Clinical Features, Outcomes, and Response to Corticosteroid Treatment of Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study in the Czech Republic.

INTRODUCTION: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is a well-recognized cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to the tubulointerstitial inflammation. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical features, outcomes, and responses to corticosteroid treatment in patients with ATIN. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven ATIN, who were diagnosed between 1994 and 2016 at the Department of Nephrology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, were included in the study. Patient demographics, the aetiological and clinical features, the treatment given, and the outcome at 1 year of follow-up were extracted from patient records. RESULTS: A total of 103 ATIN patients were analysed, of which 68 had been treated with corticosteroids. There was no significant difference in the median serum creatinine 280 (169-569) µmol/L in the conservatively managed group versus 374 (249-558) µmol/L in the corticosteroid-treated group, p = 0.18, and dependence on dialysis treatment at baseline at the time of biopsy (10.3 vs. 8.6%). During the 1 year of follow-up, those ATIN patients who had been treated with corticosteroids did better and showed greater improvement in kidney function, determined as serum creatinine difference from baseline and from 1 month over 1-year period (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This single-centre retrospective cohort study supports the beneficial role of the administration of corticosteroid therapy in the management of ATIN.

In Vivo Expression of Chicken Gut Anaerobes Identifies Carbohydrate- or Amino Acid-Utilising, Motile or Type VI Secretion System-Expressing Bacteria.

Complex gut microbiota increases chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens. However, the principles of this phenomenon are not understood in detail. One of the possibilities for how to decipher the role of gut microbiota in chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens is to systematically characterise the gene expression of individual gut microbiota members colonising the chicken caecum. To reach this aim, newly hatched chicks were inoculated with bacterial species whose whole genomic sequence was known. Total protein purified from the chicken caecum was analysed by mass spectrometry, and the obtained spectra were searched against strain-specific protein databases generated from known genomic sequences. Campylobacter jejuni, Phascolarctobacterium sp. and Sutterella massiliensis did not utilise carbohydrates when colonising the chicken caecum. On the other hand, Bacteroides, Mediterranea, Marseilla, Megamonas, Megasphaera, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Escherichia coli and Succinatimonas fermented carbohydrates. C. jejuni was the only motile bacterium, and Bacteroides mediterraneensis expressed the type VI secretion system. Classification of in vivo expression is key for understanding the role of individual species in complex microbial populations colonising the intestinal tract. Knowledge of the expression of motility, the type VI secretion system, and preference for carbohydrate or amino acid fermentation is important for the selection of bacteria for defined competitive exclusion products.

Unveiling the Unexpected: Why Doctors Should Look beyond the Lungs when Predicting COVID-19 Mortality.

INTRODUCTION: The main objective of this study was to identify the best combination of admission day parameters for predicting COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients. Furthermore, we sought to compare the predictive capacity of pulmonary parameters to that of renal parameters for mortality from COVID-19. METHODS: In this retrospective study, all patients admitted to a tertiary hospital between September 1st, 2020, and December 31st, 2020, who were clinically symptomatic and tested positive for COVID-19, were included. We gathered extensive data on patient admissions, including laboratory results, comorbidities, chest X-ray (CXR) images, and SpO2 levels, to determine their role in predicting mortality. Experienced radiologists evaluated the CXR images and assigned a score from 0 to 18 based on the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. Further, we categorized patients into two independent groups based on their renal function using the RIFLE and KDIGO criteria to define the acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) groups. The first group ("AKI&CKD") was subdivided into six subgroups: normal renal function (A); CKD grade 2+3a (B); AKI-DROP (C); CKD grade 3b (D); AKI-RISE (E); and grade 4 + 5 CKD (F). The second group was based only on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the admission, and thus it was divided into four grades: grade 1, grade 2+3a, grade 3b, and grade 4 + 5. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 619 patients. Patients who died during hospitalization had a significantly higher mean radiological score compared to those who survived, with a p value <0.01. Moreover, we observed that the risk for mortality was significantly increased as renal function deteriorated, as evidenced by the AKI&CKD and eGFR groups (p < 0.001 for each group). Regarding mortality prediction, the area under the curve (AUC) for renal parameters (AKI&CKD group, eGFR group, and age) was found to be superior to that of pulmonary parameters (age, radiological score, SpO2, CRP, and D-dimer) with an AUC of 0.8068 versus 0.7667. However, when renal and pulmonary parameters were combined, the AUC increased to 0.8813. Optimal parameter combinations for predicting mortality from COVID-19 were identified for three medical settings: Emergency Medical Service (EMS), the Emergency Department, and the Internal Medicine Floor. The AUC for these settings was 0.7874, 0.8614, and 0.8813, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that selected renal parameters are superior to pulmonary parameters in predicting COVID-19 mortality for patients requiring hospitalization. When combining both renal and pulmonary factors, the predictive ability of mortality significantly improved. Additionally, we identified the optimal combination of factors for mortality prediction in three distinct settings: EMS, Emergency Department, and Internal Medicine Floor.

