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In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), there are 85 million people with disabilities (PwD). They often experience barriers accessing healthcare and die, on average, 10-20 years earlier than those without disabilities. This study aimed to systematically review the quantitative literature on access to general healthcare among PwD, compared to those without disabilities, in LAC. A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted. We searched in EMBASE, MEDLINE, LILACS, MedCarib, PsycINFO, SciELO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Eligible articles were peer-reviewed, published between January 2000 and April 2023, and compared healthcare access (utilization, coverage, quality, affordability) between PwD and without disabilities in LAC. The search retrieved 16,538 records and 30 studies were included, most of which had a medium or high risk of bias (n = 23; 76%). Overall, the studies indicated that PwD use healthcare services more than those without disabilities. Some evidence indicated that women with disabilities were less likely to have received cancer screening. Limited evidence showed that health services affordability and quality were lower among PwD. In LAC, PwD appear to experience health inequities, although large gaps exist in the current evidence. Harmonization of disability and health access data collection is urgently needed to address this issue.
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PURPOSE: This review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies aims to provide an overview of qualitative evidence on primary healthcare access of people with disability in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as to identify barriers that exist in this region. METHODS: Six databases were searched for studies from 2000 to 2022. 34 qualitative studies were identified. RESULTS: Barriers exist on both demand and supply sides. The thematic synthesis process generated three broad overarching analytical themes, which authors have related to Levesque et al.'s aspects of "ability to perceive," "availability, accommodation and ability to reach" and "appropriateness and ability to engage." Access to information and health literacy are compromised due to a lack of tailored health education materials. Barriers in the urban environment, including inadequate transportation, and insufficient healthcare facility accessibility create challenges for people with disabilities to reach healthcare facilities independently. Attitudinal barriers contribute to suboptimal care experiences. CONCLUSION: People with disabilities face several barriers in accessing healthcare. Lack of healthcare provider training, inappropriate urban infrastructure, lack of accessible transport and inaccessibility in healthcare centers are barriers that need to be addressed. With these actions, people with disabilities will be closer to having their rights met.
The identification of barriers on both the supply and demand sides highlights implications for individuals with disabilities seeking access to primary healthcare services, primarily in Brazil, with similar concerns noted in Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago.Service providers should enhance access to people with disabilities by providing accessible information and reasonable accommodation for people with disabilities.More training of healthcare professionals is required to support the provision of care for people with disabilities.There is a need to improve healthcare centre accessibility, as well as local infrastructure and transportation to prevent people with disabilities from having their rights violated.Linkages should be strengthened between sectors like transportation, urban development, and health to enhance overall accessibility and prevent violations of the rights of individuals with disabilities.
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes in West Africa is increasing, posing a major public health threat. An estimated 24 million Africans have diabetes, with rates in West Africa around 2-6% and projected to rise 129% by 2045 according to the WHO. Over 90% of cases are Type 2 diabetes (IDF, World Bank). As diabetes is ambulatory care sensitive, good primary care is crucial to reduce complications and mortality. However, research on factors influencing diabetes primary care access, utilisation and quality in West Africa remains limited despite growing disease burden. While research has emphasised diabetes prevalence and risk factors in West Africa, there remains limited evidence on contextual influences on primary care. This scoping review aims to address these evidence gaps. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using the established methodology by Arksey and O'Malley, this scoping review will undergo six stages. The review will adopt the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to ensure methodological rigour. We will search four electronic databases and search through grey literature sources to thoroughly explore the topic. The identified articles will undergo thorough screening. We will collect data using a standardised data extraction form that covers study characteristics, population demographics, and study methods. The study will identify key themes and sub-themes related to primary healthcare access, utilisation, and quality. We will then analyse and summarise the data using a narrative synthesis approach. RESULTS: The findings and conclusive report will be finished and sent to a peer-reviewed publication within six months. CONCLUSION: This review protocol aims to systematically examine and assess the factors that impact the access, utilisation, and standard of primary healthcare services for diabetes in West Africa.
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Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Atención Primaria de Salud , Humanos , África Occidental/epidemiología , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Hypertension, one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases in West Africa, can be well managed with good primary care. This scoping review will explore what is documented in the literature about factors that influence primary care access, utilisation and quality of management for patients living with hypertension in West Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The scoping review will employ the approach described by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) . The approach has five stages: (1) formulating the research questions, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting eligible studies, (4) charting the data and (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results. This review will employ the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis extension for scoping reviews to report the results. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cairn Info and Google Scholar will be searched for publications from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2023. Studies reported in English, French or Portuguese will be considered for inclusion. Research articles, systematic reviews, observational studies and reports that include information on the relevant factors that influence primary care management of hypertension in West Africa will be eligible for inclusion. Study participants should be adults (aged 18 years or older). Clinical case series/case reports, short communications, books, grey literature and conference proceedings will be excluded. Papers on gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia will be excluded. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review does not require ethics approval. Our dissemination strategy includes peer-reviewed publications, policy briefs, presentations at conferences, dissemination to stakeholders and intervention co-production forums.
