Lactobacillus paracasei metabolism of rice bran reveals metabolome associated with Salmonella Typhimurium growth reduction.

AIMS: This study aimed to determine the effect of a cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 27092 with and without rice bran extract (RBE) on Salmonella Typhimurium 14028s growth, and to identify a metabolite profile with antimicrobial functions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Supernatant was collected from overnight cultures of L. paracasei incubated in the presence (LP+RBE) or absence (LP) of RBE and applied to S. Typhimurium. LP+RBE reduced 13·1% more S. Typhimurium growth than LP after 16 h (P < 0·05). Metabolite profiles of LP and LP+RBE were examined using nontargeted global metabolomics consisting of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A comparison of LP and LP+RBE revealed 84 statistically significant metabolites (P < 0·05), where 20 were classified with antimicrobial functions. CONCLUSIONS: LP+RBE reduced S. Typhimurium growth to a greater extent than LP, and the metabolite profile distinctions suggested that RBE favourably modulates the metabolism of L. paracasei. These findings warrant continued investigation of probiotic and RBE antimicrobial activities across microenvironments and matrices where S. Typhimurium exposure is problematic. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study showed a novel metabolite profile of probiotic L. paracasei and prebiotic rice bran that increased antimicrobial activity against S. Typhimurium.

Pheromone: evidence in a decapod crustacean.

Males of the species Portunus sanguinolentus display a behavioral response to the presence of premolt females which is the same as their behavior when they are exposed to water in which premolt females have been kept. Release of a sex-attractant pheromone is indicated. When females are prevented from releasing urine, there is no evidence of the attractant.

Bifidobacterium longum-fermented rice bran and rice bran supplementation affects the gut microbiome and metabolome.

This study investigated gut microbiota composition along with food, host, and microbial derived metabolites in the colon and systemic circulation of healthy mice following dietary rice bran and fermented rice bran intake. Adult male BALB/c mice were fed a control diet or one of two experimental diets containing 10% w/w rice bran fermented by Bifidobacterium longum or 10% w/w non-fermented rice bran for 15 weeks. Metabolomics was performed on the study diets (food), the murine colon and whole blood. These were analysed in concert with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of faeces, caecum, and colon microbiomes. Principal components analysis of murine microbiota composition displayed marked separation between control and experimental diets, and between faecal and tissue (caecum and colon) microbiomes. Colon and caecal microbiomes in both experimental diet groups showed enrichment of Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Clostridiales related amplicon sequence variants compared to control. Bacterial composition was largely similar between experimental diets. Metabolite profiling revealed 530 small molecules comprising of 39% amino acids and 21% lipids that had differential abundances across food, colon, and blood matrices, and statistically significant between the control, rice bran, and fermented rice bran groups. The amino acid metabolite, N-delta-acetylornithine, was notably increased by B. longum rice bran fermentation when compared to non-fermented rice bran in food, colon, and blood. These findings support that dietary intake of rice bran fermented with B. longum modulates multiple metabolic pathways important to the gut and overall health.

Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor expression, activation and detection of endogenous ligand in trabecular meshwork and ciliary process tissues.

Elevated intraocular pressure is the primary risk factor for glaucoma. Cannabinoids interact with molecular targets in the eye and lower intraocular pressure by an unknown mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to examine eye tissues for functional cannabinoid receptors of the neuronal, CB(1) class, and an endogenous ligand, anandamide. The trabecular meshwork and ciliary processes are the primary structures of the eye that contribute to intraocular pressure and thus were our focus. Total RNA, frozen sections, cellular membranes and primary cultures of cells were prepared from both bovine and cadaveric human tissues. Using cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-specific oligodeoxynucleotide primers, cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antiserum, and cannabinoid-specific compounds (CP-55,940, WIN55,212-2 and SR-141716A), the presence of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in ciliary processes and trabecular meshwork was determined. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we identified mRNA encoding cannabinoid CB(1) receptor protein in ciliary process and trabecular meshwork cells. Specific binding of anti-CB(1) immunoglobulin-G in tissue sections localized cannabinoid CB(1) receptor protein to the non-pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary process and cells of the trabecular meshwork. While CP-55,940 and WIN55,212-2 failed to stimulate [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding in membrane preparations from trabecular meshwork and ciliary process, CP-55,940 significantly stimulated whole cell [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding by 51% over basal in ciliary process epithelial cells and 69% over basal in trabecular meshwork cells permeabilized with 5 microM digitonin (p<0.001). Specificity of agonist stimulation was verified by complete blockade with the specific cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR-141716A. Moreover, activation of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors by CP-55,940 resulted in a 2.3+/-0.3 and 1.7+/-0.3-fold stimulation of cAMP accumulation in trabecular meshwork and ciliary process cells, respectively (p<0.01). Lastly, anandamide was detected in human trabecular meshwork (3.08 pmol/g), ciliary process (49.42 pmol/g) and neurosensory retinal (4.48 pmol/g) tissues. These data, for the first time, demonstrate in a single study the presence of both CB(1) mRNA and protein in trabecular meshwork and ciliary processes from two different species. Activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins and stimulation of cAMP accumulation by cannabinoids in vitro suggest that their intraocular pressure-lowering effects in vivo result from activation of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in the trabecular meshwork and increase aqueous outflow.

Effects of cooked navy bean powder on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and safety in healthy adult dogs.

Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae) are a low glycemic index food containing protein, fiber, minerals, essential vitamins, and bioactive compounds and have not been evaluated for inclusion in commercial canine diets. The objective of this study was to establish the apparent total tract digestibility and safety of cooked navy bean powder when incorporated into a canine diet formulation at 25% (wt/wt) compared with a macro- and micro-nutrient matched control. Twenty-one healthy, free-living, male and female adult dogs of different breeds were used in a randomized, blinded, placebo controlled, 28-d dietary intervention study. Apparent total tract energy and nutrient digestibility of the navy bean powder diet were compared with the control diet. Digestibilities and ME content were 68.58 and 68.89% DM, 78.22 and 79.49% CP, 77.57 and 74.91% OM, 94.49 and 93.85% acid hydrolyzed fat, and 3,313 and 3,195 kcal ME/kg for the navy bean diet and control diet, respectively. No differences were observed between the groups. No increased flatulence or major change in fecal consistency was observed. Navy bean powder at 25% (wt/wt) of total diet was determined to be palatable (on the basis of intake and observation) and digestible in a variety of dog breeds. No changes were detected in clinical laboratory values, including complete blood counts, blood biochemical profiles, and urinalysis in either the bean or control diet groups. These results indicate that cooked navy bean powder can be safely included as a major food ingredient in canine diet formulations and provide a novel quality protein source, and its use warrants further investigation as a functional food for chronic disease control and prevention.