Identification of discrete epitopes of Ro52p200 and association with fetal cardiac conduction system manifestations in a rodent model.

Congenital heart block (CHB) is a potentially lethal condition characterized by a third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB). Despite anti-Ro52 antibodies being detected in nearly 90% of mothers of affected children, CHB occurs in only 1-2% of anti-Ro/Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A (SSA) autoantibody-positive pregnancies. Maternal antibodies have been suggested to bind molecules crucial to fetal cardiac function; however, it remains unknown whether a single antibody profile associates with CHB or whether several specificities and cross-reactive targets exist. Here, we aimed to define further the reactivity profile of CHB-associated antibodies towards Ro52p200 (amino acid 200-239). We first analysed reactivity of a monoclonal anti-Ro52 antibody shown to induce AVB in rats (7.8C7) and of sera from anti-Ro52p200 antibody-positive mothers of children with CHB towards a panel of modified Ro52p200 peptides, and subsequently evaluated their potential to induce AVB in rats upon transfer during gestation. We observed that CHB maternal sera displayed a homogeneous reactivity profile targeting preferentially the C-terminal part of Ro52p200, in contrast to 7.8C7 that specifically bound the p200 N-terminal end. In particular, amino acid D233 appeared crucial to maternal antibody reactivity towards p200. Despite low to absent reactivity towards rat p200 and different binding profiles towards mutated rat peptides indicating recognition of different epitopes within Ro52p200, immunoglobulin (Ig)G purified from two mothers of children with CHB could induce AVB in rats. Our findings support the hypothesis that several fine antibody specificities and cross-targets may exist and contribute to CHB development in anti-Ro52 antibody-positive pregnancies.

Bedside diagnosis of two major clinical phenotypes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis that fetal abdominal circumference (AC) and uterine artery (UtA) Doppler pulsatility index (PI) could be used to select two homogeneous subgroups of women affected by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), characterized by the coexistence of maternal hypertension with and without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study of cases affected by HDP in whom fetal AC and UtA-PI had been measured at admission to fetomaternal medicine units. Maternal characteristics, pregnancy complications and outcome were recorded. These data allowed us to model the characteristics of fetal growth in cases affected by HDP, and to design composite indicators of risk factors for maternal metabolic syndrome and of severity for maternal functional organ damage. RESULTS: Measurements of fetal AC and UtA-PI allowed us to define a group of HDP cases with appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses (HDP-AGA), diagnosed by normal fetal AC and UtA-PI (n = 205), and a group of HDP cases with IUGR fetuses (HDP-IUGR), diagnosed by fetal AC < 5(th) centile and UtA-PI > 95(th) centile (n = 124). Curves fitted to the birth weights of these two groups were significantly different, but gestational age at admission for HDP (< 34 or ≥ 34 weeks) did not show an independent association with birth weight. When birth weight was expressed as a Z-score with respect to local reference charts, the average corresponded to the 6(th) and 48(th) centiles, respectively. The occurrence of HDP-AGA (as compared with HDP-IUGR) was significantly associated with risk factors for maternal metabolic syndrome (odds ratio, 2.79 (95% CI, 1.57-4.97)), independent of gestational age. The same risk factors yielded non-significant odds ratios for the development of late-onset (vs early-onset) HDP. Women with HDP-IUGR had worse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new information based on simple prenatal bedside examinations that might help to differentiate HDP-IUGR from HDP-AGA fetuses. These groups are associated with different fetal growth patterns and risk factors, independent of gestational age at onset of the disease. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Are biological drugs safe in pregnancy?