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Hipertensión , Adulto , Humanos , África Occidental , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Pacientes , Atención Primaria de Salud , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto/métodosRESUMEN
Several healthcare processes, including rehabilitation, require prompt initiation and cannot be interrupted. Therefore, these processes underwent important adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is not fully known how healthcare facilities adapted their strategies and what the results were. This study investigated how rehabilitation services were affected during the pandemic and what strategies were employed to maintain the provided services. From June 2020 to February 2021, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals working in rehabilitation services from the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), who work at one of the three levels of care, in the municipalities of Santos and São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via content analysis. The professionals reported organizational changes in their services, with the initial interruption of appointments and, subsequently, the adoption of new sanitary protocols and the gradual return to in-person and/or remote appointments. Working conditions were directly impacted, as there was a need for staffing, training, increased workloads, as well as physical and mental exhaustion among professionals. The pandemic caused a series of changes in healthcare services, some of which were interrupted due to the suspension of numerous services and appointments. Some in-person appointments were maintained exclusively for patients who presented a risk of short-term deterioration. Preventive sanitary measures and strategies for continuity of care were adopted.
Diversos processos que permeiam a assistência à saúde, incluindo a reabilitação, precisam de brevidade para ser iniciados ou não podem ser interrompidos. Sendo assim, estes passaram por importantes adaptações durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Porém, não se sabe ao certo como os equipamentos de saúde adaptaram suas estratégias e quais foram os resultados. O estudo investigou como os atendimentos em reabilitação foram afetados durante a pandemia e quais foram as estratégias para a manutenção dos serviços prestados. Entre junho de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021, realizaram-se 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde da área da reabilitação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), que atuam em um dos três níveis de atenção, nas cidades de Santos e São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os discursos foram gravados, transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os profissionais relataram mudanças organizacionais em seus serviços, com a interrupção inicial dos atendimentos e, posteriormente, com a adoção de novos protocolos sanitários e o retorno gradativo dos atendimentos presenciais e/ou a distância. As condições de trabalho foram diretamente impactadas, pois houve necessidade de dimensionamento, capacitação, ampliação de carga horária, além da sobrecarga de trabalho e do esgotamento físico e mental dos profissionais. A pandemia determinou uma série de mudanças nos serviços de saúde, por vezes descontínuas, com a suspensão de inúmeros serviços e atendimentos. Alguns atendimentos presenciais foram mantidos, apenas para os pacientes que apresentavam risco de agravo em curto prazo. Medidas sanitárias preventivas e estratégias de continuidade dos atendimentos foram adotadas.
Diversos procesos que impregnan la asistencia a la salud, incluida la rehabilitación, deben iniciarse con prontitud o no pueden interrumpirse. Por lo que estos sufrieron importantes adaptaciones durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no se sabe con certeza cómo las instalaciones de salud adaptaron sus estrategias y cuáles fueron los resultados. El estudio investigó cómo se vieron afectados los servicios de rehabilitación durante la pandemia y cuáles fueron las estrategias para mantener los servicios prestados. Entre junio del 2020 y febrero del 2021, se realizaron 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la salud del área de rehabilitación del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), que actúan en uno de los tres niveles de atención, en las ciudades de Santos y São Paulo, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los discursos se grabaron, se transcribieron y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Los profesionales relataron cambios organizacionales en sus servicios, con la interrupción inicial de la atención y, posteriormente, con la adopción de nuevos protocolos sanitarios y el regreso gradual de la atención presencial o a distancia. Las condiciones de trabajo se vieron directamente afectadas, ya que fue necesario el dimensionamiento, la capacitación, la ampliación de la carga horaria, además de la sobrecarga de trabajo y del agotamiento físico y mental de los profesionales. La pandemia determinó una serie de cambios en los servicios de salud, en ocasiones discontinuos, con la suspensión de numerosos servicios y atenciones. Se mantuvieron algunas atenciones presenciales, solo para los pacientes con riesgo de agravamiento a corto plazo. Se adoptaron medidas sanitarias preventivas y estrategias de continuidad de las atenciones.
