RESUMEN
CUO246, a novel DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV inhibitor, is active in vitro against a broad range of Gram-positive, fastidious Gram-negative, and atypical bacterial pathogens and retains activity against quinolone-resistant strains in circulation. The frequency of selection for single step mutants of wild-type S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to CUO246 was <4.64 × 10-9 at 4× and 8× MIC and remained low when using an isogenic QRDR mutant (<5.24 × 10-9 at 4× and 8× MIC). Biochemical assays indicated that CUO246 had potent inhibitory activity against both DNA gyrase (GyrAB) and topoisomerase IV (ParCE). Furthermore, CUO246 showed rapid bactericidal activity in time-kill assays and potent in vivo efficacy against S. aureus in a neutropenic murine thigh infection model. These results suggest that CUO246 may be useful in treating infections by various causative agents of acute skin and skin structure infections, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections.
Asunto(s)
Girasa de ADN , Topoisomerasa de ADN IV , Animales , Ratones , Girasa de ADN/genética , Topoisomerasa de ADN IV/genética , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa II/farmacología , ADN Bacteriano , Staphylococcus aureus , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Synthetic modification of cyclosporin A at P3-P4 positions led to the discovery of NIM258, a next generation cyclophilin inhibitor with excellent anti-hepatitis C virus potency, with decreased transporter inhibition, and pharmacokinetics suitable for coadministration with other drugs. Herein is disclosed the evolution of the synthetic strategy to from the original medicinal chemistry route, designed for late diversification, to a convergent and robust development synthesis. The chiral centers in the P4 fragment were constructed by an asymmetric chelated Claisen rearrangement in the presence of quinidine as the chiral ligand. Identification of advanced crystalline intermediates enabled practical supply of key intermediates. Finally, macrocyclization was carried out at 10% weight concentration by a general and unconventional "slow release" concept.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/química , Ciclosporina/química , Hepacivirus/fisiología , Antivirales/síntesis química , Antivirales/farmacología , Ciclización , Ciclosporina/síntesis química , Ciclosporina/farmacología , Dipéptidos/síntesis química , Dipéptidos/química , Diseño de Fármacos , Quinidina/química , Estereoisomerismo , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Reversible janus associated kinase (JAK) inhibitors such as tofacitinib and decernotinib block cytokine signaling and are efficacious in treating autoimmune diseases. However, therapeutic doses are limited due to inhibition of other JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways associated with hematopoiesis, lipid biogenesis, infection, and immune responses. A selective JAK3 inhibitor may have a better therapeutic index; however, until recently, no compounds have been described that maintain JAK3 selectivity in cells, as well as against the kinome, with good physicochemical properties to test the JAK3 hypothesis in vivo. To quantify the biochemical basis for JAK isozyme selectivity, we determined that the apparent Km value for each JAK isozyme ranged from 31.8 to 2.9 µM for JAK1 and JAK3, respectively. To confirm compound activity in cells, we developed a novel enzyme complementation assay that read activity of single JAK isozymes in a cellular context. Reversible JAK3 inhibitors cannot achieve sufficient selectivity against other isozymes in the cellular context due to inherent differences in enzyme ATP Km values. Therefore, we developed irreversible JAK3 compounds that are potent and highly selective in vitro in cells and against the kinome. Compound 2, a potent inhibitor of JAK3 (0.15 nM) was 4300-fold selective for JAK3 over JAK1 in enzyme assays, 67-fold [interleukin (IL)-2 versus IL-6] or 140-fold [IL-2 versus erythropoietin or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF)] selective in cellular reporter assays and >35-fold selective in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell assays (IL-7 versus IL-6 or GMCSF). In vivo, selective JAK3 inhibition was sufficient to block the development of inflammation in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis, while sparing hematopoiesis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Janus Quinasa 1 , Janus Quinasa 3 , Piperidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirroles/farmacología , Animales , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Monitoreo de Drogas/métodos , Humanos , Isoenzimas , Janus Quinasa 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Janus Quinasa 1/química , Janus Quinasa 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinasa 3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Janus Quinasa 3/química , Janus Quinasa 3/metabolismo , Monitorización Inmunológica/métodos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , RatasRESUMEN
The triazolyl amide γ-secretase modulators are potent alternatives to the cinnamyl amides that have entered the clinic for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Herein we build on the lead benzoazepinones described in our prior communication with imidazomethoxyarene moiety alternatives that offer opportunities to fine tune physical properties as well as address hERG binding and PK. Both half-life and bioavailability were significantly improved, especially in dog, with robust brain Aß42 lowering maintained in both transgenic mouse and rat.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/farmacocinética , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , RatasRESUMEN
Developing orally bioavailable drugs demands an understanding of absorption in early drug development. Traditional methods and physicochemical properties optimize absorption for rule of five (Ro5) compounds; beyond rule of five (bRo5) drugs necessitate advanced tools like the experimental measure of exposed polarity (EPSA) and the AbbVie multiparametric score (AB-MPS). Analyzing AB-MPS and EPSA against â¼1000 compounds with human absorption data and â¼10,000 AbbVie tool compounds (â¼1000 proteolysis targeting chimeras or PROTACs, â¼7000 Ro5s, and â¼2000 bRo5s) revealed new patterns of physicochemical trends. We introduced a high-throughput "polarity reduction" descriptor: ETR, the EPSA-to-topological polar surface area (TPSA) ratio, highlights unique bRo5 and PROTAC subsets for specialized drug design strategies for effective absorption. Our methods and guidelines refine drug design by providing innovative in vitro approaches, enhancing physicochemical property optimization, and enabling accurate predictions of intestinal absorption in the complex bRo5 domain.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas , Quimera Dirigida a la Proteólisis , Humanos , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Diseño de Fármacos , Absorción Intestinal , ProteolisisRESUMEN
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is a pseudokinase mediator in the human inflammatory pathway, and ablation of its function is associated with enhanced antitumor immunity. Traditionally, pseudokinases have eluded "druggability" and have not been considered tractable targets in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we disclose a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of IRAK3 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells that results in an increase in IL-12 production upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Furthermore, we disclose and characterize Degradomer D-1, which displays selective proteasomal degradation of IRAK3 and reproduces the 1L-12p40 increases observed in the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas , Quinasas Asociadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1 , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Quinasas Asociadas a Receptores de Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Monocitos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The development of a novel series of piperazinyl pyrimidines as gamma-secretase modulators for potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is disclosed herein. Optimization of a screening hit provided a series of potent gamma-secretase modulators with >180-fold in vitro selectivity over inhibition of Notch cleavage.
