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BACKGROUND: Chlorine dioxide has been promoted as an alternative for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, especially in Peru, despite the lack of evidence to support its efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with chlorine dioxide consumption in the Peruvian population. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. An adult Peruvian population was evaluated where chlorine dioxide consumption was divided into two groups according to the purpose of use: as prevention (individuals without COVID-19 history) and as treatment (individuals with COVID-19 history). The associated factors in each group were evaluated using Poisson regressions with the bootstrapping resampling method. RESULTS: Of 3610 participants included, 3213 reported no history of COVID-19, and 397 had been infected. The prevalence of chlorine dioxide consumption to prevent or treat COVID-19 was 8 and 16%, respectively. Factors either positively or negatively associated with chlorine dioxide consumption for prevention were male sex (aPR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.09-1.71), being an adult or older adult (aPR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35-0.82), having a health sciences student within the family unit (aPR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02-1.87), using medical information as the main source of information of COVID-19 (aPR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.40-0.80), having comorbidities for COVID-19 (aPR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01-1.82), considering COVID-19 dangerous and deadly (aPR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.45-0.74), using medications (aPR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.25-2.06) and plants to prevent COVID-19 (aPR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.21-2.36), considering chlorine dioxide ineffective (aPR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.18-0.24), and being uninformed of its efficacy (aPR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.16-0.28). In addition, factors associated with chlorine dioxide consumption for treatment were considering COVID-19 dangerous and deadly (aPR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.96), considering chlorine dioxide ineffective (aPR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.12-0.42), and being uninformed of its efficacy (aPR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of chlorine dioxide consumption to treat COVID-19 was higher than prevent. It is important to apply information strategies, prioritizing population groups with certain characteristics that are associated with a higher consumption pattern.
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COVID-19 , Anciano , Compuestos de Cloro , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Masculino , Óxidos , Perú/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Evaluating the professional competencies of Peruvian doctors is crucial for proposing necessary improvements. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the specific characteristics and competencies that are assessed in these studies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to characterize published studies focusing on the assessment of professional competencies among physicians in Peru. METHODS: A comprehensive scoping review was conducted, encompassing scientific journal publications that evaluated the professional competencies of physicians in Peru. The search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciELO, with the review period extending until 2022. The identified competencies were classified using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA) frameworks. The findings were presented using absolute and relative frequency measures. RESULTS: A total of forty-nine studies focused on the assessment of professional competencies among physicians were identified, indicating an upward trend over the years. The primary focus of these studies was on evaluating competencies related to medical knowledge (79.6% according to ACGME classification) and the treatment of health problems (57.1% according to MINSA classification). However, there was a noticeable lack of emphasis on assessing behavioral competencies such as ethics, professionalism, and communication. Most of the included studies (65.3%) were exclusively conducted in Lima. Among the studies that disclosed their funding sources, 61% were self-funded. CONCLUSION: Most studies primarily concentrated on evaluating knowledge-based competencies, specifically in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. There is a scarcity of studies assessing other important competencies. Additionally, centralization and limited funding appear to be areas that require improvement in the evaluation of professional competencies among Peruvian physicians.
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Competencia Clínica , Médicos , Perú , Humanos , Médicos/normas , Competencia Clínica/normas , Competencia Profesional/normasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES.: Motivation for the study. No study conclusively recommends the use of medicinal plants to treat COVID-19 symptoms, and their indiscriminate use may present health risks. Main findings. Sixty percent of participants consumed medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19. This was particularly true for those living in the Peruvian highlands and individuals with family members diagnosed or deceased from COVID-19, who perceive a higher risk of infection and use medications or chlorine dioxide as preventive measures. Implications. Communication strategies emphasizing validated preventive practices and educating about the risks of consuming medicinal plants should be tailored to the predominant characteristics of the consumer. Determine the factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in the Peruvian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A population over 18 years of age, living in Peru and without a history of COVID-19 disease, was evaluated. The factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants were evaluated using a Poisson regression model with robust variances. RESULTS.: Of the 3231 participants included, 84.6% were young adults (18-29 years old), 62.7% were women, and 59.7% consumed a medicinal plant to prevent COVID-19 infection. The factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19 infection were residing in the Peruvian highlands, having had a family member diagnosed with COVID-19, having had a family member die from COVID-19, considering their family to be at increased risk of infection, having used medications or chlorine dioxide to prevent COVID-19, having medical information as the main source of information about COVID-19, thinking that medicinal plants are effective in preventing COVID-19 disease, or not being informed about their effectiveness. CONCLUSION.: Sixty percent of the participants reported having consumed a medicinal plant to prevent COVID-19. Authorities must apply communication strategies about the implications of consuming medicinal plants, prioritizing population groups with higher consumption patterns.