Transient Elastography as the First-Line Assessment of Liver Fibrosis and Its Correlation with Serum Markers.

Background and objectives: Recently, rapid progress has been made in the development of noninvasive methods for liver fibrosis assessment. The study aimed to assess the correlation between LSM and serum fibrosis markers to identify patients with advanced liver fibrosis in daily clinical practice. Methods: Between 2017 and 2019, 89 patients with chronic liver disease of various etiology, 58 males and 31 females, were enrolled in the study and underwent ultrasound examination, vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI score), Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, and enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test. Results: The diagnoses were as follows: NAFLD (30.3%), HCV (24.3%), HBV (13.1%), ALD (10.1%), other (7.8%). Their median age was 49 (21-79), and their median BMI was 27.5 (18.4-39.5). The median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was 6.7 kPa (2.9-54.2 kPa), the median of the ELF test was 9.0 (7.3-12.6), and the median APRI was 0.40 (0.13-3.13). Advanced fibrosis assessed by LSM was present in 18/89 (20.2%) patients. The LSM values correlated with the ELF test results (r2 = 0.31, p < 0.0001), with the APRI score (r2 = 0.23, p < 0.0001), the age of the patients (r2 = 0.14, p < 0.001), and with the FIB-4 values (r2 = 0.58, p < 0.0001). The ELF test values correlated with the APRI score (r2 = 0.14, p = 0.001), the age (r2 = 0.38, p < 0.0001), and the FIB-4 (r2 = 0.34, p < 0.0001). By determining the confidence intervals of the linear model, we proved that patients younger than 38.1 years have a 95% probability of absence of advanced liver fibrosis when assessed by VCTE. Conclusions: We identified APRI and FIB-4 as simple tools for screening liver disease in primary care in an unselected population of patients. The results also showed that individuals younger than 38.1 years had a negligible risk of advanced liver fibrosis.

A case report: Acute kidney injury with progression to chronicity in an eldery woman.

Acute renal failure in elderly patients can be caused by a wide spectrum of diseases that usually have a cause outside the kidney. The most common causes include renal impairment as part of ANCA vasculitis, another category includes clonal plasmatic cell disease with light chain cast nephropathy; and there also exists an increasing number of drug-induced tubulointerstial damage. We present a case of iatrogenic less common form of acute failure in a 73-year-old woman, who did not suffer from any serious disease until then. Although the biopsy helped to determine the cause of the failure and thus affect subsequent therapy, the function did not return to the previous state and the patient progressed to CKD G3bA1 with serum creatinine values of around 170-140 µmol/l.

A mutation in the SAA1 promoter causes hereditary amyloid A amyloidosis.

Amyloid A amyloidosis is a serious clinical condition resulting from the systemic deposition of amyloid A originating from serum amyloid A proteins with the kidneys being the most commonly and earliest affected organ. Previously described amyloid A amyloidosis is linked to increased production and deposition of serum amyloid A proteins secondary to inflammatory conditions arising from infectious, metabolic, or genetic causes. Here we describe a family with primary amyloid A amyloidosis due to a chr11:18287683 T>C (human genome version19) mutation in the SAA1 promoter linked to the amyloidogenic SAA1.1 haplotype. This condition leads to a doubling of the basal SAA1 promoter activity and sustained elevation of serum amyloid A levels that segregated in an autosomal dominant pattern in 12 genetically affected and in none of six genetically unaffected relatives, yielding a statistically significant logarithm of odds (LOD) score over 5. Affected individuals developed proteinuria, chronic kidney disease and systemic deposition of amyloid composed specifically of the SAA1.1 isoform. Tocilizumab (a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor) had a beneficial effect when prescribed early in the disease course. Idiopathic forms represent a significant and increasing proportion (15-20%) of all diagnosed cases of amyloid A amyloidosis. Thus, genetic screening of the SAA1 promoter should be pursued in individuals with amyloid A amyloidosis and no systemic inflammation, especially if there is a positive family history.