Asunto(s)
Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Piperazinas/química , Pirimidinas/química , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/antagonistas & inhibidores , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inhibidores , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/fisiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células HeLa , Humanos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Piperazinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The development of a novel series of purines as gamma-secretase modulators for potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is disclosed herein. Optimization of a previously disclosed pyrimidine series afforded a series of potent purine-based gamma-secretase modulators with 300- to 2000-fold in vitro selectivity over inhibition of Notch cleavage and that selectively reduces Alphabeta42 in an APP-YAC transgenic mouse model.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fragmentos de Péptidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Purinas/química , Purinas/uso terapéutico , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/genética , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Purinas/farmacología , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Influenza virus uses a unique mechanism to initiate viral transcription named cap-snatching. The PB2 subunit of the viral heterotrimeric RNA polymerase binds the cap structure of cellular pre-mRNA to promote its cleavage by the PA subunit. The resulting 11-13 capped oligomer is used by the PB1 polymerase subunit to initiate transcription of viral proteins. VX-787 is an inhibitor of the influenza A virus pre-mRNA cap-binding protein PB2. This clinical stage compound was shown to bind the minimal cap-binding domain of PB2 to inhibit the cap-snatching machinery. However, the binding of this molecule in the context of an extended form of the PB2 subunit has remained elusive. Here we generated a collection of PB2 truncations to identify a PB2 protein representative of its structure in the viral heterotrimeric protein. We present the crystal structure of VX-787 bound to a PB2 construct that recapitulates VX-787's biological antiviral activity in vitro. This co-structure reveals more extensive interactions than previously identified and provides insight into the observed resistance profile, affinity, binding kinetics, and conformational rearrangements induced by VX-787.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/química , Virus de la Influenza A/enzimología , Subunidades de Proteína/química , ARN Polimerasa Dependiente del ARN/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Sitios de Unión , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Unión Proteica , Subunidades de Proteína/antagonistas & inhibidores , ARN Polimerasa Dependiente del ARN/antagonistas & inhibidores , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Small-molecule natural products are presumably often biosynthesized with a view to optimizing their ability to bind to strategic proteins or other biomolecular targets. Although the ultimate setting in which a drug must function may be very different, the use of such natural products as lead compounds can serve as a significant head start in the hunt for new agents of clinical value. Herein we reveal the synergistic relationship between chemical synthesis and drug optimization in the context of our research program around the epothilones: how synthesis led to the discovery of more-potent epothilone derivatives, and discovery inspired the development of new synthetic routes, thus demonstrating the value of target-directed total synthesis in the quest for new substances of material clinical benefit.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/química , Epotilonas/química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Epotilonas/síntesis química , Epotilonas/farmacología , Humanos , Ratones , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
[reaction: see text] Radical/polar crossover reactions of derivatives of 1-(2-cyclobutenyl)-2-(2-iodoaryl)ethanones with acetone promoted by samarium diiodide and HMPA provide 1-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2,2a,4,8b-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]naphthalen-3-one derivatives in about 50% isolated yield. This reaction shows promise for construction of the BCD ring fragment of the penitrems.
