[National guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma]. / Guías nacionales de diagnóstico y tratamiento de linfoma no Hodgkin.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies, classified according to their clinic, anatomic-pathological features and, lately, to their molecular biomarkers. Despite the therapeutic advances, nearly half of the patients will die because of this disease. The new diagnostic tools have been the cornerstone to design recent therapy targets, which must be included in the current treatment guidelines of this sort of neoplasms by means of clinical trials and evidence-based medicine. In the face of poor diagnoses devices in most of the Mexican hospitals, we recommend the present diagnose stratification, and treatment guidelines for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, based on evidence. They include the latest and most innovative therapeutic approaches, as well as specific recommendations for hospitals with limited framework and therapy resources.

Extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma with dissemination to the central nervous system: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Lymphomas that infiltrate the nervous system in children correspond to those of precursor B cells, such as lymphoblastic and Burkitt's lymphoma. In adults, infiltration occurs in mature B-cell lymphomas, such as mantle cell lymphoma, and, rarely, in Hodgkin's lymphoma or peripheral NK/T-cell lymphomas. CASE: We report the case of a 48-year-old man, who two years before death was diagnosed with extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma nasal in the left nostril. He received radiotherapy and a year later presented tumor activity. He also presented infiltration to the bone marrow and underwent chemotherapy. Afterward, he presented paresthesia and paresis of the lower extremities, difficulty walking, loss of sphincter control, and seizures. Infiltration to the central nervous system was revealed by computed axial tomography, and cytologic study of cerebrospinal fluid revealed malignant lymphoid cells; he then received intrathecal chemotherapy. He died 3 months later. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, extranodal nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma occurs frequently. It is highly destructive and tightly related with the Epstein-Barr virus. Infiltration to the central nervous system is rare, and the neoplastic cells can be confused with other tumors, such as metastatic carcinomas.

Diseases associated with HIV infection: study of biopsies and surgical resection specimens at a large general hospital in Mexico City.

The objective of this study was to analyze the type of diseases associated with HIV infection from a survey of the surgical pathology material accessioned at a large general hospital in Mexico City. From the archives of the pathology unit of the General Hospital of Mexico (Ministry of Health), we compiled data on biopsies and surgical specimen from different organs and tissues of HIV-infected patients (HIV/AIDS) received in the period from January 2005 to July 2008. We found a total of 52 cases, 41 men and 11 women. The main affected anatomical organ was the lymphatic nodes in 33 cases (63.4%), 7 corresponded to the digestive tract (13.46), 3 corresponded to bone marrow (5.76%), 3 corresponded to the perianal region (5.76%), 2 cases corresponded to the hard palate (3.84%), and 1 case each corresponded to the following regions: peritoneum, breast, and lung. The most frequent diagnoses were non-Hodgkin's large B-cell lymphoma in 11 cases (21.12%) and its morphological variants, 8 reactive lymphadenopathy cases (15.38%), 5 atypical mycobacterioses (9.61%), 2 nonspecific granulomatous lesions (3.84%), 2 Burkitt's lymphoma (3.84%), 3 Kaposi sarcoma (5.76%), 1 mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma (1.92%), 1 Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (1.92%), and 1 with infection by cytomegalovirus + cryptosporidiosis in the duodenum (1.92%). In this series, the most affected organ in patients with HIV/AIDS was the lymphatic nodes. The most common neoplasm was the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma followed by Kaposi sarcoma. Mycobacterioses were the main infectious diseases, followed by mycotic and viral infections.

Primary lymphomas of the breast: a report on 5 cases studied in a period of 5 years at the Hospital General de México.

