Influence of the practice of physical exercise and healthy eating on the Vigour of university lectures.

Introduction: Vigour at work is characterized by high levels of energy and high desire to make an effort at work. This article is the result of a research carried out with university teachers in Spain whose main objective is to show what type and frequency of physical exercise and diet influence Vigour. Methods: The sample consisted of 121 subjects, 62% of whom were women and 37.2% men. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on sociodemographic data, physical exercise habits, eating habits and Vigour at work. Cross-tabulations of the dimensions of Vigour with sex, age and type of contract offered were performed. Spearman correlations and Correspondence Analysis are also carried out to provide information on the intensity and type of relationships between the Vigour dimensions. Finally, the influence of the frequency of physical exercise and diet on Total Vigour is investigated. Results: The results show that the relationships between the dimensions are very strong (sig = 0.001). In addition, the practice of moderate-high intensity physical exercise and maintaining a good adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is related to high levels of Total Vigour (F = 7.955; sig = 0.006). As for the influence of the sociodemographic variables used, significant differences were only observed in the Physical Strength dimension for sex (X2 = 6.173; p = 0.046) and age (X2 = 9.449; p = 0.051) and, with respect to the type of contract, in Emotional Energy (X2 = 19.487; p < 0.001). Discusión and conclusions: The main conclusions of our study show that practicing physical exercise of medium-high intensity four hours or more per week and a high adherence to the MD is more related to high Vigour levels than just eating well or just practicing exercise. And more studies are needed on the influence of sociodemographic variables on Vigour and its different dimensions.

[Evaluation of a physical exercise and nutritional guidance program given to workers at a health institute]. / Evaluación de un programa de ejercicio fisico y orientación nutricional aplicado a empleados de una institución de salud en México.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the results of the first stage of the Pause for Your Health program, designed to promote physical exercise during the work journey day in addition to an eating plan to contribute to the employees' general well-being. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participants were 36 employees of a national institute on health working at a research area. The indicators assessed before and after the program were: sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular adaptation to exercise test, anthropometric measures, serico-lipoglycemic profile, blood pressure, perception of lifestyle and general well-being and finally opinion about program. RESULTS: Data showed significant changes in five anthropometric indicators, the most significant was waist circumference. As to clinical assessment, the most prominent change was observed in glucose level. The results also showed that people who were overweight at the start of the program at the end of it lost weight, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Participants showed attitude of great involvement regarding physical activity and increased awareness of the best way to eat. One of the immediate benefits of using this program was that it allowed identifying risk factors among the employees and increased motivation to participate and to take specific measures regarding their health care.

Open-label randomized controlled trial to compare wound dressings for patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Surgical wounds are covered to prevent bleeding, absorb the exudates, and provide a barrier against external contamination. Currently, in our hospital, after orthopedic surgery, traditional occlusive dressing of sterile gauze and non-woven hypoallergenic adhesive tape is placed. Some of the newest dressings have been shown to reduce the incidence of blisters compared with traditional dressing or colloid adhesive dressings. However, there are no comparative evaluations between the different types of dressings and their contribution to the overall results of the healing process. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomized, controlled, open-label trial to compare five types of dressings used in total knee and hip arthroplasty surgical wounds. A total of 550 patients will be randomly allocated to one of the following dressings: (1) traditional occlusive dressing, (2) Aquacel Surgical®, (3) Mepilex® Border Post-Op, (4) OpSite Post-Op Visible, or (5) UrgoTul® Absorb Border. The dressing assigned is placed right after surgery. Patients will be followed up to 14 days after surgery when the dressing is definitively removed and will be tracked up to 3 months to record any late complications. During the immediate postoperative period and patient hospitalization and at the ambulatory visits after discharge, every time that the dressing is changed, nurses perform the study assessments. The main study outcome will be the percentage of patients with skin integrity at all times when the dressing has been changed. Skin integrity is a composite of the absence of blisters, erosion, erythema, maceration, swelling, wound dehiscence, and purulent exudates. Secondary outcomes include time to first change of dressing; percentage of patients with presence/absence of blisters, erosion, erythema, maceration, swelling, wound dehiscence, and purulent exudates; number of dressing changes needed; days of hospital stay; and nurse and patient satisfaction. Differences in the main variable between each treatment group and group 1 will be tested by means of a chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Subgroup analyses of diabetic and non-diabetic patients, patients with a body mass index of more than 30 or not more than 30, and type of surgery (hip or knee) are planned. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will be useful for clinical decision making by giving information on the contribution of the dressings studied to the outcome of the wound and may also show which dressing offers better results depending on the characteristics of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03190447 ). Retrospectively registered on 16 June 2017.

Promoting in vivo remyelination with small molecules: a neuroreparative pharmacological treatment for Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease where immune-driven demyelination occurs with inefficient remyelination, but therapies are limited, especially those to enhance repair. Here, we show that the dual phosphodiesterase (PDE)7- glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 inhibitor, VP3.15, a heterocyclic small molecule with good pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile, improves in vivo remyelination in mouse and increases both adult mouse and adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation, in addition to its immune regulatory action. The dual inhibition is synergistic, as increasing intracellular levels of cAMP by cyclic nucleotide PDE inhibition both suppresses the immune response and increases remyelination, and in addition, inhibition of GSK3 limits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. This combination of an advantageous effect on the immune response and an enhancement of repair, plus demonstration of its activity on adult human OPCs, leads us to propose dual PDE7-GSK3 inhibition, and specifically VP3.15, as a neuroprotective and neuroreparative disease-modifying treatment for MS.

