Characterization of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphate transporter Pho89.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pho89 mediates a cation-dependent transport of Pi across the plasma membrane. This integral membrane protein belongs to the Inorganic Phosphate Transporter (PiT) family, a group that includes the mammalian Na(+)/Pi cotransporters Pit1 and Pit2. Here we report that the Pichia pastoris expressed recombinant Pho89 was purified in the presence of Foscholine-12 and functionally reconstituted into proteoliposomes with a similar substrate specificity as observed in an intact cell system. The alpha-helical content of the Pho89 protein was estimated to 44%. EPR analysis showed that purified Pho89 protein undergoes conformational change upon addition of substrate.

Mutational analysis of putative phosphate- and proton-binding sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pho84 phosphate:H(+) transceptor and its effect on signalling to the PKA and PHO pathways.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Pho84 phosphate transporter acts as the main provider of phosphate to the cell using a proton symport mechanism, but also mediates rapid activation of the PKA (protein kinase A) pathway. These two features led to recognition of Pho84 as a transceptor. Although the physiological role of Pho84 has been studied in depth, the mechanisms underlying the transport and sensor functions are unclear. To obtain more insight into the structure-function relationships of Pho84, we have rationally designed and analysed site-directed mutants. Using a three-dimensional model of Pho84 created on the basis of the GlpT permease, complemented with multiple sequence alignments, we selected Arg(168) and Lys(492), and Asp(178), Asp(358) and Glu(473) as residues potentially involved in phosphate or proton binding respectively, during transport. We found that Asp(358) (helix 7) and Lys(492) (helix 11) are critical for the transport function, and might be part of the putative substrate-binding pocket of Pho84. Moreover, we show that alleles mutated in the putative proton-binding site Asp(358) are still capable of strongly activating PKA pathway targets, despite their severely reduced transport activity. This indicates that signalling does not require transport and suggests that mutagenesis of amino acid residues involved in binding of the co-transported ion may constitute a promising general approach to separate the transport and signalling functions in transceptors.

The intrinsic GTPase activity of the Gtr1 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

BACKGROUND: The Gtr1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a member of the RagA subfamily of the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily. Gtr1 has been implicated in various cellular processes. Particularly, the Switch regions in the GTPase domain of Gtr1 are essential for TORC1 activation and amino acid signaling. Therefore, knowledge about the biochemical activity of Gtr1 is required to understand its mode of action and regulation. RESULTS: By employing tryptophan fluorescence analysis and radioactive GTPase assays, we demonstrate that Gtr1 can adopt two distinct GDP- and GTP-bound conformations, and that it hydrolyses GTP much slower than Ras proteins. Using cysteine mutagenesis of Arginine-37 and Valine-67, residues at the Switch I and II regions, respectively, we show altered GTPase activity and associated conformational changes as compared to the wild type protein and the cysteine-less mutant. CONCLUSIONS: The extremely low intrinsic GTPase activity of Gtr1 implies requirement for interaction with activating proteins to support its physiological function. These findings as well as the altered properties obtained by mutagenesis in the Switch regions provide insights into the function of Gtr1 and its homologues in yeast and mammals.

Functionally important amino acids in the Arabidopsis thylakoid phosphate transporter: homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis.

The anion transporter 1 (ANTR1) from Arabidopsis thaliana, homologous to the mammalian members of the solute carrier 17 (SLC17) family, is located in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. When expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, ANTR1 mediates a Na(+)-dependent active transport of inorganic phosphate (P(i)). The aim of this study was to identify amino acid residues involved in P(i) binding and translocation by ANTR1 and in the Na(+) dependence of its activity. A three-dimensional structural model of ANTR1 was constructed using the crystal structure of glycerol 3-phosphate/phosphate antiporter from E. coli as a template. Based on this model and multiple sequence alignments, five highly conserved residues in plant ANTRs and mammalian SLC17 homologues have been selected for site-directed mutagenesis, namely, Arg-120, Ser-124, and Arg-201 inside the putative translocation pathway and Arg-228 and Asp-382 exposed at the cytoplasmic surface of the protein. The activities of the wild-type and mutant proteins have been analyzed using expression in E. coli and radioactive P(i) transport assays and compared with bacterial cells carrying an empty plasmid. The results from P(i)- and Na(+)-dependent kinetics indicate the following: (i) Arg-120 and Arg-201 may be important for binding and translocation of the substrate; (ii) Ser-124 may function as a transient binding site for Na(+) ions in close proximity to the periplasmic side; (iii) Arg-228 and Asp-382 may participate in interactions associated with protein conformational changes required for full transport activity. Functional characterization of ANTR1 should provide useful insights into the function of other plant and mammalian SLC17 homologous transporters.