Breast lymphomas can be primary or secondary. Among the primary lymphomas, the most common histologic types are the large B-cell diffuse lymphomas and the extranodal B mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphomas. We studied 5 cases of primary breast lymphoma in female patients. The criteria for the diagnosis were based on the proposal of Wiseman and Liao: (1) in the biopsy or surgical specimen, the lymphoma involves the breast parenchyma, and (2) nonsystemic disease at diagnosis. Clinical data, histologic findings, immunohistochemical reactions, treatment, and clinical follow-up were reviewed. The 5 patients were young women with average age of 27 years; the youngest was 20 years old, and the oldest was 44 years old. The right breast was the most affected, and 1 patient was HIV positive. The most common symptoms were the presence of nodes, progressive increase of volume, collateral venous network, and hemorrhagic discharge from the nipple. The clinical course was of 1 to 14 months before diagnosis. Three patients died because of central nervous system infiltration, one is still alive, and the other was lost during follow-up. Histologically, all primary breast lymphomas were large B-cell lymphomas; one had focal starry sky pattern, and the other 3 were centroblastic. All were positive to CD20 and CD79(a), 3 expressed bcl2, and 2 expressed bcl6. The proliferation index was between 60% and 80%. Primary breast lymphomas are rare. The average age of our patients was 27 years, and their clinical course was aggressive with central nervous system infiltration. The most common histologic type was the large B-cell diffuse lymphoma. Differential diagnosis must be established in the presence of poorly differentiated lobules and ductal carcinoma.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor: 2 cases of a rare tumor of difficult clinical and pathological diagnosis.

The follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor is a neoplasic proliferation of fusiform and ovoid cells with characteristic morphology and immunohistochemical pattern. The sarcoma/tumor term is designated due to the variability of the cytological status and, in many cases, its indeterminate clinical course. This report presents the 2 first cases seen at the Hospital General de México, OD (General Hospital of Mexico). The aim of this study is to contribute to the morphology and immunophenotype of this infrequent neoplasm, as well as discuss its differential diagnosis and clinical evolution.

Mediastinal pleomorphic liposarcoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Progress in radiology and pathology for diagnosing mediastinal tumors has R been made in recent decades, thanks to the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) guided by computed tomography, which has replaced mediastinoscopy and open biopsies. CASE: A 66-year-old male had a history o productive coughing with mucopurulent expectoration, progressive dyspnea, arthralgias, myalgias, astenia and adynamia for the previous 3 months. A CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a poorly limited tumor mass ofheterogeneous den sity in the anterior mediastinum. FNAB of the tumor mass showed malignant cells compatible with liposarcoma. CONCLUSLON: Of the several types of mesenchymal mediastinal neoplasms, liposarcoma is the most important. Many of them are seen in adults, and <10 cases have been diagnosed in children. The symptoms are related to compression of the nearby airways. Usually liposarcomas are yellow, lobed tumors without capsules that infiltrate adjacent organs and tissues. Microscopically, they have the same histologic spectrum as tumors originating in other sites. Thus, it is common to observe all the histologic varieties of soft tissue liposarcomas. The identification of lipoblasts is the key to the correct diagnosis in FNAB material.

Diagnosis of thymolipoma with fine needle aspiration biopsy. Report of a case initially misdiagnosed as liposarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Thymolipomas are the most outstanding mesenchymal mediastinal tumors although they represent only a small percentage of thymic neoplasms. Their histogenesis remains unsolved, and they are usually benign. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has become the method of choice for the study of mediastinal tumors, including thymolipomas. Making the correct diagnosis depends on the availability of all thymic and lipomatous components as well as on the correct application of a differential diagnosis with other lipomatous tumors. CASE: A 24-year-old woman had a 3-month history of coughing with sputum, fever, asthenia, adynamia, headaches and anemia. Physical examination revealed a bilateral pulmonary condensation syndrome. Imaging studies showed a well-defined, large mass occupying both hemithoraxes and the mediastinum. FNAB revealed an admixture of atypical adipocytes, nonneoplasic lymphoid tissue and capillaries with prominent endothelium. An initial diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma was made. A 2.8-kg, encapsulated, yellowish gray mediastinal tumor was surgically removed. Mature adipose tissue intermingled with abundant thymic tissue containing numerous Hassall's corpuscles were seen histologically. Immunohistochemical markers for thymic epithelium, lymphoid tissue and adipocytes were all positive. Thymolipoma was the final diagnosis. The anemia subsided with resection of the tumor, and the patient was disease free 2.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of a thymolipoma studied with FNAB. The criteria for the differential diagnosis between thymolipomas and other lipomatous tumours should be kept in mind.