The introduction of biological therapies has significantly improved the outcome of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. As most of these diseases affect women and men in childbearing age, some concerns have been voiced as to the safety of these drugs in relation to reproduction and pregnancy. Data from many hundreds of pregnancies in patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory arthritis have suggested that exposure to anti-TNF therapies at conception and/or during pregnancy is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes or any increase in congenital abnormalities. However, the exposure to anti-TNFα agents, particularly to monoclonal antibodies, in late pregnancy is associated with high drug levels in the newborn and their long-term effects on children remain unknown. Therefore, limiting the use of anti-TNFα to the first 30 weeks of pregnancy is recommended to reduce fetal exposure. Live-virus vaccines should be given only when levels of anti-TNFα drugs are undetectable in the serum of infants. Studies suggest that many of these drugs do enter breast milk in small amounts, but the extent to which the infant absorbs them is less clear. Limited reports have not suggested adverse pregnancy outcomes in women whose partners were exposed to anti-TNF therapies at the time of conception. Pregnancy data for rituximab, abatacept, anakinra, tocilizumab and belimumab are limited and their use in pregnancy cannot currently be recommended.

Ferritin in the antiphospholipid syndrome and its catastrophic variant (cAPS).

BACKGROUND: Ferritin is an iron storage protein considered also as an acute phase reactant with high levels in various inflammatory conditions. Recently, a plausible role for ferritin in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated and especially autoimmune diseases has been suggested. However, the link between ferritin and the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been rarely explored. Therefore, in the current study we evaluated ferritin levels and their correlation to clinical and serological manifestations in patients with APS. We further analyzed ferritin levels among patients with the catastrophic variant of APS (cAPS). METHODS: Ferritin levels were determined in serum samples of 176 APS patients and 98 matched healthy controls according to age and sex (LIAISON, DiaSorin, Italy). APS samples were further analyzed for antiphospholipid (anti-cardiolipin, anti- beta-2-glycoprotein, lupus anticoagulant) and anti-infectious antibodies (CMV, EBV, rubella, toxoplasma, HBV) (LIAISON, DiaSorin, Italy). Clinical, serological and demographic manifestations were recorded. An additional analysis of ferritin levels among 14 patients with cAPS was performed. RESULTS: Hyperferritinemia was present in 9% vs. 0% of APS patients and controls, respectively (p < 0.001). Among patients with APS, ferritin levels correlated with venous thrombosis, cardiac, neurological, and hematological manifestations and the presence of anti-CMV-IgM antibodies. Hyperferritinemia was present in 71% of cAPS patients, and ferritin levels among this subgroup were significantly higher compared with APS-non-cAPS patients (816 ± 847 ng/ml vs. 120 ± 230 ng/ml, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we found that hyperferritinemia correlates with the presence of APS, its clinical manifestations and specifically with the catastrophic variant of this disease. Hyperferritinemia was also linked with anti-CMV antibodies among patients with APS. These associations allude to a pathogenic role of ferritin in the pathogenesis of APS, and the plausible role of ferritin as a marker of ensuing cAPS, although further studies are needed to elucidate these associations.

Secondary prevention in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome.

Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is usually made using vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to maintain an international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0. The optimal intensity of anticoagulation was determined in two prospective randomized controlled trials, both excluding the benefit of more intense anticoagulation. The same regimen is also recommended in patients with APS and arterial thromboembolism as aspirin does not appear to protect against recurrences. The duration of treatment is usually indefinite because of a substantial risk of recurrence.

Antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies in primary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiprothrombin (aPT) antibodies may be detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a purified antigen or a phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex (aPS/PT). IgG/IgM antibodies directed against aPS/PT were assessed in 158 patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). They were detected in 80/158 (50.6%) PAPS patients; IgG alone was positive in 12 (7.6%), IgM alone in 36 (22.8%), and both IgG and IgM isotypes in 32 (20.2%) PAPS patients. IgG and IgM aPS/PT were significantly associated with both vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. IgG aPS/PT was significantly associated with venous thrombosis (p = 0.023), whilst IgG and IgM aPS/PT were associated with arterial thrombosis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that IgM and IgG aPS/PT were independent risk factors for thrombosis (odds ratio (OR) 3.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-7.9] and OR 4.1 [95% CI 1.4-11.7], respectively) and IgM aPS/PT was an independent risk factor for arterial thrombosis (OR 2.7 [95% CI 1.1-6.7]). In conclusion, these findings indicate that aPS/PT are clinically relevant in PAPS.