Asunto(s)
Micotoxinas/síntesis química , Alcaloides/síntesis química , Ciclización , Ciclobutanos/química , Radicales Libres/química , Hidrocarburos Cíclicos/síntesis química , Yoduros/química , Samario/químicaRESUMEN
The disclosure herein describes the synthesis of 10,11-dehydro-13,14-desoxy-27-trifluoro-[17]epothilone B via a stereoselective ring-closing metathesis and provides early biological evaluation data pertinent to this compound. [reaction: see text]
Asunto(s)
Alquenos/química , Alquenos/toxicidad , Alquenos/síntesis química , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Indicadores y Reactivos , Estructura Molecular , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (HCV). However, alisporivir, cyclosporin A, and most other cyclosporins are potent inhibitors of OATP1B1, MRP2, MDR1, and other important drug transporters. Reduction of the side chain hydrophobicity of the P4 residue preserves cyclophilin binding and antiviral potency while decreasing transporter inhibition. Representative inhibitor 33 (NIM258) is a less potent transporter inhibitor relative to previously described cyclosporins, retains anti-HCV activity in cell culture, and has an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile in rats and dogs. An X-ray structure of 33 bound to rat cyclophilin D is reported.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Ciclofilinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ciclosporinas/farmacología , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antivirales/síntesis química , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Peptidil-Prolil Isomerasa F , Ciclofilinas/química , Ciclofilinas/metabolismo , Ciclosporina/química , Ciclosporina/farmacología , Ciclosporinas/química , Perros , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Inmunosupresores/química , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Transportador 1 de Anión Orgánico Específico del Hígado , Proteína 2 Asociada a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos , Proteínas Asociadas a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ratas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacosAsunto(s)
Epotilonas/química , Epotilonas/síntesis química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Epotilonas/farmacología , Epotilonas/uso terapéutico , Infusiones Intravenosas , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Conformación Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Factores de TiempoAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Epotilonas/síntesis química , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Peso Corporal , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Epotilonas/farmacología , Epotilonas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Modelos Químicos , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/uso terapéutico , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
A series of 3-aryl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones with fatty acid synthase inhibitory activity was prepared. Starting from a derivative with an IC(50) = 1.4 microM, SAR studies led to compounds with more than 70-fold increase in potency (IC(50) < 20 nM).
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ácido Graso Sintasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hidroxiquinolinas/química , Hidroxiquinolinas/farmacología , Quinolinas/química , Quinolinas/farmacología , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ácido Graso Sintasas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidroxiquinolinas/síntesis química , Malonatos/química , Microondas , Estructura Molecular , Quinolinas/síntesis química , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The concept of quasiracemic synthesis is introduced and illustrated with syntheses of both enantiomers of pyridovericin (whose absolute configuration is assigned as R) and mappicine. Like racemic synthesis, quasiracemic synthesis provides both enantiomers in a single synthetic sequence; however, separation tagging is used to ensure that quasiracemic mixtures can be analyzed, separated, and identified on demand. Fluorous tags of differing chain lengths are used to tag two enantiomeric starting materials. The resulting quasienantiomers are mixed to make a quasiracemate, which is then treated like a true racemate in successive steps of the synthesis. Fluorous chromatography is used to separate, or demix, the final quasiracemate into its two components, which are then detagged to provide (true) enantiomeric products. Quasiracemic synthesis is portrayed as the first and simplest of a series of mixture synthesis techniques based on separation tagging, and the prospects for using other types of separation tags are briefly evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Hidrocarburos Fluorados/química , Piridonas/síntesis química , Alcaloides/química , Antibacterianos/química , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Piridonas/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
A novel approach toward the synthesis of the BCD ring system of penitrem D is described. The strategy capitalizes on the fast cyclization rates of aryl radicals into cyclobutenes and allows access to a variety of fused tricyclic structures. Radical/polar crossover reactions of precursors 24-29 promoted by samarium diiodide in the presence of HMPA and acetone allow access to the fully functionalized BCD ring system of penitrem D. The stereochemical implications of these processes are evaluated, and a Pd-mediated cyclization approach toward the penitrems is also introduced.
Asunto(s)
Ciclobutanos/síntesis química , Micotoxinas/síntesis química , Paladio/química , Catálisis , Ciclización , Radicales Libres/química , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
There is wide interest in the epothilones, which like the taxoids initiate cytotoxicity through microtubule stabilization. Briefly described is an application of a ring-closing metathesis reaction toward the synthesis of epothilones as carried out in our laboratory. This has led to the discovery of the (E)-9,10-dehydroepothilones as second-generation anticancer drug candidates.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Epotilonas/química , Epotilonas/síntesis química , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Estructura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , TaxoidesRESUMEN
A convergent ring-closing metathesis strategy has been employed for the highly concise syntheses of 10,11-dehydro-13,14-[17]desoxyepothilone B ([17]ddEpoB) and 10,11-dehydro-14,15-[18]desoxyepothilone B ([18]ddEpoB), which are 17- and 18-membered ring homologues of 10,11-dehydro-12,13-desoxyepothilone B ([16]ddEpoB or epothilone 490). We have demonstrated that the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) provides [17]ddEpoB or [18]ddEpoB with a high level of stereocontrol in the generation of the desired olefin in the products. These analogues were evaluated for antitumor activity. The results from the in vitro assays revealed that the [17]ddEpoB analogue is highly active against various tumor cell lines with a potency comparable to that of [16]ddEpoB. This is the first example of a 17-membered ring macrolactone epothilone that has retained its antitumor activity. In contrast, the biological data revealed that [18]ddEpoB is significantly less active than either [17]ddEpoB or the parent [16]ddEpoB.