Screening mammography for women in their 40s: a retrospective study of the potential impact of the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force's 2009 breast cancer screening recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to review screening mammography examinations performed at our institution from 2007 through 2010 with the primary endpoint of determining the incidence of breast cancer and associated histologic and prognostic features in women in their 40s. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who presented for screening mammography who ultimately (i.e., after additional imaging, including diagnostic mammographic views and ultrasound) received a BI-RADS assessment of a category 4 or 5 for a suspicious abnormality were followed retrospectively through completion of care and were analyzed with respect to pathology results after biopsy, treatment, and family history. RESULTS: During the study period, 43,351 screening mammography examinations were performed; 1227 biopsies were recommended on the basis of those studies and yielded 205 breast cancers (cancer detection rate of 4.7 per 1000 screening examinations). These screening examinations included 14,528 (33.5%) screening examinations of patients in their 40s; 413 biopsies were recommended and yielded 39 breast cancers (39/205 = 19%) (cancer detection rate of 2.7 per 1000 screening examinations). More than 50% (21/39) of the cancers in women in their 40s were invasive. Only 8% (3/39) of the women in their 40s with screening-detected breast cancer had a first-degree relative with breast cancer. CONCLUSION: From 2007 through 2010, patients in their 40s accounted for one third of the population undergoing screening mammography and for nearly 20% of the screening-detected breast cancers--more than half of which were invasive. This information should be a useful contribution to counseling women in this age group when discussing whether or not to pursue regular screening mammography.

Seroma is an expected consequence and not a complication of MammoSite brachytherapy.

Seroma has long been listed as a complication of MammoSite brachytherapy. Palpable abnormalities are clinically apparent months after treatment and a vast majority of patients demonstrate seroma formation in radiologic studies. We embarked on this study to evaluate the actual sonographic incidence and eventual sonographic resolution, possible contributing factors, cosmesis, pain, and local control associated with seroma formation after MammoSite partial breast irradiation (PBI). We investigated 160 patients who underwent MammoSite PBI from 2002 to 2006 of whom 100 patients had serial sonographic information. Clinical and tumor variables, infection, pain, and cosmesis were investigated. Dosimetric data including volume of balloon, dose at balloon surface, and at skin were analyzed. After a median follow-up of 36 months, the incidence of sonographically confirmed post-radiation seroma was 78% within the first 1 year following radiation and steadily decreased with time. The average size of a seroma cavity was 2.3 cm (range 0.6-6 cm) with a decline to an average of 1.4 cm after 1 year, with complete resolution in 65% of patients at 2 years. No statistically significant correlation was found between patient characteristics, tumor variables, and volumetric or dosimetric data for seroma formation. Excellent/good cosmetic scores were achieved in 94% of women with and 92% without seroma. Local control was equivalent between patients with and without seroma. Consecutive sonographic imaging reveals a high rate of seroma formation after MammoSite PBI, with resolution in 65% of patients by 2 years without intervention. Seroma formation does not prevent an excellent cosmetic result or alter local control.

Quantitative assessment of radiation-induced fibrosis of the breast with tissue compliance meter, palpation, and radiological imaging: preliminary results.

Quantification of radiation (RT)-induced fibrosis (RIF) continues to present a challenge in breast cancer survivors. We compare assessment of RIF by palpation and tissue compliance meter (TCM) to the radiological findings in women treated with RT. Of 300 patients treated with adjuvant RT, 17 women had > or =2-year follow-up sufficient to document RIF. Palpation and TCM were employed by three radiation oncologists in a blinded fashion. Palpation grades 1, 2, and 3 denoted mild, moderate, and severe RIF. TCM measured degree of compliance (DC) of RIF in irradiated (RTB) and nonirradiated breasts (NRTB). Architectural distortions (AD) on mammograms, ultrasound (US), and MRI were assessed. Median time of follow up was 3.9 years (range 2.1-6.5 years). Palpation revealed RIF grades 1, 2, and 3 in four, 10, and three patients, respectively. Mean percent changes (PC) in DC between RTB and NRTB by TCM were 19.5%, 37.1%, and 57.5% for grades 1, 2, and 3 RIF, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was a strong linear correlation between palpation grade and PC of DC by TCM (spearman-rank correlation=0.88, p < 0.0001). Interobserver variability (reliability) was computed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for TCM and kappa statistic for clinical palpation (ICC=0.99 [p < 0.0001] and kappa=0.70 [p < 0.0001], respectively). There was no correlation between average size of the AD as measured by the imaging modalities and RIF as assessed by palpation or TCM. Our preliminary data suggest that quantification of RIF is best with TCM. TCM results correlate better with palpation than with radiological imaging. The study with larger number of patients required to confirm our findings is underway.