Impacto de la aplicación de medidas de humanización en unidades de hemodiálisis / Impact of the application of humanising measures in hemodialysis units

Introducción: El papel de la Enfermería Nefrológica en el cuidado y atención humanizada de los pacientes en hemodiálisis es fundamental.Objetivos:Analizar la satisfacción percibida por pacientes y profesionales sanitarios de unidades de hemodiálisis tras la implementación de un programa para potenciar la humanización de la asistencia.Material y Método:Estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo cuasiexperimental con grupo control histórico. La recogida de datos se realizó en un periodo de 13 meses en 16 centros de la Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, a un total de 667 pacientes y 180 trabajadores. Se emplearon dos cuestionarios autoadministrados, uno para pacientes y otro para profesionales.Resultados:Tras la implantación del programa, el número de pacientes que considera que el personal siempre les informa sobre los procedimientos aumentó de forma significativa (p=0,043) y un 62,4% de los pacientes valoró como importante que pueda entrar algún familiar o persona cercana durante la sesión. Tras la implantación del proyecto, el 49,2% de los profesionales sanitarios consideraron siempre necesaria la formación en el ámbito de la humanización y opinaban que sería conveniente mejorarla (p>0,005).Conclusiones:Se ha advertido un incremento significativo en la satisfacción de los pacientes respecto a la información proporcionada por los profesionales y la cercanía de éstos. Se han verificado valores muy positivos respecto al trato humanizado que reciben los pacientes y su comodidad durante las sesiones de hemodiálisis. Por otra parte, los profesionales consideran necesaria la formación en el ámbito de la humanización y creen que sería conveniente mejorarla en las unidades. (AU)

Introduction: The role of nephrological nursing in the humanizing care and attention of patients on hemodialysis is essential.Objectives:To analyse the perceived satisfaction of patients and healthcare professionals in hemodialysis units after the implementation of a humanizing program.Material and Method:Quasi-experimental prospective longitudinal analytical study with a historical control group. Data collection was carried out during 13 months in 16 dialysis units of the Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo with a total of 667 patients and 180 workers. Two self-administered Likert-type questionnaires were used, one for patients and another for professionals.Results:After the implementation of the programme, the number of patients who consider that the staff always informs them about the procedures increased significantly (p=0.043) and 62.4% of the patients valued the fact that a family member or close person can enter during the session as something valuable. After the implementation of the project, 49.2% of the healthcare professionals considered that training in the field of humanisation was always necessary and thought that it would be advisable to improve it (p>0.005).Conclusions:There has been a significant increase in patient satisfaction about the information provided by the professionals and their proximity. Very positive values have been verified regarding the humanising care received by patients and their comfort during hemodialysis sessions. On the other hand, the professionals consider training in the field of humanisation to be necessary and believe that it would be advisable to improve it in the units. (AU)

[CONCORDANCE IN THE RESULTS OF CONTROL INTAKE PERFORMANCE OF 72 H BY DIFFERENT HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL]. / CONCORDANCIA EN LOS RESULTADOS TRAS LA REALIZACIÓN DE UN CONTROL DE INGESTAS DE 72 H POR DIFERENTE PERSONAL SANITARIO EN UN HOSPITAL DE TERCER NIVEL.

INTRODUCTION: the nutritional screening CIPA is positive when it fulfills one of the following parameters: Control food Intake (CI) 72 h < 50%; albumin < 3 g/dl; Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18,5 kg/m2 or Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) ≤ 22,5 cm (if BMI cannot be determined). The only parameter no totally objective is the CI so that this study seeks to reinforce its validity. OBJECTIVES: analyze the existing concordance among different health professionals when assessing a CI of 72 h. MATERIALS AND METHOD: retrospective study of patients admitted in hospitalization wards (February-October 2014). Variables considered: age, sex, health service, CI of 72 h and type of diet. The aim of CI is to assess the amount of food consumed, differing between superior or inferior intakes to 50%. It is analyzed the concordance of the results CI determined by a doctor, a nurse and a nutritionist (gold-standard) by the coefficient Kappa (K). Subsequently the sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) of positive CI were computed. RESULTS: 176 control of food intake were analyzed. Age 63.70 } 14.46 years; 42% women. Units: Digestive (22.2%), Pneumology (42%), Internal Medicine (21.6%), Nephrology (9.1%), others (5.1%). Type of diet: basal (23%), therapeutic (67%), consistency (4%), progressive (3.4%), others (2.3%). It was compared the nursing CI vs. nutritionist (K = 0.798; p < 0.001), and the doctor vs. nutritionist (K = 0.823; p < 0.001). The S and Sp of nursing vs. nutritionist was 84% and 97% while between the doctor and the nutritionist was 84% and 98% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the concordance of the results of a CI of 72 hours (intakes < or > to 50%) performed in patients hospitalized by a doctor, nurse, and nutritionist is high, minimizing subjectivity to this parameter. The CI is helpful for its use within the routine clinical practice, and particularly within the nutritional screenings, such as CIPA.

Introducción: el cribado nutricional CIPA es positivo cuando se cumple uno de los siguientes parametros: Control de Ingestas (CI) 72 h < 50%; albumina < 3 g/dl; Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) < 18,5 kg/m2 o Circunferencia del Brazo (CB) ≤ 22,5 cm (si no se puede determinar IMC). El unico parametro no totalmente objetivo es el CI, por lo que este estudio busca reforzar la validez del mismo. Objetivos: analizar la concordancia existente entre diferentes profesionales sanitarios a la hora de evaluar un CI de 72 h. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de pacientes ingresados en plantas de hospitalizacion (febrero-octubre de 2014). Variables recogidas: edad, sexo, servicio medico, CI de 72 h y tipo de dieta. El objetivo del CI es valorar la cantidad de alimento consumido, diferenciando entre ingestas superiores o inferiores al 50%. Se analiza la concordancia de los resultados del CI dictaminados por un medico, una enfermera y un nutricionista (gold-standar) mediante el coeficiente Kappa (K). Posteriormente se calculo la sensibilidad (S) y la especificidad (E) de los CI positivos. Resultados: se analizaron 176 controles de ingestas. Edad: 63,70 } 14,46 anos; 42% mujeres. Servicios: Digestivo (22,2%), Neumologia (42%), Medicina Interna (21,6%), Nefrologia (9,1%), Otros (5,1%). Tipo de dieta: basal (23,3%), terapeutica (67%), consistencia (4%), progresion (3,4%), otros (2,3%). Se comparo el CI de enfermeria vs. nutricionista (K = 0,798; p < 0,001), y del medico vs. nutricionista (K = 0,823; p < 0,001). La S y E de enfermeria vs. nutricionista fue de 84% y 97%, mientras que entre medico y nutricionista fue de 84% y 98%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la concordancia de los resultados de un CI de 72 horas (ingestas < o > al 50%) realizado en pacientes hospitalizados por un medico, una enfermera y un nutricionista es alta, restando subjetividad a este parametro. El CI resulta util para su uso dentro de la practica clinica habitual y, en concreto, dentro de cribados nutricionales, como el CIPA.

