RESUMEN
Pecan (Carya cathayensis) is an important economic crop, and its hydrolyzed peptides have been evidenced to reduce the effect of oxidative stress due to their antioxidant capacity. Hence, the protocols of ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography were established to obtain bioactive peptides from by-products of C. cathayensis (pecan cake). As measured by DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging, the peptides with less molecular weight (MW) possess higher antioxidant capacity. PCPH-III (MW < 3 kDa) presented higher radical scavenging capacity than PCPH-II (3 kDa < MW < 10 kDa) and PCPH-I (MW > 10 kDa) measured by DPPH (IC50: 111.0 µg/ mL) and measured by ABTs (IC50: 402.9 µg/mL). The secondary structure and amino acid composition varied by their MW, in which PCPH-II contained more α-helices (26.71%) and ß-sheets (36.96%), PCPH-III contained higher ratios of ß-turns (36.87%), while the composition of different secondary of PCPH-I was even 25 ± 5.76%. The variation trend of α-helix and random experienced slightly varied from PCPH-I to PCPH-II, while significantly decreased from PCPH-II to PCPH-III. The increasing antioxidant capacity is followed by the content of proline, and PCPH-III had the highest composition (8.03%). With regard to the six peptides identified by LC-MS/MS, two of them (VYGYADK and VLFSNY) showed stronger antioxidant capacity than others. In silico molecular docking demonstrated their combining abilities with a transcription factor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and speculated that they inhibit oxidative stress through activating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Meanwhile, increased activity of SOD and CATantioxidant markerswere found in H2O2-induced cells. The residue of tyrosine was demonstrated to contribute the most antioxidant capacity of VYGYADK and its position affected less. This study provided a novel peptide screening and by-product utilization process that can be applied in natural product developments.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos , Carya , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Cromatografía Liquida , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Péptidos/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Prolina/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , ChinaRESUMEN
The growing interest in foods that can be beneficial to human health is bringing into focus some products that have been used locally for centuries but have recently gained worldwide attention. One of these foods is pumpkin seed oil, which has been used in culinary and traditional medicine, but recent data also show its use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In addition, some sources refer to it as a potential functional food, mainly because it is obtained from pumpkin seeds, which contain many functional components. However, the production process of the oil may affect the content of these components and consequently the biological activity of the oil. In this review, we have focused on summarizing scientific data that explore the potential of pumpkin seed oil as a functional food ingredient. We provide a comprehensive overview of pumpkin seed oil chemical composition, phytochemical content, biological activity, and safety, as well as the overview of production processes and contemporary use. The main phytochemicals in pumpkin seed oil with health-related properties are polyphenols, phytoestrogens, and fatty acids, but carotenoids, squalene, tocopherols, and minerals may also contribute to health benefits. Most studies have been conducted in vitro and support the claim that pumpkin seed oil has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Clinical studies have shown that pumpkin seed oil may be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular problems of menopausal women and ailments associated with imbalance of sex hormones.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Cucurbita , Ingredientes Alimentarios , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Carotenoides , Cucurbita/química , Ácidos Grasos/química , Femenino , Alimentos Funcionales , Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Fitoquímicos , Fitoestrógenos , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Polifenoles , Escualeno , TocoferolesRESUMEN
The Mediterranean diet includes virgin olive oil (VOO) as the main fat and olives as snacks. In addition to providing nutritional and organoleptic properties, VOO and the fruits (olives) contain an extensive number of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, which are considered to be powerful antioxidants. Furthermore, olive byproducts, such as olive leaves, olive pomace, and olive mill wastewater, considered also as rich sources of phenolic compounds, are now valorized due to being mainly applied in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The digestive system must physically and chemically break down these ingested olive-related products to release their phenolic compounds, which will be further metabolized to be used by the human organism. The first purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of in-vitro static digestion models for olive-related products. In this sense, the in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion methods are widely used with the following aims: (i) to study how phenolic compounds are released from their matrices and to identify structural changes of phenolic compounds after the digestion of olive fruits and oils and (ii) to support the functional value of olive leaves and byproducts generated in the olive industry by assessing their health properties before and after the gastrointestinal process. The second purpose of this review is to survey and discuss all the results available to date.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Biológicos , Olea/química , Aceite de Oliva/química , Fenoles/metabolismo , Olea/metabolismo , Aceite de Oliva/metabolismo , Fenoles/químicaRESUMEN
Nowadays due to the concern with the environmental impact of analytical techniques and in order to reduce the ecological footprint there is a tendency to use more efficient and faster procedures that use a smaller amount of organic solvents. Polyphenols have been widely studied in plant-based matrices due to their wide and potent biological properties; however there are no standardized procedures both for sample preparation and analysis of these compounds. The second of a two-part review will carry out a critical review of the extraction procedures and analytical methods applied to polyphenols and their selection criteria over a wide range of factors in relation to commerce-associated, environmental, and economic factors. It is foreseen that in the future the analysis of polyphenols in plant-based matrices includes the use of techniques that allow the simultaneous determination of different subclasses of polyphenols using fast, sophisticated, and automated techniques that allow the minimal consumption of solvents.