Interpretation of laboratory data and need for reference laboratories.

A single positive laboratory test among those exploring the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is not associated with thromboembolic events and does not identify patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. On the other hand, more than one laboratory test positive, and in particular all three tests positive, is strongly associated to thromboembolic events and identifies high risk patients. Triple positivity is in fact related to the presence of a specific anti-ß2-glycoprotein I (anti-Domain I) antibody, also able to prolong coagulation tests. Monoclonal antibodies against Domain I with Lupus Anticoagulant activity might be candidate material for standardization of antiphospholipid assays. Much work remains to be done in this field.

Risk-based secondary prevention of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.

Treatment of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) should be set apart from that from thrombotic APS patients. Patients with a history of pregnancy morbidity but no vascular thrombosis are usually treated with a prophylactic dose of heparin plus low-dose aspirin; whereas, those with previous vascular thrombosis alone or associated with previous pregnancy morbidity, are commonly treated with a therapeutic dose of heparin generally combined with low-dose aspirin. However, in about 20% of pregnant APS women these regimens fail. In this context, we conducted a case-control study on a large multicentre cohort of conventionally treated pregnancies to verify whether specific laboratory profiles and/or clinical characteristics are predictive of unsuccessful pregnancy outcome during conventional treatments. Multivariate analysis showed that pregnancy failure during conventional therapies was independently associated with a history of both thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other systemic autoimmune diseases and triple antiphospholipid antibody positivity. With the aim to discover the most effective and safe treatments in high-risk pregnant APS women a large-scale multicentre study focusing on the effect of treatments on pregnancy outcome in women with APS and further risk factors for pregnancy failure has been designed.

A combination therapy to treat second-degree anti-Ro/La-related congenital heart block: a strategy to avoid stable third-degree heart block?

While mainly based on the use of fluorinated steroids, there is no standard management of anti-Ro/La-related congenital heart block (CHB). This is a report concerning two consecutive cases of anti-Ro/La-related second-degree block treated with betamethasone (4 mg/day), weekly plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs; 1 g/kg) administered every 15 days, a therapy that was begun shortly after CHB was detected and continued until delivery. The newborns were also treated with IVIG (1 g/kg) soon after birth and continued fortnightly until the anti-Ro/La antibody levels became undetectable. In both cases second-degree AV block reverted to a stable sinus rhythm with a first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. Moreover, there was no recurrence of CHB when therapy was suspended, as confirmed by a 29 month and an eight month follow-up, respectively.

Circulating ß2 glycoprotein I-IgG anti-ß2 glycoprotein I immunocomplexes in patients with definite antiphospholipid syndrome.

Beta2-glycoprotein I (ß(2)GPI), a relevant antigen in Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), binds anionic macromolecules including heparin (Hep). A possible formation of ternary complexes between ß(2)GPI, antibodies and Hep in APS is thus possible. The aim of this study was to evaluate Hep-ß(2)GPI interaction in patients with APS. The affinity of Heps of different length, including unfractionated Hep (UFH), low-molecular weight Hep (enoxaparin) and pentasaccharide (fondaparinux), to human ß(2)GPI was estimated by fluorescence spectroscopy, yielding dissociation constant (K(d)) values of 1.1, 24.0 and 89.4 µM, demonstrating that the longer UFH binds to ß(2)GPI far more tightly than the shorter ones. Plasma and protein G-purified IgGs from eight patients with APS (i.e. five with thromboembolic disease and three with catastrophic APS), were fractionated by affinity chromatography using a Hep (UFH)-bound column, eluted with a linear NaCl gradient. For each chromatographic analysis, fractions were collected in the whole NaCl gradient and tested by ELISA for the presence of ß(2)GPI and anti-ß(2)GPI IgG. The results of Hep-affinity chromatography and ELISAs concurrently indicate that either ß(2)GPI and anti-ß(2)GPI IgG elute from the Hep column in the same chromatographic peak, at a retention time identical to that of the purified, isolated ß(2)GPI, thus suggesting that circulating immunocomplexes containing ß(2)GPI are present in patients with APS.