Protocol to isolate a large amount of functional oligodendrocyte precursor cells from the cerebral cortex of adult mice and humans.

During development, oligodendrocytes are generated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a cell type that is a significant proportion of the total cells (3-8%) in the adult central nervous system (CNS) of both rodents and humans. Adult OPCs are responsible for the spontaneous remyelination that occurs in demyelinating diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and they constitute an interesting source of cells for regenerative therapy in such conditions. However, there is little data regarding the neurobiology of adult OPCs isolated from mice since an efficient method to isolate them has yet to be established. We have designed a protocol to obtain viable adult OPCs from the cerebral cortex of different mouse strains and we have compared its efficiency with other well-known methods. In addition, we show that this protocol is also useful to isolate functional OPCs from human brain biopsies. Using this method we can isolate primary cortical OPCs in sufficient quantities so as to be able to study their survival, maturation and function, and to facilitate an evaluation of their utility in myelin repair.

[Validation of a method of dispensing nutritional supplements in a tertiary hospital]. / Validación de un método de dispensación de suplementos nutricionales en un hospital terciario.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional supplements are an essential component of the management of hospital hyponutrition, although their costs are high. There exists the need for methods allowing a rational prescription of them. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the validity of the criteria for dispensing the nutritional supplements (NS) used at our center (by using as a reference the CONUT system). MATERIAL AND METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the petition formularies of NS sent from the different departments for 15 months (April/2010-June/2011). We analyzed the following variables: petitionary department; pathology; BMI; recent weight loss; decreased intake > 50%; total proteins; albumin; lymphocytes; total cholesterol; and assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system. We compared the validity of our dispensing criteria of NS to those of the CONUT system by means of the Kappa coefficient. RESULTS: We received 524 petitions (34.9/month). Pathologies: infectious (31.1%), tumor (26.1%), postsurgical (19%), others (23.8%). 88.9% of the patients had recent weight loss and 83.4% decreased intake > 50%. BMI: 24.8 ± 7.5 kg/m². Laboratory parameters: albumin 2.6 ± 0.7 g/dL, total proteins 5.7 ± 2.4 g/dL, total cholesterol 152 ± 172 mg/dL, lymphocytes 1,561 ± 1,842/ mm3. Assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system: normal (12%), mild hyponutrition (23.1%), moderate (41.6%), severe (23.3%). Adherence to our hospital requisites for the dispensation of NS: none (6.3%), one (33.6%), two (43.1%), all three (17%). We compared the number of requisites to the degree of hyponutrition (CONUT system), yielding a weak agreement index (Kappa = 0.207; p < 0.001). 156 patients (29.8% of all the petitions) received a NS in spite of having a normal nutrition level or mild hyponutrition according to the CONUT system. Most of these commands (116; 74.4%) met just one criterion for dispensing a NS, and in 93.9% of them the reason alleged by the physician was a decreased intake > 50%. CONCLUSIONS: our dispensation method of NS detects a greater percentage of patients susceptible of nutritional supplementation than the CONUT system. The main advantage of our system is the assessment of a decreased intake, which is the main indication for a NS at the hospital setting.

Introducción: Los suplementos nutricionales constituyen un pilar fundamental del tratamiento de la desnutrición hospitalaria, aunque su coste es elevado. Son precisos métodos que permitan una prescripción racional de los mismos. Objetivos: Analizar la validez de los criterios de dispensación de suplementos nutricionales (SN) utilizados en nuestro centro (empleando como referencia el sistema CONUT). Material y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los formularios de solicitud de SN remitidos por los distintos servicios durante 15 meses (abril/2010-junio/2011). Se analizaron las siguientes variables: servicio solicitante, patología, IMC, pérdida de peso reciente, disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%, proteínas totales, albúmina, linfocitos, colesterol total y valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT. Se comparó la validez de nuestros criterios de dispensación de SN con el sistema CONUT (empleando el coeficiente Kappa). Resultados: Se recibieron 524 solicitudes (34,9/mes). Patologías: infecciosa (31,1%), tumoral (26,1%), postquirúrgica (19%), otras (23,8%). Había pérdida de peso reciente en el 88,9% de los pacientes, y una disminución de la ingesta superior al 50% en el 83,4%. IMC: 24,8 ± 7,5 kg/m2. Parámetros analíticos: albúmina 2,6 ± 0,7 g/dl, proteínas totales 5,7 ± 2,4 g/dl, colesterol total 152 ± 172 mg/dl, linfocitos 1.561 ± 1.842/mm3. Valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT: normal (12%), desnutrición leve (23,1%), moderada (41,6%), grave (23,3%). Cumplimiento de los requisitos de nuestro centro hospitalario para la dispensación de SN: ninguno (6,3%), uno (33,6%), dos (43,1%), los tres (17%). Se comparó el número de dichos requisitos con el grado de desnutrición (sistema CONUT), obteniéndose un índice de concordancia débil (Kappa = 0,207; p < 0,001). 156 pacientes (29,8% de las solicitudes) recibieron SN, a pesar de presentar grado de nutrición normal o desnutrición leve de acuerdo al sistema CONUT. La mayor parte de dichas solicitudes (116; 74,4%) cumplían un único requisito para la dispensación de SN, y en el 93,9% de las mismas el criterio alegado por el médico solicitante era la disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%. Conclusiones: Nuestro método de dispensación de SN detecta un mayor porcentaje de pacientes susceptibles de suplementación nutricional que el sistema CONUT. La principal ventaja de nuestro sistema es la valoración de la disminución de la ingesta, que es la principal indicación de SN en el medio hospitalario.

