Unusual cutaneous metastatic carcinoma.

Most of metastatic tumors to the skin are from primary tumors of the breast, lung, or from melanoma; metastases to the skin from primary carcinomas at other sites are rare. Cutaneous metastases of visceral carcinomas most often occur in patients with advanced disease, and are associated with a poor prognosis. We report 6 cases of nonmammary, nonpulmonary carcinoma metastatic to the skin. Most patients were elderly with advanced disease at the time of diagnosis of skin metastasis. The primary tumor sites included the thyroid, esophagus, biliary tract, ovary, and prostate. Awareness of these rare cases of metastasis to the skin will help pathologists and clinicians make the correct diagnosis.

First identification of OXA-72 carbapenemase from Acinetobacter pittii in Colombia.

OXA-72 has been reported in few countries around the world. We report the first case in Colombia in an Acinetobacter pittii clinical isolate. The arrival of a new OXA, into a country with high endemic resistance, poses a significant threat, especially because the potential for widespread dissemination is considerable.

Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant, VIM-24, from a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Colombia.

We report the emergence of a novel VIM variant (VIM-24) in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate in Colombia. The isolate displays MICs for carbapenems below the resistance breakpoints, posing a real challenge for its detection. The blaVIM-24 gene was located within a class 1 integron carried on a large plasmid. Further studies are needed to clarify its epidemiological and clinical impact.

First characterization of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli ST131 and ST405 clones causing community-onset infections in South America.

CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli has emerged worldwide as an important pathogen associated with community-onset infections, but in South America reports are scarce. We document the presence of CTX-M-15-producing E. coli of the international ST131 and ST405 clones in Colombia and present the first molecular characterization of these isolates in South America.

CD4/CD8 Ratio in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes Involved by Sarcoidosis: Analysis of Flow Cytometry Data Obtained by Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration.

BACKGROUND: Despite mixed results in the literature, some clinicians continue to consider an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid to be supportive of a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. However, the CD4/CD8 ratio in mediastinal lymph nodes involved by sarcoidosis has not been extensively studied. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the CD4/CD8 ratio in mediastinal lymph node aspirates obtained by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for diagnosing sarcoidosis. METHODS: Our archives were searched for EBUS-TBNAs in which mediastinal lymph node aspirates had been submitted for flow cytometry (n=160). Clinical and pathologic findings in these cases were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were included in the study if they had (1) a clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis supported by cytopathologic confirmation of non-necrotizing granulomas in EBUS-TBNA-derived lymph node aspirates (23 cases), or (2) a pathologically confirmed non-neoplastic diagnosis other than sarcoidosis (7 cases). Cases that did not fulfil these criteria were excluded (130 cases). RESULTS: The CD4/CD8 ratios in mediastinal lymph nodes and BAL fluid were compared. The CD4/CD8 ratio was elevated in mediastinal lymph nodes in 12/23 (52%) cases of sarcoidosis and 3/7 (43%) pathologically confirmed nonsarcoid cases. BAL fluid had been concurrently submitted for flow cytometry in 20/23 cases of sarcoidosis and 5/7 nonsarcoid cases. CD4/CD8 was elevated in BAL fluid in 9/20 (45%) cases of sarcoidosis and 2/5 (40%) nonsarcoid cases. CONCLUSION: As in BAL fluid, the CD4/CD8 ratio in mediastinal lymph nodes involved by sarcoid granulomas is highly variable and does not reliably confirm or exclude sarcoidosis.

Hyperpigmented cutaneous lesions that flare-up with scratching: Darier's sign.

We present the case of a 40-year-old male with a past medical history of urticaria pigmentosa (UP) who presented for consultation to the Allergy clinic for an opinion of systemic mastocytosis. Previous workups included elevated serum tryptase level, UP on skin biopsy and an increased number of CD117-positive/CD25-positive mast cells on bone marrow biopsy. This case emphasizes the importance of physical findings such as Darier's sign in patients with hyperpigmented lesions, which virtually supports the diagnosis UP, raises the suspicion for systemic mastocytosis and guides further diagnostic evaluation. This case also outlines the management of systemic mastocytosis.

Current status of carbapenemases in Latin America.

Enterobacteriaceae and non fermenting Gram-negative bacilli have become a threat to public health, in part due to their resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, which ultimately have led to an increase in morbidity and mortality. ß-lactams are currently the mainstay for combating infections caused by these microorganisms, and ß-lactamases are the major mechanism of resistance to this class of antibiotics. Within the ß-lactamases, carbapenemases pose one of the gravest threats, as they compromise one of our most potent lines of defense, the carbapenems. Carbapenemases are being continuously identified worldwide; and in Latin America, numerous members of these enzymes have been reported. In this region, the high incidence of reports implies that carbapenemases have become a menace and that they are an issue that must be carefully studied and analyzed.