OBJETIVOS: Motivación para realizar el estudio. Ningún estudio recomienda de manera concluyente el uso de plantas medicinales para tratar los síntomas de la COVID-19, y su uso indiscriminado puede presentar riesgos para la salud. Principales hallazgos. El 60% de los participantes utilizó plantas medicinales para la prevención de la COVID-19. Especialmente aquellos de la sierra peruana y personas con familiares diagnosticados o fallecidos por COVID-19, que perciben mayores riesgos de contagio y utilizan medicamentos o dióxido de cloro como medidas preventivas. Implicancias. Las estrategias de comunicación esenciales para las prácticas preventivas validadas y la educación sobre los riesgos del consumo de plantas medicinales deben adaptarse a las características predominantes del consumidor. Determinar los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales como prevención de la COVID-19 en la población peruana. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Se evaluó población mayor de 18 años, residentes en Perú y sin antecedentes de enfermedad por COVID-19. Los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales se evaluaron mediante un modelo de regresión de Poisson con varianzas robustas. RESULTADOS.: De 3231 participantes incluidos, el 84,6% eran jóvenes (18-29 años), el 62,7% eran mujeres y el 59,7% consumía alguna planta medicinal para prevenir la COVID-19. Los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales para prevenir el contagio de COVID-19 fueron residir en la sierra peruana, haber tenido un familiar diagnosticado con COVID-19, haber tenido un familiar fallecido por COVID-19, considerar que su familia se encuentra en mayor riesgo de infección, haber usado medicamentos o dióxido de cloro para prevenir la COVID-19, tener información médica como principal fuente de información sobre la COVID-19, pensar que las plantas medicinales son efectivas para prevenir la enfermedad COVID-19 o no estar informado sobre su eficacia. CONCLUSIÓN: . El 60% de los participantes reportó haber consumido alguna planta medicinal para prevenir la COVID-19. Es importante que las autoridades apliquen estrategias de comunicación sobre lo que implica el consumo de plantas medicinales, priorizando los grupos poblacionales que tienen mayores patrones de consumo.
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COVID-19 , Plantas Medicinales , Humanos , Perú/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Fitoterapia , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en SaludRESUMEN
RESUMEN Objetivos . Determinar los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales como prevención de la COVID-19 en la población peruana. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó población mayor de 18 años, residentes en Perú y sin antecedentes de enfermedad por COVID-19. Los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales se evaluaron mediante un modelo de regresión de Poisson con varianzas robustas. Resultados. De 3231 participantes incluidos, el 84,6% eran jóvenes (18-29 años), el 62,7% eran mujeres y el 59,7% consumía alguna planta medicinal para prevenir la COVID-19. Los factores asociados al consumo de plantas medicinales para prevenir el contagio de COVID-19 fueron residir en la sierra peruana, haber tenido un familiar diagnosticado con COVID-19, haber tenido un familiar fallecido por COVID-19, considerar que su familia se encuentra en mayor riesgo de infección, haber usado medicamentos o dióxido de cloro para prevenir la COVID-19, tener información médica como principal fuente de información sobre la COVID-19, pensar que las plantas medicinales son efectivas para prevenir la enfermedad COVID-19 o no estar informado sobre su eficacia. Conclusión . El 60% de los participantes reportó haber consumido alguna planta medicinal para prevenir la COVID-19. Es importante que las autoridades apliquen estrategias de comunicación sobre lo que implica el consumo de plantas medicinales, priorizando los grupos poblacionales que tienen mayores patrones de consumo.