Concordancia en los resultados tras la realización de un control de ingestas de 72 h por diferente personal sanitario en un hospital de tercer nivel / Concordance in the results of control intake performance of 72 h by different health professionals in a tertiary hospital

Introducción: el cribado nutricional CIPA es positivo cuando se cumple uno de los siguientes parámetros: Control de Ingestas (CI) 72 h <50%; albúmina <3 g/dl; Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) <18,5 kg/m2 o Circunferencia del Brazo (CB) ≤22,5 cm (si no se puede determinar IMC). El único parámetro no totalmente objetivo es el CI, por lo que este estudio busca reforzar la validez del mismo. Objetivos: analizar la concordancia existente entre diferentes profesionales sanitarios a la hora de evaluar un CI de 72 h. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo de pacientes ingresados en plantas de hospitalización (febrero-octubre de 2014). Variables recogidas: edad, sexo, servicio médico, CI de 72 h y tipo de dieta. El objetivo del CI es valorar la cantidad de alimento consumido, diferenciando entre ingestas superiores o inferiores al 50%. Se analiza la concordancia de los resultados del CI dictaminados por un médico, una enfermera y un nutricionista (gold-standar) mediante el coeficiente Kappa (K). Posteriormente se calculó la sensibilidad (S) y la especificidad (E) de los CI positivos. Resultados: se analizaron 176 controles de ingestas. Edad: 63,70±14,46 años; 42% mujeres. Servicios: Digestivo (22,2%), Neumología (42%), Medicina Interna (21,6%), Nefrología (9,1%), Otros (5,1%). Tipo de dieta: basal (23,3%), terapéutica (67%), consistencia (4%), progresión (3,4%), otros (2,3%). Se comparó el CI de enfermería vs. nutricionista (K=0,798; p<0,001), y del médico vs. nutricionista (K=0,823; p<0,001). La S y E de enfermería vs. nutricionista fue de 84% y 97%, mientras que entre médico y nutricionista fue de 84% y 98%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la concordancia de los resultados de un CI de 72 horas (ingestas < o > al 50%) realizado en pacientes hospitalizados por un médico, una enfermera y un nutricionista es alta, restando subjetividad a este parámetro. El CI resulta útil para su uso dentro de la práctica clínica habitual y, en concreto, dentro de cribados nutricionales, como el CIPA (AU)

Introduction: the nutritional screening CIPA is positive when it fulfills one of the following parameters: Control food Intake (CI) 72 h <50%; albumin <3 g/dl; Body Mass Index (BMI) <18,5 kg/m2 or Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <=22,5 cm (if BMI cannot be determined). The only parameter no totally objective is the CI so that this study seeks to reinforce its validity. Objectives: analyze the existing concordance among different health professionals when assessing a CI of 72 h. Materials and method: retrospective study of patients admitted in hospitalization wards (February-October 2014). Variables considered: age, sex, health service, CI of 72 h and type of diet. The aim of CI is to assess the amount of food consumed, differing between superior or inferior intakes to 50%. It is analyzed the concordance of the results CI determined by a doctor, a nurse and a nutritionist (gold-standard) by the coefficient Kappa (K). Subsequently the sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) of positive CI were computed. Results: 176 control of food intake were analyzed. Age 63.70±14.46 years; 42% women. Units: Digestive (22.2%), Pneumology (42%), Internal Medicine (21.6%), Nephrology (9.1%), others (5.1%). Type of diet: basal (23%), therapeutic (67%), consistency (4%), progressive (3.4%), others (2.3%). It was compared the nursing CI vs. nutritionist (K=0.798; p<0.001), and the doctor vs. nutritionist (K=0.823; p<0.001). The S and Sp of nursing vs. nutritionist was 84% and 97% while between the doctor and the nutritionist was 84% and 98% respectively. Conclusions: the concordance of the results of a CI of 72 hours (intakes < or > to 50%) performed in patients hospitalized by a doctor, nurse, and nutritionist is high, minimizing subjectivity to this parameter. The CI is helpful for its use within the routine clinical practice, and particularly within the nutritional screenings, such as CIPA (AU)

Correlatos psicosociales de depresión y riesgo de suicidio en trabajadoras sexuales del Estado de Hidalgo, México / Social correlates of depression and suicide risk in sexual workers from Hidalgo, Mexico

Los datos disponibles sobre la salud mental en trabajadoras sexuales en México son escasos. Sin embargo la poca evidencia disponible muestra que las prevalencias de depresión y problemática suicida son mucho más elevadas que en la población general. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los factores psicosociales que se relacionan con la depresión y el riesgo de suicidio en una muestra de 103 trabajadoras sexuales del Estado de Hidalgo, México. Los resultados muestran que las frecuencias de depresión y riesgo de suicidio fueron más elevadas que en las mujeres de la población general (39.8 y 3.0%, respectivamente). Las variables que predijeron estos malestares fueron la mala relación con la madre, los efectos perjudiciales del consumo de alcohol sobre la salud física y las actividades domésticas, la violencia de la pareja y la violencia sexual. Es necesario considerar estos resultados para propiciar acciones que reduzcan o eliminen la violencia de pareja, fomenten la adquisición de habilidades para el manejo de las consecuencias negativas de la violencia, así como implementar estrategias para reducir el daño ocasionado por el consumo de alcohol en este grupo poblacional en situación de vulnerabilidad.

Available data on mental health among female sex workers in Mexico are scarce. The scarce evidence shows that the prevalence of depression and suicidal problems is much higher than in the general population. The objective of this article was to explore the psychosocial factors associated with depression and suicide risk in a sample of 103 sex workers from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Among them, the frequency of depression and suicide risk was higher than for women in the general population (39.8% and 3.0%, respectively). The variables that predicted these illnesses were a bad relationship with the mother, the negative health effects due to alcohol use, partner violence, and sexual violence. It is necessary to consider these results to promote actions that reduce or eliminate partner violence, promote the acquisition of skills to manage the negative consequences of violence and implement strategies to reduce the harm caused by alcohol consumption in this vulnerable group of the population.