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COVID-19 , Servicios de Salud para Personas con Discapacidad , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , Brasil/epidemiología , Atención a la SaludRESUMEN
This paper reports on in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with 69 disabled people in England and Scotland, and with 28 key informants from infrastructure organisations in the voluntary and statutory sectors, about the impact of COVID-19, and measures taken to control it. Participants were recruited through voluntary organisations. As with everyone, the Pandemic has had a huge impact: we discuss the dislocations it has caused in everyday life; the failures of social care; the use of new technologies; and participants' view on leadership and communication. We conclude with suggestions for urgent short term and medium term responses, so that the United Kingdom and other countries can respond better to this and other pandemics, and build a more inclusive world.
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Background: This study explores the acceptability and feasibility of the use of two different Participatory Visual Methods (Participatory Video and Digital Storytelling) in gathering information on the experiences and perspectives of carers of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome within Colombia. Methods: Participatory Video was used to assess the impact of the Juntos parent-support intervention in the lives of carers, and Digital Storytelling was used to explore the healthcare access for these children. In-depth interviews were conducted to probe participants on their views of these methods. Results: One Participatory Video was produced and four Digital Stories. Of the initial eight caregivers who took part in the Participatory Video process, four completed both the Digital Storytelling process and an in-depth interview about their experiences. The main factors shaping participants' experiences related to the skills learned in making the videos, the feeling of collectiveness and the control over the processes. Conclusions: Women with children with Congenital Zika Syndrome have reported feeling marginalised and misunderstood in daily life. This case study found that Participatory Visual Methods is acceptable and feasible. Moreover, these approaches can support groups in different aspects, such as providing a space to share their stories creatively, hear others in similar situations as them and increase the feeling of community.
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Background: The 2015 - 2016 Zika epidemic highlighted gaps in health and social care services for parents of children with developmental disabilities. In response, we developed the 'Juntos' intervention, a 10 week community-based early intervention support group for parents of children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The intervention's components include participatory learning sessions, practical skill acquisition, peer support, and psychological support, aiming to improve caregiver's knowledge and confidence in caring for their children. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implementing 'Juntos' in Colombia. Methods: Two facilitators delivered 'Juntos' to four groups of 8-10 caregivers between 2017 and 2018. One researcher observed each group. Data were collected from: observation notes from 40 sessions, focus group discussions held after each session, pre- post intervention questionnaires with 34 caregivers, and semi-structured interviews conducted with four facilitators, 12 caregivers and three stakeholders. We used the Bowen framework in data analysis. Results: The feasibility evaluation revealed that 'Juntos' was highly acceptable and in demand among the target population. The intervention was predominantly delivered with fidelity. Practicality was facilitated by providing transport costs and selecting convenient locations. Additional organisational and social media support was required for successful implementation. Community health worker training may support integration and the established groups could facilitate programme expansion. However, participants perceived lack of prioritisation as a limitation within existing health systems. Participants' knowledge and confidence to care for their child improved after programme enrolment. Conclusion: The 'Juntos' intervention demonstrated high acceptability, demand, and practicality in supporting parents of children with CZS in Colombia. However, its implementation faces challenges due to existing gaps in health system support for children with CZS.
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Resumo Este artigo aborda o acesso das pessoas com deficiência às ações e serviços de saúde a partir da percepção de profissionais e gestores de unidades da atenção primária de três cidades do país, considerando as dimensões "Disponibilidade e acomodação" e "Adequação". Trata-se de um estudo de caso, que entrevistou 16 profissionais e gestores de unidades de atenção primária nas cidades de Brasília (DF), Arcoverde (PE) e Santos (SP). Na dimensão da Disponibilidade e acomodação, observaram-se barreiras arquitetônicas e urbanísticas, escassez na oferta de serviços, concentração geográfica dos equipamentos sociais e dificuldade de coordenação do cuidado. Na dimensão Adequação, percebeu-se uma ausência institucional de formação, o que contribui para dificuldade de interlocução entre os profissionais de saúde e as pessoas com deficiência. Além disso, os entrevistados apontam para a fragilidade na comunicação entre os serviços de saúde que compõem a rede de atenção. Por outro lado, a postura dos profissionais e o vínculo construído com as pessoas com deficiência se apresentaram como facilitadores do acesso. Esperava-se que os espaços mais desenvolvidos apresentassem mais possibilidades de acesso, mas seja na capital do país, na região mais rica do Brasil ou no sertão nordestino, essa é ainda uma luta que precisa resistir.