Asunto(s)
Manipulación de Alimentos , Polifenoles/análisis , Fitoquímicos , Polifenoles/químicaRESUMEN
Phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, are gaining more attention from both the scientific community and food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries due to their implications in human health. In this line, lately new applications have emerged, and of great importance is the selection of accurate and reliable analytical methods for better evaluation of the quality of the end-products, which depends on diverse process variables as well as on the matrices and on the physicochemical properties of different polyphenols. The first of a two-part review on polyphenols will address the phytochemistry and biological activities of different classes of polyphenols including flavonoids, lignans and flavanolignans, stilbenoids, tannins, curcuminoids, and coumarins. Moreover, the possible interactions of polyphenols and current and potential industrial applications of polyphenols are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Fitoquímicos , Polifenoles/análisis , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is a well-known dietary pattern associated with longevity and improvement of life quality as it reduces the risk of the most common chronic pathologies, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), that represent the principal cause of death worldwide. One of the most characteristic foods of MedDiet is olive oil, a very complex matrix, which constitutes the main source of fats and is used in the preparation of foods, both raw as an ingredient in recipes, and in cooking. Similarly, strawberries and raspberries are tasty and powerful foods which are commonly consumed in the Mediterranean area in fresh and processed forms and have attracted the scientific and consumer attention worldwide for their beneficial properties for human health. Besides olive oil and berries, honey has lately been introduced in the MedDiet thanks to its relevant nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant profile. It is a sweet substance that has recently been classified as a functional food. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the recent evidence, obtained from in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, on the potential roles exerted by these foods in the prevention and progression of different types of cancer and CVDs.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Mediterránea , Frutas , Alimentos Funcionales/análisis , Miel , Aceite de Oliva/administración & dosificación , Animales , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Longevidad , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
This work aims to evaluate the structure-stability relationship of anthocyanins in cell culture. An early degradation time (CT10) and half-degradation time (CT50) were used to characterise the stability of 10 of the most common anthocyanins, incubated with DMEM at 37 °C, pH = 7.4, 5% CO2 for different time periods. According to the glycosylation, the glycosylated forms were more stable than the not glycosylated forms. The methylation at 3'' or 5' position at ring B enhanced their stability; contrarily, the hydroxylation at 3' or 5' position at ring B weakened their stability. Glycosylated forms were much more stable in water than in the culture medium. Although not glycosylated forms were also instable in water, their stability was improved compared with culture medium. Together with the cell culture experiments and, in order to avoid artefacts, stability tests of polyphenols should be performed in parallel experiments with DMEM.
Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Medios de Cultivo , Glicosilación , Humanos , Hidroxilación , Metilación , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Beeswax is useful for the beekeeping sector but also for the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. Frequently, this bee product is contaminated with pesticides reducing its utility and causing the decline in its market. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of an industrial-scale decontamination method in removing acaricides from beeswax. Chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos decrease was higher than 90%, whereas tau fluvalinate decrease was only 30%. No changes were observed in the beeswax content of hydrocarbons and monoesters, whereas a decrease in the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg, Mn and P, and an increase in the concentrations of As and Si were found after the decontamination. Filtration reduced total phenolics, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic extract. These results demonstrate that the industrial method used was as effective as the method previously tested on a laboratory scale. The study also contributes to a better knowledge and characterization of beeswax, specially related to trace and ultra-trace elements and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, it offers the chance to further develop a method to effectively detect wax adulterations based on the chemical elements profile.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas/química , Antioxidantes/química , Descontaminación , Metales Pesados/química , Ceras/química , Animales , AbejasRESUMEN
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) or Tumor-Initiating Cells (TICs) are a small sub-population of cells within the tumor, able to give chemio- and radio-resistance and cause the onset of metastasis and the presence of relapses; for these reasons, they are recently becoming a potential target for anticancer therapy. One of the main characteristics of these cells is the self-renewal through the capability of modulating different molecular signalling pathways, including Wnt/ß-Catenin, Sonic Hedgehog and Notch pathways. Natural bioactive compounds such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin, curcumin, quercetin, ellagic acid, anthocyanins and other compounds and extracts can have a direct or indirect effect on these molecular pathways, decreasing the pathological activities of CSCs. This review aims to report and summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies about the preventive, therapeutic and chemosensitizing effects of these natural bioactive compounds on CSCs deriving from different types of tumors.