Hypertension negatively affects the pregnancy outcome in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.

The impact of hypertension in the pregnancies from autoimmune patients is not unequivocally defined. We have prospectively followed 168 pregnancies from 135 patients from four Italian centres to verify the potential impact of hypertension in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The rate of preeclampsia, mean neonatal weight and gestational age at delivery were significantly lower in patients with both APS and hypertension than in patients with hypertension or APS alone. This information may be relevant for counselling and care of these patients.

In vitro effect of anti-ß2 glycoprotein I antibodies on P-selectin expression, a marker of platelet activation.

OBJECTIVE: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with thrombembolic events and/or pregnancy morbidity characterize the so-called antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Beta2glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) represents the major target antigen for aPL, but the pathogenic role of anti-ß2GPI antibodies (aß2GPI) is still unclear. Some authors assume they play a role in activating platelets. The effects of aß2GPI antibodies on platelet P-selectin expression were evaluated in this study. METHODS: Aß2GPI antibodies in the plasma of a pregnant APS patient were isolated by affinity chromatography during two different stages (catastrophic and quiescent) of the disease. Gel filtered platelets (100,000/µl) from healthy volunteers were incubated with ß2-GPI (20 µg/ml) and with different concentrations (5, 25 e 50 µg/ml) of aß2GPI antibodies. P-selectin surface expression on platelets was assessed by flow cytometry using a specific fluorescent antibody directed against P-selectin. RESULTS: Aß2GPI antibodies induced platelet activation only in the presence of thrombin receptor activator for peptide 6 (TRAP-6), a platelet agonist, at a subthreshold concentration. Aß2GPI antibody enhancement on platelet surface P-selectin expression was stronger in the catastrophic than in the quiescent phase of the disease (47% versus 15%). CONCLUSIONS: TRAP-6 dependent platelet activation by aß2GPI antibodies is consistent with the "two hit" pathogenetic hypothesis for thrombosis. Aß2GPI antibodies induce higher platelet P-selectin expression during the active rather than in the acute phases.

Adjusted prophylactic doses of nadroparin plus low dose aspirin therapy in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. A prospective cohort management study.

OBJECTIVES: Current guidelines for the treatment of patients with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) recommend low dose aspirin (LDA) and prophylactic doses of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Most clinicians use a fixed dosage of LMWH in pregnant APS women despite the fact that there are no clinical trials establishing that fixed doses are more efficacious than adjusted ones in preventing pregnancy complications. The efficacy and safety of adjusted single daily doses of LMWH (nadroparin) combined with LDA have thus been evaluated in 33 consecutive pregnancies in women with diagnosed obstetric APS. METHODS: LMWH doses were augmented as the pregnancies progressed and maternal/foetal weight increased. 70-80-90 U/Kg doses ranging between 3800 and 6650 U were administered daily during the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. LDA (100 mg/day) was also prescribed. RESULTS: Pregnancy outcome was successful in 97% of the patients studied, who delivered, between the 29th and 41st weeks of gestation (mean 37.4 ±2.1 SD), 32 infants with a mean birth weight of 3084 g ± 514 SD. One woman (3%) experienced a spontaneous abortion at the 8th week of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: The high live birth rate, the satisfactory mean gestational age and weight at birth and the absence of major pregnancy/neonatal-associated complications indicate that adjusted, once daily doses of LMWH together with LDA could be an efficacious treatment option for pregnant APS patients with no history of thrombosis.

