Cross-cultural adaptation of the painDETECT questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuropathic pain is common in the general population worldwide and Brazil. The painDETECT questionnaire is a notable instrument for screening on neuropathic pain. A Brazilian version of the painDETECT is necessary to broaden the possibilities of identification of neuropathic pain in the Brazilian population for the proper diagnosis and treatment. The current study aimed to perform the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the painDETECT into the Portuguese language of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-cultural adaptation study was conducted in 11 stages according to standard procedures. Descriptive statistics were performed. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha test (α). RESULTS: Four translators, 10 experts, and 30 patients participated in the study. The expert committee adapted five out of nine items (item 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10) to the Brazilian context. The pretesting phase showed good internal consistency (α = 0.74) for the nine items, including the pain pattern and the body chart domains. The Cronbach's α of the instrument with seven descriptor items of pain was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS: The painDETECT was cross-culturally adapted into a Brazilian context and can be used to identify neuropathic components in pain of Brazilian patients. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: PainDETECT is available for Brazilians to identify neuropathic components in pain.

Relationship between the Widespread Pain Index and the PainMAP software for pain sites measurement in patients with Widespread Pain / Relação entre o Índice de Dor Espalhada e o software PainMAP para medida de localização da dor em pacientes com dor espalhada

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Identifying pain sites is essential to managing patients with Widespread Pain. Several instruments have been developed, including pain drawings, a grid system and computerized methods. However, it is not yet known whether the Widespread Pain Index matches an automated method (painMAP) for quantifying the number of pain areas. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between the Widespread Pain Index and the painMAP software to measure pain sites in participants with Widespread Pain. METHODS: A pre-planned secondary analysis of data collected from 311 patients with musculoskeletal pain was conducted. The Widespread Pain Index and the painMAP software assessed pain sites. Spearman's correlation coefficient investigated the correlation between the Widespread Pain Index and the painMAP software. RESULTS: A total of 98 participants with Widespread Pain were included in this study. Most participants were female (67; 83.7%), with a mean age of 57,7±11,5 years, mean height of 1.6 (0.1) meters and mean weight of 73.2 (11.8) kilograms. The mean pain intensity was 6.7 (2.0), and the pain duration was 92.3 (96.3) months. The mean number of pain sites in the Widespread Pain Index was 10.1 (3.7), and in the painMAP software, it was 11.7 (8.8). A weak positive correlation (rho = 0.26, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.04, p = 0.022) between the Widespread Pain Index and the painMAP software was found. CONCLUSION: The Widespread Pain Index and the painMAP software showed a weak correlation for assessing pain sites in participants with Widespread Pain.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A identificação dos locais de dor é um aspecto essencial no manejo de pacientes com Dor Espalhada. Vários instrumentos foram desenvolvidos, incluindo desenhos de dor, um sistema de grade e métodos computadorizados. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se o Índice de Dor Espalhada coincide com um método automatizado (painMAP) para quantificar o número de áreas de dor. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a relação entre o Índice de Dor Espalhada e o painMAP para medir as áreas doloridas em participantes com esse quadro de dor. MÉTODOS: Uma análise secundária pré-planejada de dados coletados de 311 pacientes com dor musculoesquelética foi realizada. O Índice de Dor Espalhada e o painMAP avaliaram as áreas de dor. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para investigar a correlação entre o Índice de Dor Espalhada e o software painMAP. RESULTADOS: Um total de 98 participantes com Dor Espalhada foram incluídos neste estudo. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (67;83,7%), com média de idade de 57,7±11,5 anos, média de altura de 1,6 (0,1) metros e média de peso de 73,2 (11,8) quilogramas. A média de intensidade da dor foi de 6,7 (2,0) e da duração da dor de 92,3 (96,3) meses. O número médio de áreas de dor no Índice de Dor Espalhada foi de 10,1(3,7) e no software painMAP foi de 11,7 (8,8). Uma correlação positiva fraca (rho=0,26, IC de 95% 0,45-0,04, p=0,022) entre o Índice de Dor Espalhada e o painMAP foi encontrada. CONCLUSÃO: O Índice de Dor Espalhada e o painMAP mostraram correlação positiva fraca para avaliar as áreas de dor em participantes com dor espalhada.

Pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, pain intensity, and symptoms of central sensitization negatively impact individual's disability after Chikungunya fever: cross-sectional study / Interferência da dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático, intensidade da dor e sintomas de sensibilização central afetam negativamente a capacidade funcional dos indivíduos após a febre Chicungunha: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Particular pain features, such as pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, and central sensitization (CS) symptoms may be present in patients with Chikungunya fever and lead to functional limitations. The present study aimed to assess the association between pain characteristics and the disability in participants affected by Chikungunya fever in the chronic phase. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 36 participants who filled out a sociodemographic, pain characteristics (pain interference - Brief Pain Inventory, neuropathic-like symptoms - PainDETECT Questionnaire, and CS-related signs and symptoms - Central Sensitization Inventory) and disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) questionnaires. The Spearman correlation test (rho) verified the relationship between the outcomes. RESULTS: Most of the participants were female (77%), with a mean age of 43 years. Twenty-seven (75%) participants presented nociceptive pain and 11 (30%) had central sensitization symptoms. There was a high positive correlation between the presence of neuropathic-like symptoms and disability (rho=0.71; p<0.001) and pain intensity and disability (rho=0.76; p<0.001). A moderate positive correlation was found between the central sensitization symptoms and disability (rho=0.51; p=0.002). Moreover, there is a low positive correlation between pain interference in an individual's life and disability (rho=0.34; p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Patients in chronic phase of Chikungunya fever revealed mild pain intensity and predominance of nociceptive pain. Pain interference, neuropathic-like symptoms, and central sensitization symptoms negatively impact individual's disability after Chikungunya fever.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Características particulares da dor, como interferência da dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático e sintomas de sensibilização central (SC), podem estar presentes em pacientes com febre Chicungunha e levar a limitações funcionais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre as características da dor e a capacidade funcional em participantes acometidos pela febre Chicungunha na fase crônica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 36 participantes que preencheram questionários sociodemográficos, de características de dor (interferência da dor - Inventário Breve de Dor, sintomas do tipo neuropático - questionário PainDETECT, e sinais e sintomas relacionados à SC - Inventário de Sensibilização Central) e de capacidade funcional (Health Assessment Questionnaire). O teste de correlação de Spearman (rho) verificou a relação entre os desfechos. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (77%), com média de idade de 43 anos. Vinte e sete (75%) participantes apresentaram dor nociceptiva e 11 (30%) apresentaram sintomas de sensibilização central. Houve alta correlação positiva entre a presença de sintomas do tipo neuropático e capacidade funcional (rho=0,71; p<0,001) e intensidade da dor e capacidade funcional (rho=0,76; p<0,001). Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva moderada entre os sintomas de sensibilização central e a capacidade funcional (rho=0,51; p=0,002). Além disso, há uma correlação positiva baixa entre a interferência da dor na vida do indivíduo e a capacidade funcional (rho=0,34; p=0,041). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes em fase crônica da febre Chicungunha apresentaram intensidade de dor leve e predominância de dor nociceptiva. A interferência da dor, os sintomas do tipo neuropático e os sintomas de sensibilização central afetam negativamente a capacidade funcional do indivíduo após a febre Chicungunha.