Asunto(s)
Carbazoles/farmacología , Curcumina/farmacología , Ácido Elágico/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Células Madre Neoplásicas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Strawberry fruits are highly appreciated by consumers worldwide due to their bright red color, typical aroma, and juicy texture. While the biological activity of the complete fruit has been widely studied, the potential beneficial effects of the achenes (commonly named seeds) remain unknown. In addition, when raw fruit and achenes are consumed, the digestion process could alter the release and absorption of their phytochemical compounds, compromising their bioactivity. In the present work, we evaluated the protective effects against oxidative damage of nondigested and digested extracts from strawberry fruit and achenes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. For that purpose, cells were treated with different concentration of the extracts prior to incubation with the stressor agent, AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride). Subsequently, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the percentage of live, dead, and apoptotic cells were determined. Our results demonstrated that all the evaluated fractions were able to counteract the AAPH-induced damage, suggesting that the achenes also present biological activity. The positive effects of both the raw fruit and achenes were maintained after the in vitro digestion process.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fragaria/química , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Amidinas/efectos adversos , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/química , Células Hep G2 , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Semillas/químicaRESUMEN
The antioxidant capacity and the phytochemical composition of two by-products from beeswax recycling processes were recently investigated. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of one of these by-products, MUD1, against the oxidative stress induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. After a preliminary viability assay, the protective effect of MUD1 was investigated through the measurement of apoptosis level, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite (NO2-) production, the level of protein and lipid biomarkers (carbonyl groups, total glutathione and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) of oxidative damage, and the measurement of antioxidant enzymes activities (glutatione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase). The obtained results showed that MUD1 exerted protective effects on HDF, increasing cell viability and counteracted the oxidative stress promoted by AAPH-treatment, and improved mitochondria functionality and wound healing capacities. This work shows the antioxidant effects exerted by beeswax by-products, demonstrating for the first time their potential against oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast cells; however, further research will be necessary to evaluate their potentiality for human health by more deeply in vitro and in vivo studies.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Ceras/farmacología , Apoptosis , Células Cultivadas , Dermis/citología , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Estrés Oxidativo , Ceras/químicaRESUMEN
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become the largest contributor to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Among them, cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for a 47% of worldwide mortality. In general, preventive approaches modifying lifestyle are more cost-effective than treatments after disease onset. In this sense, a healthy diet could help a range of NCDs, such as cancer and CVDs. Traditional Mediterranean Diet (MD) is associated by the low-prevalence of certain types of cancers and CVDs, where olive oil plays an important role. In fact, different epidemiological studies suggest that olive oil consumption prevents some cancers, as well as coronary heart diseases and stroke incidence and mortality. Historically, the beneficial health effects of virgin olive oil (VOO) intake were first attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids. Nowadays, many studies indicate that phenolic compounds contained in olive oil have positive effects on different biomarkers related to health. Among them, phenolic compounds would be partially responsible for health benefits. The present work aims to explore, in studies published during the last five years, the effects of the main phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil on different cancer or CVD aspects, in order to clarify which compounds have more potential to be used as nutraceuticals with preventive or even therapeutic properties.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Aceite de Oliva/química , Fenoles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Dieta Mediterránea , Humanos , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The increasing interest in the Mediterranean diet is based on the protective effects against several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. Polyphenol-rich functional foods have been proposed to be unique supplementary and nutraceutical treatments for these disorders. Extra-virgin olive oils (EVOOs) obtained from 'Brava' and 'Mansa', varieties recently identified from Galicia (northwestern Spain), were selected for in vitro screening to evaluate their capacity to inhibit key enzymes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)), major depressive disorder (MDD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (monoamine oxidases: hMAO-A and hMAO-B respectively). 