Validación de un método de dispensación de suplementos nutricionales en un hospital terciario / Validation of a method of dispensing nutritional supplements in a tertiary hospital

Introducción: Los suplementos nutricionales constituyen un pilar fundamental del tratamiento de la desnutrición hospitalaria, aunque su coste es elevado. Son precisos métodos que permitan una prescripción racional de los mismos. Objetivos: Analizar la validez de los criterios de dispensación de suplementos nutricionales (SN) utilizados en nuestro centro (empleando como referencia el sistema CONUT). Material y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente los formularios de solicitud de SN remitidos por los distintos servicios durante 15 meses (abril/2010-junio/2011). Se analizaron las siguientes variables: servicio solicitante, patología, IMC, pérdida de peso reciente, disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%, proteínas totales, albúmina, linfocitos, colesterol total y valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT. Se comparó la validez de nuestros criterios de dispensación de SN con el sistema CONUT (empleando el coeficiente Kappa). Resultados: Se recibieron 524 solicitudes (34,9/mes). Patologías: infecciosa (31,1%), tumoral (26,1%), postquirúrgica (19%), otras (23,8%). Había pérdida de peso reciente en el 88,9% de los pacientes, y una disminución de la ingesta superior al 50% en el 83,4%. IMC: 24,8 ± 7,5 kg/m2. Parámetros analíticos: albúmina 2,6 ± 0,7 g/dl, proteínas totales 5,7 ± 2,4 g/dl, colesterol total 152 ± 172 mg/dl, linfocitos 1.561 ± 1.842/mm3. Valoración del grado de desnutrición según sistema CONUT: normal (12%), desnutrición leve (23,1%), moderada (41,6%), grave (23,3%). Cumplimiento de los requisitos de nuestro centro hospitalario para la dispensación de SN: ninguno (6,3%), uno (33,6%), dos (43,1%), los tres (17%). Se comparó el número de dichos requisitos con el grado de desnutrición (sistema CONUT), obteniéndose un índice de concordancia débil (Kappa = 0,207; p < 0,001). 156 pacientes (29,8% de las solicitudes) recibieron SN, a pesar de presentar grado de nutrición normal o desnutrición leve de acuerdo al sistema CONUT. La mayor parte de dichas solicitudes (116; 74,4%) cumplían un único requisito para la dispensación de SN, y en el 93,9% de las mismas el criterio alegado por el médico solicitante era la disminución de la ingesta mayor del 50%. Conclusiones: Nuestro método de dispensación de SN detecta un mayor porcentaje de pacientes susceptibles de suplementación nutricional que el sistema CONUT. La principal ventaja de nuestro sistema es la valoración de la disminución de la ingesta, que es la principal indicación de SN en el medio hospitalario (AU)

Introduction: Nutritional supplements are an essential component of the management of hospital hyponutrition, although their costs are high. There exists the need for methods allowing a rational prescription of them. Objectives: To analyze the validity of the criteria for dispensing the nutritional supplements (NS) used at our center (by using as a reference the CONUT system). Material and method: We retrospectively reviewed the petition formularies of NS sent from the different departments for 15 months (April/2010-June/2011). We analyzed the following variables: petitionary department; pathology; BMI; recent weight loss; decreased intake > 50%; total proteins; albumin; lymphocytes; total cholesterol; and assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system. We compared the validity of our dispensing criteria of NS to those of the CONUT system by means of the Kappa coefficient. Results: We received 524 petitions (34.9/month). Pathologies: infectious (31.1%), tumor (26.1%), postsurgical (19%), others (23.8%). 88.9% of the patients had recent weight loss and 83.4% decreased intake > 50%. BMI: 24.8 ± 7.5 kg/m2. Laboratory parameters: albumin 2.6 ± 0.7 g/dL, total proteins 5.7 ± 2.4 g/dL, total cholesterol 152 ± 172 mg/dL, lymphocytes 1,561 ± 1,842/ mm3. Assessment of the hyponutrition level according to the CONUT system: normal (12%), mild hyponutrition (23.1%), moderate (41.6%), severe (23.3%). Adherence to our hospital requisites for the dispensation of NS: none (6.3%), one (33.6%), two (43.1%), all three (17%). We compared the number of requisites to the degree of hyponutrition (CONUT system), yielding a weak agreement index (Kappa = 0.207; p < 0.001). 156 patients (29.8% of all the petitions) received a NS in spite of having a normal nutrition level or mild hyponutrition according to the CONUT system. Most of these commands (116; 74.4%) met just one criterion for dispensing a NS, and in 93.9% of them the reason alleged by the physician was a decreased intake > 50%. Conclusions: our dispensation method of NS detects a greater percentage of patients susceptible of nutritional supplementation than the CONUT system. The main advantage of our system is the assessment of a decreased intake, which is the main indication for a NS at the hospital setting (AU)

Principales problemas identificados en la investigación y atención de víctimas de la explotación sexual comercial infantil en México / Principal problems identified in research on and treatment of victims of the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in Mexico

The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the actions designed to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) which jeopardizes or affects the victims of exploitation. To this end, the paper analyzes the paradoxical results obtained in the research and actions to combat CSEC, implemented under the auspices of the institutions to promote research on CSEC and the prevention, protection and care of child victims of the phenomenon. These results were obtained by the research team when it systematized 16 CSEC diagnoses undertaken in various parts of the country and from the information derived from the fieldwork carried out between 2000 and 2005 by the Inter-Institutional Committees to combat CSEC and at the institutions for the protection and care of child victims of sexual exploitation. The fieldwork involved participant observation during the working meetings of the Inter-Institutional Committees and at the <