Functional expression, purification and reconstitution of the recombinant phosphate transporter Pho89 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-affinity phosphate transporter Pho89 is a member of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter (PiT) family, and shares significant homology with the type III Na(+)/Pi symporters, hPit1 and hPit2. Currently, detailed biochemical and biophysical analyses of Pho89 to better understand its transport mechanisms are limited, owing to the lack of purified Pho89 in an active form. In the present study, we expressed functional Pho89 in the cell membrane of Pichia pastoris, solubilized it in Triton X-100 and foscholine-12, and purified it by immobilized nickel affinity chromatography combined with size exclusion chromatography. The protein eluted as an oligomer on the gel filtration column, and SDS/PAGE followed by western blotting analysis revealed that the protein appeared as bands of approximately 63, 140 and 520 kDa, corresponding to the monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric masses of the protein, respectively. Proteoliposomes containing purified and reconstituted Pho89 showed Na(+)-dependent Pi transport activity driven by an artificially imposed electrochemical Na(+) gradient. This implies that Pho89 operates as a symporter. Moreover, its activity is sensitive to the Na(+) ionophore monensin. To our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the functional reconstitution of a Pi-coupled PiT family member.

Characterization of the Yarrowia lipolytica YlSRP72 gene, a component of the yeast signal recognition particle.

The Yarrowia lipolytica SRP72 gene product (YlSRP72), a homolog of the 72-kDa subunit of the mammalian SRP, encodes a putative protein of 602 amino acids. Northern blot analysis revealed a unique YlSRP72-specific transcript of 1.8 kb. The deduced amino acid sequence showed higher identities with the Srp72 proteins of euascomycetes than with hemiascomycetes. Chromosomal hybridization experiments showed that the YlSRP72 gene is located in chromosome V of the standard E150 strain of Y. lipolytica. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the YlSRP72-GFP fusion protein was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The YlSRP72 gene was interrupted by the pop-out method; however, deletion of the gene proved to be lethal. This is in contrast to the results described for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRP72 gene, which is not essential for cell growth, and supports our previous finding with another component of the yeast recognition particle, YlSEC65. The present work suggests that SRP-dependent targeting is the main secretory pathway in Y. lipolytica, as has been described for higher eukaryotes.

Characterization of the Yarrowia lipolytica YlSRP72 gene, a component of the yeast signal recognition particle

The Yarrowia lipolytica SRP72 gene product (YlSRP72), a homolog of the 72-kDa subunit of the mammalian SRP, encodes a putative protein of 602 amino acids. Northern blot analysis revealed a unique YlSRP72-specific transcript of 1.8 kb. The deduced amino acid sequence showed higher identities with the Srp72 proteins of euascomycetes than with hemiascomycetes. Chromosomal hybridization experiments showed that the YlSRP72 gene is located in chromosome V of the standard E150 strain of Y. lipolytica. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that the YlSRP72-GFP fusion protein was expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The YlSRP72 gene was interrupted by the pop-out method; however, deletion of the gene proved to be lethal. This is in contrast to the results described for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRP72 gene, which is not essential for cell growth, and supports our previous finding with another component of the yeast recognition particle, YlSEC65. The present work suggests that SRP-dependent targeting is the main secretory pathway in Y. lipolytica, as has been described for higher eukaryotes (AU)

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