Gas-assisted electron-beam-induced nanopatterning of high-quality titanium oxide.

Electron-beam-induced deposition of titanium oxide nanopatterns is described. The precursor is titanium tetra-isopropoxide, delivered to the deposition point through a needle and mixed with oxygen at the same point via a flow through a separate needle. The depositions are free of residual carbon and have an EDX determined stoichiometry of TiO2.2. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy studies reveal an amorphous structure of the fabricated titanium oxide. Ellipsometric characterization of the deposited material reveals a refractive index of 2.2-2.4 RIU in the spectral range of 500-1700 nm and a very low extinction coefficient (lower than 10(-6) in the range of 400-1700 nm), which is consistent with high quality titanium oxide. The electrical resistivity of the titanium oxide patterned with this new process is in the range of 10-40 GΩ cm and the measured breakdown field is in the range of 10-70 V µm(-1). The fabricated nanopatterns are important for a variety of applications, including field-effect transistors, memory devices, MEMS, waveguide structures, bio- and chemical sensors.

Gas-assisted electron-beam-induced nanopatterning of high-quality Si-based insulator.

An oxygen-assisted electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) process, in which an oxygen flow and the vapor phase of the precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), are both mixed and delivered through a single needle, is described. The optical properties of the SiO(2+δ) (- 0.04 ≤ δ ≤ +0.28) are comparable to fused silica. The electrical resistivity of both single-needle and double-needle SiO(2+δ) are comparable (greater than 7 GΩ cm) and a measured breakdown field is greater than 400 V µm(-1). Compared to the double-needle process the advantage of the single-needle technique is the ease of alignment and the proximity to the deposition location, which facilitates fabrication of complex 3D structures for nanophotonics, photovoltaics, micro- and nano-electronics applications.

Primary cell wall inspired micro containers as a step towards a synthetic plant cell.

The structural integrity of living plant cells heavily relies on the plant cell wall containing a nanofibrous cellulose skeleton. Hence, if synthetic plant cells consist of such a cell wall, they would allow for manipulation into more complex synthetic plant structures. Herein, we have overcome the fundamental difficulties associated with assembling lipid vesicles with cellulosic nanofibers (CNFs). We prepare plantosomes with an outer shell of CNF and pectin, and beneath this, a thin layer of lipids (oleic acid and phospholipids) that surrounds a water core. By exploiting the phase behavior of the lipids, regulated by pH and Mg2+ ions, we form vesicle-crowded interiors that change the outer dimension of the plantosomes, mimicking the expansion in real plant cells during, e.g., growth. The internal pressure enables growth of lipid tubules through the plantosome cell wall, which paves the way to the development of hierarchical plant structures and advanced synthetic plant cell mimics.

Bioinspired capsules based on nanocellulose, xyloglucan and pectin - The influence of capsule wall composition on permeability properties.

Materials based on renewable biopolymers, selective permeability and stimuli-responsive release/loading properties play an important role in biomedical applications. Here, in order to mimic the plant primary cell-wall, microcapsules have been fabricated using cell wall polysaccharides, namely pectin, xyloglucan and cellulose nanofibers. For the first time, a large amount of xyloglucan was successfully included in such capsules. These capsules demonstrated stimuli-responsive (ON/OFF) permeability and biocompatibility. The live cell staining revealed that the microcapsules' surface enhanced cell growth and also the non-toxic nature of the microcapsules. In water, the microcapsules were completely and partially permeable to fluorescent dextrans with an average molecular weight of 70 kDa (hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 12 nm) and 2000 kDa (ca. 54 nm), respectively. On the other hand, the permeability dropped quickly when the capsules were exposed to 250 mM NaCl solution, trapping a fraction of the 70 kDa dextrans in the capsule interior. The decrease in permeability was a direct consequence of the capsule-wall composition, i.e. the presence of xyloglucan and a low amount of charged molecules such as pectin. The low permeability of capsules in saline conditions (and in a model biological medium), combined with a capsule wall that is made from dietary fibers only, potentially enables their use in biological applications, such as colon targeted delivery in the gastro-intestinal tract. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: For the first time, microcapsules have been prepared that possess capsule walls that mimic the primary cell wall found in natural plant cells. The capsules were assembled using pectin, xyloglucan and cellulose in the form of cellulose nanofibers. The capsules demonstrated stimuli-responsive (ON/OFF) permeability and biocompatibility. The low permeability of capsules in saline conditions (and in a model biological medium), combined with a capsule wall that is made from dietary fibers only, potentially enables their use in biological applications, such as colon targeted delivery in the gastro-intestinal tract. Such model plant cell capsules might also further improve the understanding for the digestion and release of nutrients from natural plant cells found in vegetables and fruits.