[The lymph nodes imprint for the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasms]. / La impronta del ganglio linfático para el diagnóstico de neoplasias linfoides.

BACKGROUND: lymphoma is the most frequent lymphoid neoplasm in our country. Its diagnosis is based on histopathological findings. The lymph node imprint has been used for more than 40 years. The aim was to establish the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of lymph node imprint and estimate the inter-observer rate. METHODS: we did an observational, retrospective, prolective study, based on the lymph node imprint obtained by excisional biopsies over a period of 6 years. RESULTS: the inclusion criteria was met on 199 samples, 27.1 % were considered as reactive (n = 54), 16.1 % Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 32), 40.2 % (n = 80) non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 16.6 % (n = 33) as metastatic carcinoma. Comparing with the final histopathology report, the sensitivity and specificity of lymph node imprint were 88 % (0.81-0.95) and 64 % (0.55-0.73) respectively, the positive predictive value was 67 % (0.59-0.76) and the negative predictive value was 86 % (0.79-0.94). The interobserver kappa index was 0.467. CONCLUSIONS: the lymph node imprint remains as a useful tool for the diagnosis of lymphoid neoplasm. The agreement between observers was acceptable.

Introducción: los linfomas son las neoplasias linfoproliferativas más frecuentes en México. Su diagnóstico se basa en el estudio histopatológico. El análisis morfológico de la impronta del ganglio linfático se ha utilizado desde hace más de 40 años. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos positivo y negativo de la impronta del ganglio linfático para el diagnóstico del linfoma y estimar el índice interobservador. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y prolectivo de las improntas de ganglios linfáticos obtenidas por biopsia durante un periodo de seis años. Resultados: se incluyeron 199 improntas; 27.1 % se consideró reactivo (n = 54), 16.1 % como linfoma Hodgkin (n = 32), 40.2 % (n = 80) como no Hodgkin y 16.6 % (n = 33) como carcinoma metastásico. Al compararlas con los reportes histopatológicos finales, la sensibilidad fue de 88 % (0.81-0.95), la especificidad de 64 % (0.55-0.73), el valor predictivo positivo de 67 % (0.59-0.76) y el negativo, de 86 % (0.79-0.94). La concordancia interobservador fue moderada (índice kappa de 0.467). Conclusiones: el análisis de la impronta del ganglio linfático es útil para el diagnóstico de las neoplasias linfoproliferativas.

[Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: an unusual tumor with nodal and extranodal presentation. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of five cases]. / Sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares de localización ganglionar y extraganglionar. Estudio clinicopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de cinco casos.

Dendritic cells (DC) are an essential component of the nonlymphoid, nonphagocytic immunoaccessory reticulum cells of the peripheral lymphoid tissue. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are one type of DC in the lymphoid follicle associated with B lymphocytes. They play an important role in the uptake and presentation of antigen generation and regulation of immune complexes. FDC can be recognized histologically by their oval to triangular nucleus, delicate basophilic nuclear membrane, almost empty nucleoplasm, small but distinct central nucleolus, and indistinct cellular outline; some cells can be binucleated or multinucleated. Ultrastructurally, they possess delicate interwoven cell processes connected by desmosomes. Immunohistochemically, they can be highlighted by staining with CD21, CD35, R4/23, Ki-M4, CNA.42 and CD68 (Kp-1) (l-4). FDC sarcoma is rare. FDC sarcomas affected predominantly lymph nodes with occasional extranodal involvement. Many cases of FDC sarcomas are probably misdiagnosed as other tumors such as large cell lymphoma, sarcomatoid carcinomas, fusocellular sarcomas or melanomas. We present five cases of FDC sarcomas and discuss the salient clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of these tumors.