ABSTRACT Objectives. Determine the factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in the Peruvian population. Materials and methods. A population over 18 years of age, living in Peru and without a history of COVID-19 disease, was evaluated. The factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants were evaluated using a Poisson regression model with robust variances. Results. Of the 3231 participants included, 84.6% were young adults (18-29 years old), 62.7% were women, and 59.7% consumed a medicinal plant to prevent COVID-19 infection. The factors associated with the consumption of medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19 infection were residing in the Peruvian highlands, having had a family member diagnosed with COVID-19, having had a family member die from COVID-19, considering their family to be at increased risk of infection, having used medications or chlorine dioxide to prevent COVID-19, having medical information as the main source of information about COVID-19, thinking that medicinal plants are effective in preventing COVID-19 disease, or not being informed about their effectiveness. Conclusion. Sixty percent of the participants reported having consumed a medicinal plant to prevent COVID-19. Authorities must apply communication strategies about the implications of consuming medicinal plants, prioritizing population groups with higher consumption patterns.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Medicina de Hierbas , Medicina Tradicional , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Introducción: Las políticas de salud pública para la disminución de la incidencia, transmisión y mortalidad de la COVID-19 se enfocan en medidas extradomiciliarias y descuidan el contagio dentro del hogar. El objetivo fue estimar la tasa de ataque secundario domiciliario de SARS-CoV-2. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios observacionales que evaluaron la transmisión domiciliaria de SARS-CoV-2 publicados entre diciembre de 2019 y el 1 setiembre de 2021 en las bases de datos Medline, Scopus, LILACS y Google Scholar. La definición de contacto domiciliario se refirió a toda persona que habitaba la misma vivienda que el paciente índice. El riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado con una versión modificada de la escala Newcastle-Ottawa. Se realizó un metaanálisis con un modelo de efectos aleatorios para calcular la tasa de ataque domiciliaria, subanálisis con variables sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y comorbilidades, así como metaregresión. Resultados: De 4491 estudios encontrados, 44 fueron incluidos en el análisis. La tasa de ataque secundario domiciliario general fue de 27.7% (IC95%: 23% 32.7%). Además, fue mayor cuando el caso índice era sintomático (28.3%, IC95%: 8.1% 54.7%) o el contacto era adulto mayor (42.3%, IC95%: 32% 52.9%). Asimismo, la tasa fue mayor cuando los contactos domiciliarios presentaban diabetes mellitus (57.4%, IC95%: 45.2% 69.3%) e hipertensión arterial (51.1%, IC95%: 38% 64.1%). Conclusiones: La tasa de ataque secundario domiciliario de SARS-CoV-2 fue de 27.7%, siendo mayor al tener un caso índice adulto, contacto adulto mayor y contacto con diabetes mellitus o hipertensión arterial.
Background: Public health policies for decreasing the incidence, transmission, and mortality of COVID-19 focus on extradomiciliary measures and neglect transmission within the home. We aimed to estimate the rate of secondary home attack of SARS-CoV-2. Material and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of observational studies that evaluated home transmission of SARS-CoV-2 published between December 2019 and September 1, 2021 in Medline, Scopus, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. The definition of household contact referred to any person living in the same house as the index patient. The risk of bias was assessed with a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. A meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model to calculate the household attack rate, subanalysis with sociodemographic, epidemiological variables, and comorbidities, as well as meta-regression. Results: Of 4491 studies found, 44 were included in the analysis. The overall household secondary attack rate was 27.7% (95%CI: 23% 32.7%). Furthermore, it was higher when the index case was symptomatic (28.3%, 95%CI: 8.1% 54.7%) or the contact was an older adult (42.3%, 95%CI: 32% 52.9%). Likewise, the rate was higher when the household contacts had diabetes mellitus (57.4%, 95%CI: 45.2% 69.3%) and arterial hypertension (51.1%, 95%CI: 38% 64.1%). Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 household secondary attack rate was 27.7%, being higher when there was an adult index case, older adult contact and contact with diabetes mellitus or hypertension.