Failure of intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent congenital heart block: Findings of a multicenter, prospective, observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital heart block (CHB) is presumed to be caused by transplacental passage of maternal immunoglobulin against Ro and La ribonucleoproteins. The recurrence rate in subsequent pregnancies following the birth of a child with CHB is approximately 19%. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy could prevent the development of CHB in the fetuses of high-risk pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 24 pregnancies in 22 women who had a previous pregnancy in which CHB developed, were over the age of 18 years, were <12 weeks pregnant, and had anti-Ro, anti-La, or both antibodies were monitored in this multicenter, prospective, observational study. Fifteen patients received infusions of IVIG. The 9 pregnancies in the remaining 7 patients served as controls. IVIG was administered at a dose of 400 mg/kg at weeks 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 of pregnancy. Echocardiograms were performed at least every 3 weeks from week 15 to week 30 of gestation. Electrocardiograms were obtained at birth. The outcome measure was the development of third-degree CHB detected by fetal echocardiogram. RESULTS: CHB developed in 3 babies among the 15 pregnancies in the treatment group (20%) and in 1 baby among the 9 pregnancies in the control group (11%). CHB was detected at weeks 18, 23, and 26, respectively, in the 3 babies in the treated group and at week 19 in the baby in the control group. Three of the affected pregnancies ended in termination; 2 for reasons related to the fetal disease and 1 for reasons related to both maternal (severe pulmonary hypertension) and fetal disease (at 21 weeks of gestation). CONCLUSION: IVIG at the dose and frequency used in this study was not effective as prophylactic therapy for CHB in high-risk mothers.

Antiphospholipid syndrome: critical analysis of the diagnostic path.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is diagnosed in the presence of vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity occurring in patients with circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant [LA] and/or IgG/IgM anticardiolipin [aCL] and/or IgG/IgM anti-beta2glycoprotein I [abeta2GPI] antibodies). Each test may identify different autoantibodies; a single test makes the diagnosis possible when positive on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart. However, single test positivity may be unrelated to pathogenic antibodies, which are now considered to be a subclass of abeta2GPI antibodies directed against the domain I of this protein. Conversely, all three positive tests identify a single class of abeta2GPI antibodies, thus identifying high-risk patients with APS.

[Clinical value of antibodies to lysobisphosphatidic acid in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome]. / Significato clinico degli anticorpi anti acido lisobisfosfatidico nei pazienti con sindrome da antifosfolipidi primaria.

To assess the clinical value of anti-lysobisphosphatidic acid (anti-LBPA) antibodies in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), the sera of 140 primary APS patients were tested and compared with those of 70 control subjects affected with rheumatic systemic diseases (n. 24) or autoimmune thyroiditis (n. 46). Anti-LBPA anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-beta2 Glycoprotein I (anti-beta2GPI) antibodies were determined using a "home made" ELISA method. Lupus anticoagulant (LA) was assessed using a series of clotting tests in accordance with the literature. IgG anti-LBPA was significantly prevalent in primary APS (p=0.000) with a sensitivity of 58.6% and a specificity of 92.9%. IgM anti-LBPA showed a significant frequency in primary APS (p=0.000) with a sensitivity of 28.6% and a specificity of 97.1%. Anti-LBPA's sensitivity and specificity for APS were lower or equal to those of aCL and anti-beta2GPI. The prevalence of anti-LBPA in the different clinical and laboratory subsets of APS was lower than those of aCL and anti-beta2GPI. It is interesting to observe that both IgG and IgM anti-LBPA were never found alone. The comparison between anti-LBPA and LA showed that the former had a higher sensitivity but a lower specificity. In conclusion, in view of our results anti-LBPA cannot at present be considered a further tool to be utilized to diagnose APS and to differentiate the different clinical and laboratory subsets of this disease.