'Brava' oil exhibited the best inhibitory activity against all enzymes, when they are compared to 'Mansa' oil: BuChE (IC50 = 245 ± 5 and 591 ± 23 mg·mL-1), 5-LOX (IC50 = 45 ± 7 and 106 ± 14 mg·mL-1), hMAO-A (IC50 = 30 ± 1 and 72 ± 10 mg·mL-1) and hMAO-B (IC50 = 191 ± 8 and 208 ± 14 mg·mL-1), respectively. The inhibitory capacity of the phenolic extracts could be associated with the content of secoiridoids, lignans and phenolic acids.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/enzimología , Aceite de Oliva/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Análisis Discriminante , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Honey is a natural substance appreciated for its therapeutic abilities since ancient times. Its content in flavonoids and phenolic acids plays a key role on human health, thanks to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that they exert. Honey possesses antimicrobial capacity and anticancer activity against different types of tumors, acting on different molecular pathways that are involved on cellular proliferation. In addition, an antidiabetic activity has also been highlighted, with the reduction of glucose, fructosamine, and glycosylated hemoglobin serum concentration. Honey exerts also a protective effect in the cardiovascular system, where it mainly prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, in the nervous system, in the respiratory system against asthma and bacterial infections, and in the gastrointestinal system. A beneficial effect of honey can also be demonstrated in athletes. The purpose of this review is to summarize and update the current information regarding the role of honey in health and diseases.
Asunto(s)
Miel/análisis , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/química , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Virgin olive oil, the main fat of the Mediterranean diet, is per se considered as a functional food-as stated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-due to its content in healthy compounds. The daily intake of endogenous bioactive phenolics from virgin olive oil is variable due to the influence of multiple agronomic and technological factors. Thus, a good strategy to ensure an optimal intake of polyphenols through habitual diet would be to produce enriched virgin olive oil with well-known bioactive polyphenols. Different sources of natural biological active substances can be potentially used to enrich virgin olive oil (e.g., raw materials derived from the same olive tree, mainly olive leaves and pomaces, and/or other compounds from plants and vegetables, mainly herbs and spices). The development of these functional olive oils may help in prevention of chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular diseases, immune frailty, ageing disorders and degenerative diseases) and improving the quality of life for many consumers reducing health care costs. In the present review, the most relevant scientific information related to the development of enriched virgin olive oil and their positive human health effects has been collected and discussed.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/química , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Aceite de Oliva/química , Aceite de Oliva/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Dietoterapia , Dieta Mediterránea , Humanos , Olea/química , Aceite de Oliva/aislamiento & purificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Prevención Primaria , InvestigaciónRESUMEN
Strawberries are highly appreciated for their taste, nutritional value and antioxidant compounds, mainly phenolics. Fruit antioxidants derive from achenes and flesh, but achene contribution to the total fruit antioxidant capacity and to the bioaccessibility after intake is still unknown. In this work, the content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) of achenes and flesh were compared in non-digested as well as in gastric and intestinal extracts after in vitro digestion. Results showed that, despite strawberry achenes represent a small fraction of the fruit, their contribution to total fruit antioxidant content was more than 41% and accounted for 81% of antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Achenes have higher quantity and different quality of antioxidants in non-digested and digested extracts. Antioxidant release was higher in the in vitro gastric digested extracts, but digestion conditions did not only affect quantity but quality, resulting in differences in antioxidant capacity and highlighting the importance of simulating physiological-like extraction conditions for assessing fruit antioxidant properties on human health. These results give new insights into the use of strawberry achenes as a source of bioactive compounds to be considered in strawberry breeding programs for improving human health.