El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar y describir las acciones en contra de la explotación sexual comercial infantil (ESCI) que ponen en riesgo o afectan a las víctimas de dicha explotación. Para ello, se documentan los resultados paradójicos obtenidos en la investigación y en las acciones contra la ESCI, implementadas bajo el auspicio de instituciones promotoras de la investigación de la ESCI y de la prevención, protección y atención a victimas infantiles del fenómeno. Estos resultados fueron obtenidos por el equipo de investigación al desarrollar una sistematización de 16 diagnósticos de la ESCI promovidos en diferentes partes del país, y al sistematizar la información del trabajo de campo desarrollado entre los años 2000 y 2005, en los comités interinstitucionales en contra de la ESCI, y en instituciones de atención de las víctimas infantiles de la explotación sexual. El trabajo de campo consistió en la realización de observación participante durante las reuniones de trabajo de los comités interinstitucionales y en los albergues de <

Changes on bone mineral density after adjuvant treatment in women with non-metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: . Adjuvant therapies have prolonged survival of non-metastatic breast cancer (NMBC) patients, but they also decrease bone mineral density (BMD). We have analyzed the effects of chemotherapy, hormone therapy with tamoxifen or both, on BMD of women with NMBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively included 168 women with NMBC (stage I-III) referred to the Medical Oncology Service of University Hospital of Canary Islands between 1997 and 2001 (55 +/- 12 years; 37% premenopausal; 43 +/- 13 months of follow-up). We measured lumbar and hip BMD (g/cm2) at diagnosis, after chemotherapy and after 12 months of tamoxifen. If a low BMD was detected, women were treated with bisphosphonates. RESULTS: BMD after chemotherapy (n = 83) significantly decreased at lumbar (1.014 +/- 0; 0.995 +/- 0, p = 0.0001), trochanter (0.701 +/- 0; 0.690 +/- 0, p = 0.001), intertrochanter (1.095 +/- 0; 1.078 +/- 0, p = 0.0001) and total hip (0.924 +/- 0; 0.915 +/- 0, p = 0.046) areas. Although 60% of the premenopausal women suffered amenorrhea after chemotherapy, there were not significant differences in BMD between them and women who retained menses. BMD of women who received 12 months of tamoxifen after chemotherapy increased--total hip (0.907 +/- 0; 0.922 +/- 0, p = 0.005) and intertrochanter (1.071 +/- 0; 1.091 +/- 0, p = 0.003)--or remained stable--lumbar, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle (n = 39). When tamoxifen was the only adjuvant treatment, BMD after 12 months (n = 22) increased in trochanter area (0.644 +/- 0; 0.663 +/- 0, p = 0.011), and remained stable in all other sites. 50 (30%) patients were treated with bisphosphonates because of osteopenia. CONCLUSION: Women with NMBC are affected by early bone loss after adjuvant chemotherapy. This bone loss is attenuated by one year of tamoxifen treatment.

Comportamiento biomecánico de cavidades clase I y II para amalgama y resina, analizado por el método de elementos finitos / Biomechanical behavior of Class I and II cavity preparations for amalgam and composite aAnalyzed with the finite element method

Antecedentes: A través del tiempo, teóricamente se han establecido parámetros de diseños de cavidades ideales; sin embargo, no se ha hecho un análisis biomecánico que muestre cuál es la mejor alternativa. Objetivo: Identificar el diseño cavitario que ofrece mejor distribución de esfuerzos en cavidades clase I y II obturadas con amalgama o resina, a partir de un análisis de elementos finitos. Método: Se realizó un modelo tridimensional de la corona de un premolar superior con cavidades clase I o II, obturadas con amalgama o resina, variando la dirección de las paredes. Se aplicó una fuerza de 291,36 newtons (N) en cinco puntos de contacto y se observó la distribución de los esfuerzos y sus magnitudes. Resultados: Para cavidades clase I se obtuvo una mejor distribución de esfuerzos, al utilizar paredes divergentes para obturaciones en amalgama y convergentes para resina, mientras en cavidades clase II ocurrió lo contrario. La concentración de esfuerzos es mayor con resina que con amalgama y coincide con los puntos de contacto. También se encontró mayor concentración de esfuerzos en la restauración que del tejido dentario, tanto para amalgama como para resina. Conclusiones: Desde el punto de vista biomecánico, la variación en la dirección de las paredes cavitarias influye en la distribución de los esfuerzos y sus magnitudes en el diente, pero no parece ser un factor determinante del éxito o fracaso de una restauración, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones empleadas en este estudio.

Background: Through time, some parameters for cavity design have been established theoretically but there is no biomechanical analysis that shows which one is the best alternative. Purpose: Identify through the finite element method the cavity design that offers a better distribution of efforts in cavities class I and II for amalgam or composite. Method: A three dimensional model of the crown of a second superior premolar with cavities class I or II restored with amalgam or composite was realized, varying the direction of the cavity walls. A force of 291.36 N was applied in the five contact points and the distribution of efforts and its magnitude was observed. Results: For cavities class I, a better distribution of efforts was obtained when using divergent walls for restorations in amalgam and convergent for composite, while in cavities class II the opposed occurred. The concentration of efforts was greater with composite than with amalgam and it coincided with the dental contact points. It was also found a greater concentration of efforts in the restoration material than in the dental structure, for amalgam and for composite. Conclusions: From the biomechanical point of view, the cavity walls direction have influence in the distribution of efforts and its magnitudes in the tooth but do not seem to be a determining factor for the success or failure of the restoration considering the conditions included in this study.

Problemas y dilemas éticos en la investigación de la explotación sexual comercial de niñas y niños / Ethical problems and dilemmas in research on the commercial sexual explotation of children