Sarcoma de células dendríticas foliculares de localización ganglionar y extraganglionar: estudio clinicopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de cinco casos / Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: an unusual tumor with nodal and extranodal presentation: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of five cases

Dendritic cells (DC) are an essential component of the nonlymphoid, nonphagocytic immunoaccessory reticulum cells of the peripheral lymphoid tissue. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are one type of DC in the lymphoid follicle associated with B lymphocytes. They play an important role in the uptake and presentation of antigen generation and regulation of immune complexes. FDC can be recognized histologically by their oval to triangular nucleus, delicate basophilic nuclear membrane, almost empty nucleoplasm, small but distinct central nucleolus, and indistinct cellular outline; some cells can be binucleated or multinucleated. Ultrastructurally, they possess delicate interwoven cell processes connected by desmosomes. Immunohistochemically, they can be highlighted by staining with CD21, CD35, R4/23, Ki-M4, CNA.42 and CD68 (Kp-1) (l-4). FDC sarcoma is rare. FDC sarcomas affected predominantly lymph nodes with occasional extranodal involvement. Many cases of FDC sarcomas are probably misdiagnosed as other tumors such as large cell lymphoma, sarcomatoid carcinomas, fusocellular sarcomas or melanomas. We present five cases of FDC sarcomas and discuss the salient clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of these tumors.

Carcinoma adenoideo quístico de glándula mamaria diagnosticado mediante biopsia con aguja fina / Cysto-adenoid carcinoma of breast diagnosed by means of a fine needle biopsy

El carcinoma adenoideo quístico es un tumor poco frecuente que representa menos del 1 por ciento de los carcinomas de la glándula mamaria, tiene mejor pronóstico en comparación con los tumores del mismo tipo histológico que se presentan en glándulas salivales, lagrimales y en otros sitios. Su morfología es idéntica en todas esta glándulas. Se informa el caso de un carcinoma adenoideo quístico, cuyo diagnóstico se efectuó mediante biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y se corroboró por cortes histológicos de la pieza quirúrgica

Melanoma osteogénico (melanoma con metaplasia osteocartilaginosa). Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Osteogenic melanoma (melanoma with osteocartilaginous metaplasia). Presentation of a case and literature review

El melanoma maligno es un tumor que presenta numerosos patrones histológicos que pueden semejar carcinoma o diferentes tipos de sarcoma de alto o bajo grado de malignidad. Una de estas variantes corresponde al melanoma osteogénico, donde se encuentra metaplasia osteocartilaginosa. Se han descrito con diferenciación fibroblástica (melanoma desmoplásico), con diferenciación a células de Schwann (melanoma neurotrópico) y éstos a su vez con diferenciación lipoblástica, rabdomioblástica, con células ganglionares, y con estructuras seudomeissnerianas, así como con degeneración mixoide y de células redondas. En la literatura médica, hasta la fecha han sido informados 17 casos de melanomas osteogénicos, 14 en la piel y tres en mucosas.

Mielolipoma de la glándula suprarrenal sintomático. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Suprarenal symptomatic mielolipoma. clinical case and literature review

El mielolipoma de la glándula suprarrenal es un tumor raro, benigno, endocrinológicamente inactivo, cuya estructura histológica consiste de tejido adiposo maduro con focos de células hematopoyéticas. La mayoría de los casos reportados son pequeños y asintomáticos, descubiertos en forma incidental. Presentamos el caso de un paciente del sexo femenino cuyo diagnóstico fue establecido clínicamente al presentar sintomatología dolorosa y corroborado con estudios de imagen. Se presenta el manejo quirúrgico y la evolución postoperatoria. Se efectúa una revisión de las características clínicas de estos tumores, así como su perfil por imagen y opciones de tratamiento.

Fibrosis hepática congénita. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Congenital hepatic fibrosis. Report of a case and review of the literature

Se presenta un caso de fibrosis hepática congénita en un paciente adulto de sexo femenino de 32 años de edad, que curso con síndrome de hipertensión porta e insuficiencia renal crónica; la paciente fallecio a consecuencia de hemorragia masiva por várices esofágicas rotas. Se revisa la literatura referente al tema y se hace énfasis en el diagnóstico diferencial .

LInfangiomatosis de la glándula tiróides: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Lymphangiomatosis of the thyroid gland: case presentation and review of the literature

Se presenta un caso de un hombre de 18 años de edad con padecimiento de 5 años de evolución caracterizado por crecimiento generalizado de la glándula tiroides secundario a la proliferación difusa de vasos linfáticos de tipo capilar y cavernoso. Las reacciones de inmunoperoxidasa con Ulex europeaus y tiroglobulina resultaron positivas; el primero en las células endoteliales de los vasos linfáticos y la segunda en las células de los folículos tiroideos. Se considera, de acuerdo a la bibliografía consultada, que éstee es el primer caso de linfangiomatosis de este órgano.

Sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Informe de las primeras 29 autopsias en la Unidad de Patología del Hospital General de México, S.S. / Acquired immunedeficiency syndrome. Report of the first 29 autopsies at the Pathology Service, Hospital General de México, S.S.

De 1986 al 1 de enero de 1988 se practicaron 29 autopsias a pacientes con sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. La mayoría (82.7%) fueron hombres entre 20 y 30 años de edad, pertenecientes a estratos socioeconómico bajo. Los grupos de riesgo más comunes fueron el homosexual (66.7%) y el postransfuncional (6.9%); en el 20%de los casos no se identificó ningún factor de riesgo. La mayoría de los pacientes (82.8%) fallecieron en menos de l2 meses de haber iniciado su sintomatología. Las infecciones más comunes fueron las causadas por citomegalovirus (12 casos), toxoplasmosis (10 casos), tuberculosis y neumonía por Pneumocystis carini (20.7%). La frecuencia de algunas infecciones difiere de lo informado en otras series nacionales y en series estadounidenses.

Glándula suprarrenal y SIDA, hallazgos postmortem en 119 casos / Suprarenal gland and AIDS, postmortem findings in 119 cases

Se analizaron 119 protocolos de autopsias de pacientes que fallecieron por SIDA. Todos ellos se encontraron en la etapa IV, de acuerdo a la clasificación del Centers For Disease Control. Del total de casos, 104 fueron hombres (87.4%) y 15 mujeres (12.6%). Todos adultos entre 20 y 50 años, 86 pacientes (72.3%) contrajeron la enfermedad a través de relaciones homo y heterosexuales; 25 pacientes (21%) se infectaron mediante transfusión sanguínea y en ocho (6.7%) se desconoce como adquirieron la enfermedad. La afección de las glandulas suprarenales se encontró en 89 casos (75%); sin embargo, 30 casos (25%) macroscopicamente presentaron glandulas de aspecto normal o con deplección lipoide. Histológicamente la lesión predominante fue una adrenalitis con extensa nicrosis cortico medular producida por gérmenes oportunistas. El citomegalovirus fue el agente oportunista detectada, con mayor frecuencia. No obstante que algunos casos presentaron destrucción casi total de ambas glándulas suprarrenales, en ningún paciente se estableció el diagnóstico premortem de insuficiencia córtico -suprarrenal.

Pancreatitis crónica, un problema oculto. Estudio clínico patológico de 443 casos / Chronic pancreatitis, an occult problem. A clinical pathological study of 433 cases

Objetivo: establecer la frecuencia de la pancreatitis crónica en pacientes del Hospital General de México, las enfermedades asociadas, complicaciones y frecuencia de diagnóstico clínico correcto. Antecedentes: la pancreatitis crónica tiene signos y síntomas inespecíficos, por lo que rara vez es diagnosticada en vida. Se asocia con alcoholismo y litiasis biliar, dos padecimientos endémicos en nuestro país. Método: se trató de un estudio clínico-patológico, retrospectivo en 20 años (1970-1990) de 15,937 autopsias. Resultados: se encontraron 443 casos de pancreatitis crónica (2.7 por ciento del total de autopsias). El 60 por ciento de los casos ocurrió en hombres, El promedio de edad fue de 50 años. Los casos infantiles fueron excepcionales. Las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes fueron alcoholismo crónico (66.5 por ciento), cirrosis hepática alcohólica (29.5 por ciento), y litiasis biliar (14.9 por ciento). Las complicaciones más comunes fueron diabetes mellitus (20.7 por ciento) y pseudoquistes pancreáticos (4.6 por ciento). El diagnóstico clínico correcto se hizo tan sólo en 7.4 por ciento Conclusiones: éste es la serie nacional más grande de casos publicados y comprobados por autopsia de pancreatitis crónica. La pancreatitis crónica es un problema clínico oculto, casi exclusivo de los autos, y por lo regular no diagnosticado