Asunto(s)
Fragaria/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Flavonoides/análisis , Fragaria/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Humanos , Fenoles/análisisRESUMEN
Dessert sweet wines from Europe and North America are described in this review from two points of view: both their aroma profile and also their sensorial description. There are growing literature data about the chemical composition and sensory properties of these wines. Wines were grouped according to the production method (concentration of sugars in grapes) and to the aging process of wine (oxidative, biological, or a combination of both and aging in the bottle). It was found that wines natively sweets and wines fortified with liquors differ in their volatile compounds. Sensory properties of these wines include those of dried fruit (raisins), red berries, honey, chocolate and vanilla, which is contributing to their growing sales. However, there is still a need for scientific research on the understanding of the mechanisms for wine flavor enhancement.
Asunto(s)
Carbohidratos/análisis , Frutas/química , Vitis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Vino/análisis , Botrytis/metabolismo , Fermentación , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Olfato , Gusto , Factores de Tiempo , Vino/microbiologíaRESUMEN
In this work, the quality and physicochemical parameters, phenolic composition, and antidiabetic potential of olive oils obtained from olives belonging to centenarian olive trees of the so-called 'Mansa de Figueiredo' cultivar were evaluated during three consecutive crop seasons (2017-2019). The oils produced during the three crop years were classified as extra virgin based on the quality-related indices, sensory analysis, and the genuineness-related parameters. In addition, LC-ESI-TOF MS was used to get a comprehensive characterisation of the phenolic fraction while LC-ESI-IT MS was applied for quantitation purposes. The content of phenolic compounds (ranging from 1837 to 2434 mg/kg) was significantly affected by the harvest year due to the environmental conditions and ripening index. Furthermore, although significant differences in the inhibitory effects against the α-glucosidase enzyme for the EVOOs extracted throughout the three successive years were detected, all the studied EVOOs exhibited a stronger inhibitor effect than that found for acarbose.
RESUMEN
When the recipient of the product is relatively distant from the production area, it is necessary to use cold storage and controlled humidity to transport the avocado fruits. One of the main advantages of local avocado consumption lies on the possibility of prolonging on-tree maturation; this could foreseeably modify the metabolic profile of the fruit that reaches the consumer. In this work, the effect of prolonged on tree maturation (during different time intervals) on the final composition of avocado fruit (at edible ripeness) was evaluated and compared with the impact of the same periods after prolonged cold storage. The quantitative evolution of nine bioactive metabolites (7 phenolic compounds, pantothenic and abscisic acids) over 40 days (10-days intervals) was studied by using a solid-liquid extraction protocol and a LC-MS methodology. The results were discussed both considering the quantitative evolution of each individual compound and the sum of all of them.
Asunto(s)
Persea , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Cromatografía Liquida , Frutas/metabolismo , Persea/metabolismo , ÁrbolesRESUMEN
Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cancer type and leading cause of death. Unfortunately, current medical treatments are not sufficient due to lack of effective therapy, adverse side effects, chemoresistance and disease recurrence. In recent decades, epidemiologic observations have highlighted the association between the ingestion of several phytochemical-enriched foods and nutrients and the lower risk of CRC. According to preclinical studies, dietary phytochemicals exert chemopreventive effects on CRC by regulating different markers and signaling pathways; additionally, the gut microbiota plays a role as vital effector in CRC onset and progression, therefore, any dietary alterations in it may affect CRC occurrence. A high number of studies have displayed a key role of growth factors and their signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of CRC. Indeed, the efficiency of dietary phytochemicals to modulate carcinogenic processes through the alteration of different molecular targets, such as Wnt/ß-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK (p38, JNK and Erk1/2), EGFR/Kras/Braf, TGF-ß/Smad2/3, STAT1-STAT3, NF-кB, Nrf2 and cyclin-CDK complexes, has been proven, whereby many of these targets also represent the backbone of modern drug discovery programs. Furthermore, epigenetic analysis showed modified or reversed aberrant epigenetic changes exerted by dietary phytochemicals that led to possible CRC prevention or treatment. Therefore, our aim is to discuss the effects of some common dietary phytochemicals that might be useful in CRC as preventive or therapeutic agents. This review will provide new guidance for research, in order to identify the most studied phytochemicals, their occurrence in foods and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of dietary phytochemicals for the prevention or treatment of CRC by targeting several genes and signaling pathways, as well as epigenetic modifications. In addition, the results obtained by recent investigations aimed at improving the production of these phytochemicals in genetically modified plants have been reported. Overall, clinical data on phytochemicals against CRC are still not sufficient and therefore the preventive impacts of dietary phytochemicals on CRC development deserve further research so as to provide additional insights for human prospective studies.