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Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de prevención y control para la infección por SARS-CoV2 en la población peruana. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó una muestra no probabilística de adultos residentes en algún departamento de Perú. Las prácticas preventivas fueron evaluadas en personas sin antecedente de COVID-19 y las prácticas de control en personas que lo habían padecido. Resultados: Se evaluó un total de 3630 peruanos (edad media 25,4 ± 9,5) de los cuales el 3231 no indicaban el antecedente de COVID-19 y 399 refirieron haberlo padecido. Las medidas de prevención y control que se realizaron a menudo o siempre con mayor frecuencia fueron el utilizar mascarilla al salir de casa (97,9% vs 87,7), cubrirse su nariz y boca al estornudar o toser (95,4% vs 89,9%), guardar distancia de los demás en la calle (91,4% vs 74,7%), realizar el lavado de manos con agua y jabón al volver a casa (92,5% vs 88,7%), y desinfectar las superficies de objetos y lugares personales (82,6% vs 77,4%). El 22,1% y 83,7%, el 59,7% y 80,2, y el 8,0% y 16,8% consumieron algún tipo de medicamento, planta medicinal y dióxido de cloro para la prevención y control de la infección de COVID-19, respectivamente. Conclusiones: En general, menos del 50% de los participantes realizaron prácticas de prevención y control frente a la COVID-19 a menudo o siempre.
Objective: To describe prevention and control practices for SARS-CoV2 infection in the Peruvian population. Material and Methods: Observational descriptive study. A non-probabilistic sample of adults residing in a Peruvian department was evaluated. Preventive practices were evaluated in people with no history of COVID-19 and control practices in people who had had COVID-19. Results: A total of 3630 Peruvians were evaluated (mean age 25.4 ± 9.5) of whom 3231 did not indicate a history of COVID-19 and 399 reported having suffered from it. The prevention and control measures most frequently or always performed were using a mask when leaving home (97.9% vs 87.7%), covering their nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing (95.4% vs 89.9%), keeping their distance from others in the street (91.4% vs 74.7%), washing hands with soap and water when returning home (92.5% vs 88.7%), and disinfecting surfaces of objects and personal places (82.6% vs 77.4%). 22.1% and 83.7%, 59.7% and 80.2, and 8.0% and 16.8% consumed some type of medication, medicinal plant, and chlorine dioxide for prevention and control of COVID-19 infection, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, less than 50% of the participants performed prevention and control practices against COVID-19 often or always.
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La investigación permite adquirir ciertas conductas o aptitudes como habilidades sociales, resiliencia, perseverancia, etc. Además, reduce el riesgo de sentir insatisfacción con los logros profesionales y/o académicos en los estudiantes de Medicina. Por tales motivos, investigar puede tener un impacto positivo en la salud mental de quienes la practican. Se plantea que la investigación es una variable pertinente de ser evaluada como factor protector para la aparición de algunos problemas de salud mental en los médicos y estudiantes de Medicina peruanos.
Research allows to acquire certain behaviors or aptitudes such as social skills, resilience, perseverance, etc. Furthermore, it reduces the risk of dissatisfaction with professional and / or academic achievements in medical students. For these reasons, research can have a positive impact on the mental health of those who practice it. It is proposed that research is a relevant variable to be evaluated as a protective factor for the appearance of some mental health problems in Peruvian doctors and medical students.
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El presente artículo busca describir las principales medidas de prevención primaria sobre el COVID-19 que recientemente está afectando a nuestro país, considerando aspectos epidemiológicos y recomendaciones aplicadas y reportadas en otros países. Los temas abordados son la prevención de los pacientes viajeros, la importancia de la higiene de manos, prevención por vía respiratoria, políticas en centros educacionales y prevención para el personal de salud. Ello obedece a la necesidad de una mejor caracterización de este nuevo problema de salud en nuestro país, para establecer políticas públicas en base a la prevención de las complicaciones de este nuevo virus, teniendo en cuenta las valoraciones basadas en evidencia científica, preventiva y social.
This article seeks to describe the main preventive measures on COVID-19 that is affecting our country, considering epidemiological aspects and recommendations applied and reported in other countries. The topics covered are the prevention of traveling patients, the importance of hand hygiene, respiratory prevention, policies in educational centers, and Prevention for healthcare personnel. This is due to the need for a better characterization of this new health problem in our country, to establish public policies based on the Prevention of complications of this new virus, taking into account assessments based on scientific, preventive and social evidence.