Dynamic infrared imaging for the detection of malignancy.

The potential for malignancy detection using dynamic infrared imaging (DIRI) has been investigated in an animal model of human malignancy. Malignancy was apparent in images formed at the vasomotor and cardiogenic frequencies of tumour bearing mice. The observation of malignancy was removed by the administration of an agent that blocks vasodilation caused by nitric oxide (NO). Image patterns similar to those that characterize malignancy could be mimicked in normal mice using an NO producing agent. Apparently DIRI allows for cancer detection in this model through vasodilation caused by malignancy generated NO. Dynamic infrared detection of vasomotor and cardiogenic surface perfusion was validated in human subjects by a comparison with laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Dynamic infrared imaging technology was then applied to breast cancer detection. It is shown that dynamic infrared images formed at the vasomotor and cardiogenic frequencies of the normal and malignant breast have image pattern differences, which may allow for breast cancer detection.

A case of primary breast angiosarcoma.

Angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare malignancy that may be easily misdiagnosed. Of the two forms, the more common form presents in patients (typically postmenopausal0 with a history of breast cancer, secondary to irradiation or chronic lymphedema. In contrast, the rarer form, primary angiosarcoma, arises sporadically in premenopausal women who present with palpable masses. Primary angiosarcoma accounts for 1 in 2,500 cases (0.04%) of breast cancer (1). The described patient presented with primary breast angiosarcoma. Ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings are presented.

Clinicopathologic features of papillary lesions on core needle biopsy of the breast predictive of malignancy.

BACKGROUND: The necessity for surgical excision of papillary lesions identified on percutaneous breast biopsy remains controversial. We reviewed data from patients with papillary lesions found on core needle biopsies to identify features associated with carcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with papillary lesions diagnosed from image-guided breast biopsies over a 10-year period. Patients had surgical excision or were followed-up radiographically for a 2-year minimum. RESULTS: Papillary lesions were identified in 154 core needle biopsies. Ninety-five lesions were diagnosed as either benign or atypical. Eighty-nine of these patients had surgical excisions of their lesions. Malignancy was discovered in 22 (25%) of these lesions. Only atypical lesions on biopsy were malignant (P < .005). Forty-six percent of patients age 65 or older were found to have cancer at surgical excision (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Papillary lesions found on core needle biopsy frequently harbor malignancy (25%). Atypia and age 65 or older are significant risk factors for malignancy.

Fibromatosis of the breast: case report and current concepts in the management of an uncommon lesion.

Fibromatosis is an uncommon breast lesion that can mimic breast carcinoma in its clinical presentation. We present a case in which excisional biopsy was necessary to establish a diagnosis of fibromatosis. Clinical, diagnostic imaging, and pathologic features are discussed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a tool for further characterization of breast lesions and as a screening modality in high-risk patient populations. Ours marks the second case in which dynamic MRI has been correlated with histologically confirmed primary mammary fibromatosis. Unlike the previous report, MRI in this case mimics breast carcinoma in its morphologic and pharmacokinetic features of enhancement. Wide local excision with clear margins remains the treatment of choice. Current data on radiotherapy and pharmacologic therapy for mammary fibromatosis are reviewed.