The article begins by defining commercial sexual explotation of children (CSEC) as an exercise of power that commercializes the sexual abuse of children and adolescents so that the exploiters, nearly always adult men, will obtain financial profit or some type of social, psychological or other satisfaction. Victims of CSEC are girls and, to a lesser extent, boys. In any case, they are persons under the age of 18, who have been stripped of their right to be respected and protected from slavery and sexual abuse, discrimination, sickness and crime. This usurpation of rights occurs in certain businesses in the sexual industry (such as prostitution in bars, saloon bars, eateries, brothels, hotels and in the journals, videos and websites on the Internet run by pornographers and child molesters) and the street sex market (including prostitution in streets, squares, beaches, and parks). The main thrust of this article is to analyze some of the problems derived from the failure to comply with the principles of research ethics when studying commercial sexual exploitation (CSEC) in the sex industry and street sex market in Mexico. Research about CSEC started during the 90's focusing on the sex industry and street market in Mexico City and Guadalajara, Jalisco. By the end of that decade the National System for the Integral Development of Families (NSIDF) created a program against CSEC, with social research being one of its core objectives. A brief analysis is conducted of the problems derived from the failure to comply with ethical standards in the early covert research on CSEC in Mexico. It reports that this type of research encourages protection of the researcher without obtaining informed consent, respecting the dignity, confidentiality or anonymity of victims or providing any type of protection for the victims from any type of damage caused by their participation in the research. Most of the research projects focus on detecting victims in the sex industry and the stress sex market in various cities throughout the country. To this end, various methods and techniques have been used that require compliance with basic ethical standards in the relationship between researchers and key informants and in the reports by responsible researchers. Although it might be said that projects review and approval by an ethics committees implicitly assume compliance, there is still a considerable amount of studies without manifest ethic support. This article also discusses the fact that the de-contextualized application of the principles of research ethics to CSEC studies does not suffice to solve the previous problems, and may create ethical dilemmas in CSEC research. It also specifically describes one of the dilemmas faced in the authors' own research. Although a certain percentage of the research related to the issue is obviously reviewed and approved by an ethics committee that implicitly acknowledges this compliance, there continues to be a considerable number of studies with no manifest ethical support. Researchers responsible for the detection of and interviews with victims of CSEC also seek to defend themselves without protecting any of the latter. For example, many researchers act as clients in order to go unnoticed by exploiters and record the presence of teenagers in bars, saloon bars and diners without offering them any form of protection. These researchers never report that the victims interviewed have been informed of their right to refuse to answer or to leave whenever they wish. Ten years ago one researcher decided to penetrate a network that exploited adolescents. He managed to know the procedures followed to contact, enroll and coerce victims, as well as the commercial sex activities. Some authors consider that the violation of informant's rights in social research can be avoided by applying the universal principles of ethics in scientific research. However, the application of such principles seems to be insufficient to solve the wide range of ethical problems that raise in frequent and deep social relationships to informants. Applying the universal principles out of context would also obstruct the development of ethical validated social sciences such as participant observation, and generate other problems. For instance, the application of the principle of anonymity to protect the informant's identity when the participants wish to have their real names used on research reports, can make participants feel disappointed and stolen when reading their own experiences being reported under somebody else's name. This might persuade them to participate in other research projects. The article ends by describing the lessons learned during this work. Recommendations include protecting the physical, social and psychological welfare of the persons studied and those with whom one works, finding out about the social context where one's fieldwork is conducted; adopting a rights and gender approach; avoiding research solely designed to detect victims without offering them protection; detecting victims within the context of inter-institutional coordination (State Prosecutor's offices, Municipal and State DIF Systems and welfare organizations run by civilians), and rescue and protection programs that will guarantee the restoration of their rights and ensure the research team's welfare. At the very least, they should be quite clear that their own safety should always take precedence over their research.

En este artículo se define primero la explotación sexual comercial infantil (ESCI) como un ejercicio de poder que mercantiliza el abuso sexual de niñas, niños y adolescentes, con el fin de que los explotadores, casi siempre hombres adultos, obtengan alguna ganancia financiera o alguna satisfacción social, psicológica o de cualquiera otra especie. Las víctimas de la ESCI son niñas y, en menor medida, niños. En cualquier caso se trata de personas menores de 18 años de edad, usurpadas de su derecho a ser respetadas y protegidas contra la esclavitud y el abuso sexual, la discriminación, las enfermedades, la delincuencia, entre otros. Esta usurpación de derechos ocurre en algunos negocios de la industria sexual (la prostitución en bares, cantinas, fondas, casas de cita, hoteles y en las revistas/videos/sitios de la WEB de pornografía, pederastas, etc.) y del mercado callejero del sexo (la prostitución en las calles, plazas, playas, jardines, etc.). El propósito del artículo es analizar algunos problemas derivados del incumplimiento de los principios de la ética de la investigación al estudiar la explotación sexual comercial infantil (ESCI) en la industria sexual y el mercado callejero del sexo en México. De esta manera se hace un rápido análisis de los problemas derivados del incumplimiento de los estándares éticos en las primeras investigaciones encubiertas sobre la ESCI en México. Se reporta que este tipo de investigaciones privilegia la protección del investigador sin obtener el consentimiento informado, sin respetar la dignidad, la confidencialidad ni el anonimato de las víctimas y sin brindarles algún tipo de protección contra cualquier tipo de daño producido por su participación en la investigación. La mayoría de las investigaciones se centra en la detección de víctimas en la industria sexual y en el mercado callejero del sexo de diferentes ciudades del país. Para tal efecto se han ocupado métodos y técnicas que exigen el cumplimiento de estándares éticos básicos en la relación de los investigadores con los informantes clave y en el reporte de los investigadores responsables. Asimismo se discute que la aplicación descontextualizada de los principios de la ética de la investigación a los estudios de la ESCI no es suficiente para resolver los problemas anteriores y que puede generar dilemas éticos en la investigación de la ESCI. De manera específica se expone uno de los dilemas enfrentados en el propio trabajo de investigación de los autores. Es innegable que se podría asumir que cierto porcentaje de investigaciones relacionadas con el tema pasa por la revisión y aprobación de un comité de ética que da cuenta implícitamente de ese cumplimiento. Sin embargo, aun así persiste un número considerable de estudios que no tiene ningún respaldo ético manifiesto. Los investigadores responsables de la detección y las entrevistas a las víctimas de la ESCI también buscan salvaguardarse sin proteger a ninguna de ellas. Por ejemplo, muchos investigadores actúan como clientes para pasar desapercibidos ante los explotadores y registrar la presencia de adolescentes en bares, cantinas y figones sin ofrecer a ellas algún tipo de protección. Los investigadores nunca reportan que las víctimas entrevistadas hayan sido enteradas de que tenían derecho a negarse a contestar o a retirarse cuando lo decidieran. Finalmente se exponen las lecciones aprendidas en dicho trabajo, las cuales recomiendan proteger el bienestar físico, social y psicológico de las personas a las que se estudia y con las que se trabaja; conocer el contexto social donde uno hace su trabajo de campo; adoptar un enfoque de derechos y de género; evitar las investigaciones que persigan como único fin detectar a víctimas sin ofrecerles protección; realizar la detección de victimas en el contexto de programas de coordinación interinstitucional (ministerios públicos, sistemas estatales y municipales DIF; organismos asistenciales de la sociedad civil), de rescate y de protección que garanticen la restitución de sus derechos, y proteger el bienestar del equipo de investigación. Por lo menos debe quedar claro al investigador que su propia seguridad debe estar en todo momento por encima de la realización de las tareas de investigación.

