. Preoperative diagnosis was not possible in most of the reported cases.

Splenic tumours--autopsy study of ten years.

Human spleen, though being the largest component of reticuloendothelial system, is a very rare site of tumor metastases. Splenic metastases are usually seen as part of multi-organ involvement. Autopsy study conducted over a period of 10 years revealed that the incidence of neoplastic involvement of spleen was 1.45% (70/4812). Primary malignant involvement of spleen was also noted to be a rare entity in present study.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and its association with other opportunistic infections in AIDS--an autopsy report of five cases.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) has been reported as one of the opportunistic pathogens in AIDS. The significance of this pathogen in AIDS is well established so that, the diagnosis of PCP in an adult simultaneously establishes the diagnosis of AIDS. This point is well emphasised in the CDC case definition of AIDS. In western literature, the occurrence of PCP in AIDS is widely reported. However, in Indian literature only sporadic case reports have been documented. This study reports 5 cases of PCP encountered amongst 34 AIDS-autopsies studied. PCP alone was present in 2 cases. It is worth noting that it was simultaneously associated with cryptococcosis, tuberculosis and CMV in 3 remaining cases, highlighting the need for extensive investigations even after establishing the diagnosis of PCP in a known full blown AIDS patient.

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia: a rare case report.

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by splenomegaly, sustained neutrophilic leukocytosis, raised serum vitamin B12 level and absence of the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR/ABL1 fusion gene. CNL can be distinguished from chronic myelogenous leukemia, leukemoid reaction and myelodysplastic syndrome. We report a case of 45 year old male patient with CNL.

Histopathological study of cutaneous manifestations in HIV and AIDS patients.

OBJECTIVES: Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients develop various skin diseases. These skin manifestations not only act as markers but also reflect the patient's underlying immune status. Investigating CD4 counts is costly and not always possible. Thus, the potential value to be gained by using skin manifestations as predictors of low CD4 counts and disease progression should be explored. The present study attempted to correlate the association of various cutaneous disorders found in HIV patients with CD4 and CD8 counts, the CD4 : CD8 ratio and stage of HIV infection. METHODS: This was a prospective study involving 61 patients who were HIV-positive and demonstrated skin lesions. Punch biopsies of skin were taken for histopathological diagnosis. CD4 and CD8 T cell counts were performed. RESULTS: The study sample included a majority of male patients, most of whom were aged 21-40 years. Pruritic papular dermatitis was the most common skin manifestation, followed by molluscum contagiosum, eosinophilic folliculitis, and Hansen's disease. Most of the lesions were associated with CD4 counts of <220/µl (n = 38). All skin lesions associated with HIV or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) showed a CD4 : CD8 ratio of <0.50. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings demonstrate an inverse relationship between CD4 counts and the occurrence of skin lesions. The majority of lesions were associated with stage 3 or stage 4 infection. Thus, specific cutaneous manifestations can be considered as good clinical indicators for predicting underlying immune status in resource-poor countries.