[Confirmation of antiphospholipid antibody positivity: a year's results in a cohort of 113 patients]. / Conferma della positività nell'autoimmunità antifosfolipidica: risultati acquisiti in un anno in una coorte di 113 pazienti.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the confirmation rate of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), to analyze their behaviour at confirmation time, and to study the clinical value of their confirmation. METHODS: Blood samples from 380 subjects, enrolled in this study from June 1, 2007 to May 31, 2008, were tested for anti-cardiolipin (aCL) and anti-beta2glycoprotein (abeta2GPI) antibodies using an ELISA method and for Lupus anticoagulant (LA) using a series of clotting tests. The samples of the 113 subjects resulting positive at the first testing time were assayed again to confirm antiphospholipid positivity. RESULTS: aPL positivity was confirmed in 67 out of the 113 subjects (59.3%). Medium-high antibody levels of all, except IgM aCL, aPL/ELISA had a significantly higher confirmation rate with respect to that in subjects with low levels. The confirmation rate in the category I antibody patients (multiple positivity) was higher than that in the category II antibody subjects (single positivity). LA positivity was confirmed only when it was associated to other aPL. The cut-off of 40 GPL produced a confirmation rate equal to that resulting from a 99th percentile cut-off. Confirmation of aPL positivity made it possible for us to confirm the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in 8 out of the 113 subjects originally resulting positive (7.1%). APS clinical features were vascular thrombosis in 4 of these and pregnancy morbidity in the other 4. CONCLUSIONS: Our data emphasize aPL positivity confirmation selectivity, and medium-high antibody levels and category I antibodies (multiple positivity) had the best confirmation rates.

Risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody carriers. A multicentre, retrospective follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: To asses risk factors for a first thrombotic event in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive carriers and evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic treatments. METHODS: Recruitment criteria were age 18-65 years, no history of thrombosis, positivity for lupus anticoagulant and/or IgG/IgM anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) on > or =2 occasions at least 6 weeks apart. Demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters were collected at enrolment and at the time of the thrombotic event. RESULTS: 370 patients/subjects (mean (SD) age 34 (9.9) years) were analysed retrospectively for a mean (SD) follow-up of 59.3 (45.5) months. Thirty patients (8.1%) developed a first thrombotic event during follow-up. Hypertension and medium/high levels of IgG aCL were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis as independent risk factors for thrombosis. Thromboprophylaxis during high-risk and long-term periods was significantly protective. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension or medium/high titres of IgG aCL are risk factors for a first thrombotic event in asymptomatic aPL carriers and primary prophylaxis is protective.

Laboratory classification categories and pregnancy outcome in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome prescribed antithrombotic therapy.

BACKGROUND: A relationship between antibody profile and pregnancy outcome in patients with a previous diagnosis of primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has not been clearly documented. METHODS: Women attending our Center with primary APS characterized by the presence in the blood of one or more of the following: Lupus Anticoagulant (LA), IgG/IgM anticardiolipin (aCL), IgG/IgM anti-human beta2-Glycoprotein I (abeta2GPI) antibodies (confirmed after a minimum of 3 months) were considered eligible for this study. Women who became pregnant during the study period with the exception of those with congenital thrombophilia or other congenital abnormalities were included in our analysis. Primary outcome events, defined as early abortion or fetal death, were evaluated in relation to the laboratory classification category assigned to each patient at the time they were diagnosed with APS. RESULTS: A total of 97 pregnancies occurring in 79 primary APS patients during the study period were analyzed. Twelve out of 97 pregnancies were unsuccessful, 11 out of 65 (16.9%) in category I patients (more than one positive laboratory test) and 1 out of 32 (3.1%) in category II patients (single positive test; adjusted hazard ratio 1.9; 95% CI, 0.2 to 18.9, p=0.6). Pregnancy loss took place in 10 out of 19 pregnancies (52.6%) in women belonging to category I with triple positivity and in 1 out of 46 pregnancies (2.2%) in patients with double positivity. The rate of pregnancy loss was more frequent in the 19 pregnancies of patients with triple positivity than in the 46 pregnancies of double positive patients (adjusted hazard ratio 23, 95% CI, 1.3 to 408, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Poor pregnancy outcomes occur more frequently in category I than in category II primary APS patients. However, it has been seen that a greater predictability is achieved when category I patients are grouped into triple and double positivity states.