La importancia del apoyo social para el bienestar físico y mental de las mujeres reclusas

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Abstract: Introduction. Social support has been useful as a key axis for different approaches on how positive human relations and social networks help the individual to achieve states of relative well-being and overcome stressful events which they have to cope with in their lives. This is particularly important in the case of imprisoned women, who generally lack social support, since many of them are abandoned by their relatives and friends with the consequent impact that this has on their physical and emotional well-being. Support from family and friends during imprisonment can imply an enormous difference in the living conditions of imprisoned women. It has been proved that the social support individuals receive through their social networks is a key factor for their well-being, specially at times of stress, transition or crisis, and protects them from the emergence of physical and psychic disorders. For these reasons, the objective of this article is to identify the main sources of social support in convicted women at two penitentiary centers in Mexico City and to determine whether the presence or absence of social support has an impact on their physical and mental well-being. Method. This is a descriptive field study carried out at two women's prisons in Mexico City: The East Preventive Center for Women and the Tepepan Center of Social Readjustment for Women. The type of sampling was non-probabilistic and selected by convenience. The final sample comprised of a total of 212 women. This study included current and lifetime female abusers of alcohol, tobacco and drugs, aged between 18 and 65, who could read and write. The exclusion criteria used were having a psychiatric disorder or a physical disability that would prevent them from completing the interview. The instrument used for compiling the information was a semi-structured interview consisting of 62 pages on various areas from the lives of female prisoners. The following sections of the questionnaire were analyzed for this article: a) sociodemographic characteristics, b) social networks, c) depression, and d) perception of physical and emotional health. The procedure followed to gather information on the female prisoners began with the establishment of an agreement with the General Administration of Prevention and Social Readjustment of the Federal District. Through this agreement, the mental health team, comprising psychiatrists, psychologists and anthropologists -previously trained in the use of a structured interview-, were granted access to the correctional facility. The interviews were carried out after the women had given their informed consent and told of the objectives of the study. The interviews lasted two hours on average, although on some occasions they took up to four sessions of two hours. The field work lasted two years. Results. Socio-demographic profile: The majority of the interviewees were under 40 years old (84%). They had low schooling (with only 41% having completed elementary school), were unmarried (48.6%), and most of them did not live either with a partner or an offspring (40.5%). A total of 58.6% had left home when they were young and nearly 40% lived on the streets. Before being admitted to the institution, they had been shopkeepers (29.5%), employees (21.9%), housewives (13.8%), manual workers(7.1%) and informal workers (5.7%). Contact with relatives and friends in the past month: A high number of the women in prison reported not having received any visits during the past month, with only a small percentage receiving daily visits. Almost 60% of the women declared not receiving any visits from significant figures, such as their partners or children. Frequency of visits and perception of physical and mental health: A third of the women rated their physical and mental health as not so good. When frequency of visits was linked to the women's perception of health, it was found that women, who had not received any visits over the past month, tended to evaluate their physical health more negatively (bad-mediocre) than those who received visits (43.5% versus 38.5%). A similar percentage was observed in the evaluation of their mental health (47.8% versus 45.3%). Frequency of visits and depression: When relating the frequency of visits to the presence and/or absence of depression, it was found that women who had not received visits during the past month experienced more depressive episodes (72.7% versus 61.1%). Nevertheless, these differences were not significant. Discussion. One of the most outstanding aspects observed in this study was the high level of abandonment suffered by the inmates, which confirms findings from other studies about women being abandoned by their loved ones more often than men after commiting a crime. The study found that in terms of accessibility, the physical location of penitentiary centers, is not a factor that fully explains the abandonment suffered by these women, since most of the inmates' relatives and friends live in the same city and even in the same neighborhood where the penitentiary center is located. A high presence of present depressive episodes was also observed in female prisoners, both among those who reported receiving visits and those who did not. A possible answer here is that imprisonment itself is a highly stressful event for those undergoing it and the support received from relatives and friends is not enough to offset the effects of confinement. Conclusions. The results of this study indicate there is a certain positive association between the social support female prisoners received from relatives and friends and their physical and mental well-being. Nevertheless, this cannot be considered a causal relationship, a conclusion which agrees with other reports regarding the positive influence of social support on prisoners' well-being. However, it is also suggested that this is a complex relation that must be investigated more in depth, since this support does not necessarily has the same effect on all individuals. One of the main recommendations deriving from these results is the need to make prisoners' relatives aware of the importance of promoting and maintaining a continuous and permanent contact with them, since this type of support usually brings about an enormous benefit for their physical and emotional well-being. It is also necessary for penitentiary institutions to reconsider the suspension of visits as a means of punishment and control, since this entails a series of negative consequences for the internal population and the institution itself.

Las enfermedades mentales entre los nahuas / Mental illnesses among nahuas

Desde la antigüedad, las alteraciones del estado de ánimo han tenido diferentes concepciones así como la manera de diagnósticarlas y su forma de tratarlas. Hasta la fecha, es poco lo que se conoce sobre las enfermedades mentales de las culturas antiguas y esto se debe, en gran parte, a que existen pocos registros escritos sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las mismas, además de que provienen de una matriz mágico-religiosa que hace más difícil entenderlas. En este trabajo se presenta un panorama de la manera como los nahuas conocían y trataban las enfermedades mentales de acuerdo con la herbolaria de la que disponían