Abstract This study describes findings from a case study conducted on access to healthcare for people with disabilities based on the perspective of primary care unit professionals and managers in three Brazilian municipalities, considering the dimensions of Availability and Accommodation and Appropriateness. A total of 16 primary care unit healthcare providers and managers were interviewed in Brasília - Federal District, Arcoverde - Pernambuco, and Santos - São Paulo. The Availability and Accommodation dimension showed architectural and urban barriers, lack of healthcare services, geographical concentration of infrastructure, and difficulty coordinating care. The Appropriateness dimension evinced a lack of healthcare provider training, which contributes to communication barriers between healthcare providers and people with disabilities. Interviewees also pointed to a fragile link between the health services that make up the care network. On the other hand, participants deemed professionals' attitude and the bond built with people with disabilities as facilitators to accessing care. It was expected that the more developed areas within Brazil would have less barriers to access. However, this study showed challenges to accessing health in all settings, including the richest region of Brazil, its poorest region (the Northeast), and its capital.
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Atención Primaria de Salud , Personal de Salud , Personas con Discapacidad , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de SaludRESUMEN
Resumo: Diversos processos que permeiam a assistência à saúde, incluindo a reabilitação, precisam de brevidade para ser iniciados ou não podem ser interrompidos. Sendo assim, estes passaram por importantes adaptações durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Porém, não se sabe ao certo como os equipamentos de saúde adaptaram suas estratégias e quais foram os resultados. O estudo investigou como os atendimentos em reabilitação foram afetados durante a pandemia e quais foram as estratégias para a manutenção dos serviços prestados. Entre junho de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021, realizaram-se 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais de saúde da área da reabilitação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), que atuam em um dos três níveis de atenção, nas cidades de Santos e São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os discursos foram gravados, transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os profissionais relataram mudanças organizacionais em seus serviços, com a interrupção inicial dos atendimentos e, posteriormente, com a adoção de novos protocolos sanitários e o retorno gradativo dos atendimentos presenciais e/ou a distância. As condições de trabalho foram diretamente impactadas, pois houve necessidade de dimensionamento, capacitação, ampliação de carga horária, além da sobrecarga de trabalho e do esgotamento físico e mental dos profissionais. A pandemia determinou uma série de mudanças nos serviços de saúde, por vezes descontínuas, com a suspensão de inúmeros serviços e atendimentos. Alguns atendimentos presenciais foram mantidos, apenas para os pacientes que apresentavam risco de agravo em curto prazo. Medidas sanitárias preventivas e estratégias de continuidade dos atendimentos foram adotadas.
Abstract: Several healthcare processes, including rehabilitation, require prompt initiation and cannot be interrupted. Therefore, these processes underwent important adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is not fully known how healthcare facilities adapted their strategies and what the results were. This study investigated how rehabilitation services were affected during the pandemic and what strategies were employed to maintain the provided services. From June 2020 to February 2021, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals working in rehabilitation services from the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), who work at one of the three levels of care, in the municipalities of Santos and São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via content analysis. The professionals reported organizational changes in their services, with the initial interruption of appointments and, subsequently, the adoption of new sanitary protocols and the gradual return to in-person and/or remote appointments. Working conditions were directly impacted, as there was a need for staffing, training, increased workloads, as well as physical and mental exhaustion among professionals. The pandemic caused a series of changes in healthcare services, some of which were interrupted due to the suspension of numerous services and appointments. Some in-person appointments were maintained exclusively for patients who presented a risk of short-term deterioration. Preventive sanitary measures and strategies for continuity of care were adopted.
Resumen: Diversos procesos que impregnan la asistencia a la salud, incluida la rehabilitación, deben iniciarse con prontitud o no pueden interrumpirse. Por lo que estos sufrieron importantes adaptaciones durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no se sabe con certeza cómo las instalaciones de salud adaptaron sus estrategias y cuáles fueron los resultados. El estudio investigó cómo se vieron afectados los servicios de rehabilitación durante la pandemia y cuáles fueron las estrategias para mantener los servicios prestados. Entre junio del 2020 y febrero del 2021, se realizaron 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas con profesionales de la salud del área de rehabilitación del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), que actúan en uno de los tres niveles de atención, en las ciudades de Santos y São Paulo, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Los discursos se grabaron, se transcribieron y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Los profesionales relataron cambios organizacionales en sus servicios, con la interrupción inicial de la atención y, posteriormente, con la adopción de nuevos protocolos sanitarios y el regreso gradual de la atención presencial o a distancia. Las condiciones de trabajo se vieron directamente afectadas, ya que fue necesario el dimensionamiento, la capacitación, la ampliación de la carga horaria, además de la sobrecarga de trabajo y del agotamiento físico y mental de los profesionales. La pandemia determinó una serie de cambios en los servicios de salud, en ocasiones discontinuos, con la suspensión de numerosos servicios y atenciones. Se mantuvieron algunas atenciones presenciales, solo para los pacientes con riesgo de agravamiento a corto plazo. Se adoptaron medidas sanitarias preventivas y estrategias de continuidad de las atenciones.