Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplantation: Diagnostic challenges and differences in outcome in a Spanish national cohort (Diaspersot study).

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) can be problematic in solid organ transplantation (SOT). The prognosis greatly varies according to the type of transplant, and the impact of prophylaxis is not well defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Diaspersot cohort analyses the impact of IA in SOT in Spain during the last 10 years. Proven and probable/putative IA was included. RESULTS: We analysed 126 cases of IA. The incidences of IA were as follows: 6.5%, 2.9%, 1.8% and 0.6% for lung, heart, liver and kidney transplantation, respectively. EORTC/MSG criteria confirmed only 49.7% of episodes. Tree-in-bud sign or ground-glass infiltrates were present in 56.3% of patients, while serum galactomannan (optical density index >0.5) was positive in 50.6%. A total of 41.3% received combined antifungal therapy. Overall mortality at 3 months was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in lung transplant recipients (14.8%) than in all other transplants [globally: 48.6%; kidney 52.0%, liver 58.3%, heart 31.2%, and combined 42.9%]. Fifty-four percent of episodes occurred despite the receipt of antifungal prophylaxis, and in 10%, IA occurred during prophylaxis (breakthrough infection), with both nebulised amphotericin (in lung transplant recipients) and candins (in the rest). CONCLUSIONS: Invasive aspergillosis diagnostic criteria, applied to SOT patients, may differ from those established for haematological patients. IA in lung transplants has a higher incidence, but is associated with a better prognosis than other transplants. Combination therapy is frequently used for IA in SOT. Prophylactic measures require optimisation of its use within this population.

A case of COVID-19 immediately after liver transplantation: Not only bad news.

COVID-19, the illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has caused more 3,3 million cases and more than 230,000 deaths throughout the world, with 25,000 of them only in Spain, where the first case was diagnosed on January 31st, 2020. As COVID-19 is a "new" disease, we still do not have data on prognosis or treatment in transplant patients or on how to manage immunosuppression in this complex scenario. We present a case of COVID-19 diagnosed during the early postoperative period in a recipient whose liver transplantation was performed on late March during the lockdown in Spain, with donor and recipient previously negative rRT-PCR to SARS-CoV-2. In the first post-operative week the patient suffered COVID-19 pneumonia that was treated with immunosuppression minimization, oral Hydroxycloroquine and Azithromycin with favorable outcome. The patient was discharged on POD 21 without complications. To date, few early post-liver transplantation SARS-CoV-2 infected recipients have been published, but only one was an early postoperative infection. In our case the outcome was favorable, even though it was an early post -liver transplantation COVID-19 in a frail patient.

Aetiology of renal failure in patients with infective endocarditis. The role of antibiotics. / Etiología de la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Papel de los antibióticos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). CONCLUSIONS: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection.

Etiología de la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Papel de los antibióticos / Aetiology of renal failure in patients with infective endocarditis. The role of antibiotics

Fundamento y objetivos: La toxicidad renal de ciertos antibióticos (AB) es conocida. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer el posible efecto de los tratamientos AB en el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal (IR) en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Material y método: Recogida en un registro nacional multicéntrico de los datos referentes a la función renal, tanto previa como su deterioro si existiese, durante el tratamiento de las EI y relacionarlo con los posibles factores causantes, entre ellos los AB. Resultados: Entre 2008 y 2012 se han analizado 1.853 episodios de EI remitidos desde 26 centros españoles. De ellos, un 21,6% presentaban una alteración previa de la función renal. Desarrollaron IR de novo o un empeoramiento de la función renal previa un 38,7% de los casos. En aquellos pacientes que presentaban IR previa, el deterioro fue más frecuente (64 frente a 31,7%; p<0,001). Globalmente los pacientes con IR tenían más edad (70,6 frente a 67 años; p<0,01) y comorbilidades (índice de Charlson 5 frente a 4; p<0,01), y la EI era por Staphylococcus aureus (32,1 frente a 16,5%; p<0,01). El uso de AB potencialmente nefrotóxicos solo se asoció a IR en el grupo de pacientes sin IR previa (aminoglucósidos: OR=1,47 [IC 95% 1,096-1,988], p=0,010; aminoglucósidos-vancomicina: OR=1,49 [IC 95% 1,069-2,09], p=0,019]). Conclusiones: En pacientes sin IR previa, los AB nefrotóxicos se asocian a un deterioro de la función renal. En pacientes con IR previa al episodio de EI, el deterioro de renal fue más frecuente, pero parece estar más relacionado con la gravedad de la infección (AU)

Background and objectives: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Material and method: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. Results: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). Conclusions: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection (AU)