Succession, Replacement, and Modification of Chicken Litter Microbiota.

Chickens are in constant interaction with their environment, e.g., bedding and litter, and their microbiota. However, how litter microbiota develops over time and whether bedding and litter microbiota may affect the cecal microbiota is not clear. We addressed these questions using sequencing of V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes of cecal, bedding, and litter samples from broiler breeder chicken flocks for 4 months of production. Cecal, bedding, and litter samples were populated by microbiota of distinct composition. The microbiota in the bedding material did not expand in the litter. Similarly, major species from litter microbiota did not expand in the cecum. Only cecal microbiota was found in the litter forming approximately 20% of total litter microbiota. A time-dependent development of litter microbiota was observed. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Weissella jogaejeotgali were characteristic of fresh litter during the first month of production. Corynebacterium casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus salivarius dominated in a 2-month-old litter, Brevibacterium, Brachybacterium, and Sphingobacterium were characteristic for 3-month-old litter, and Salinococcus, Dietzia, Yaniella, and Staphylococcus lentus were common in a 4-month-old litter. Although the development was likely determined by physicochemical conditions in the litter, it might be interesting to test some of these species for active modification of litter to improve the chicken environment and welfare. IMPORTANCE Despite intimate contact, the composition of bedding, litter, and cecal microbiota differs considerably. Species characteristic for litter microbiota at different time points of chicken production were identified thus opening the possibility for active manipulation of litter microbiota.

Influence of heat stress on intestinal integrity and the caecal microbiota during Enterococcus cecorum infection in broilers.

Enterococcus cecorum (EC) is one of the most relevant bacterial pathogens in modern broiler chicken production from an economic and animal welfare perspective. Although EC pathogenesis is generally well described, predisposing factors are still unknown. This study aimed to understand the effect of heat stress on the caecal microbiota, intestinal integrity, and EC pathogenesis. A total of 373 1-day-old commercial broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) noninoculated, thermoneutral conditions (TN); (2) noninoculated, heat stress conditions (HS); (3) EC-inoculated, thermoneutral conditions (TN + EC); and (4) EC-inoculated, heat stress conditions (HS + EC). Birds were monitored daily for clinical signs. Necropsy of 20 broilers per group was performed at 7, 14, 21, and 42 days post-hatch (dph). A trend towards enhanced and more pronounced clinical disease was observed in the EC-inoculated, heat-stressed group. EC detection rates in extraintestinal tissues via culture were higher in the HS + EC group (~19%) than in the TN + EC group (~11%). Significantly more birds were colonized by EC at 7 dph in the HS + EC group (100%) than in the TN + EC group (65%, p < 0.05). The caecal microbiota in the two EC-inoculated groups was significantly more diverse than that in the TN group (p < 0.05) at 14 dph, which may indicate an effect of EC infection. An influence of heat stress on mRNA expression of tight junction proteins in the caecum was detected at 7 dph, where all six investigated tight junction proteins were expressed at significantly lower levels in the heat stressed groups compared to the thermoneutral groups. These observations suggest that heat stress may predispose broilers to EC-associated disease and increase the severity thereof. Furthermore, heat stress may impair intestinal integrity and promote EC translocation.

Can Renal Parameters Predict the Mortality of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients?

INTRODUCTION: Our study aimed to analyze whether renal parameters can predict mortality from COVID-19 disease in hospitalized patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort includes all adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 disease who were consecutively admitted to the tertiary hospital during the 4-month period (September 1 to December 31, 2020). We analyzed their basic laboratory values, urinalysis, comorbidities, length of hospitalization, and survival. The RIFLE and KDIGO criteria were used for AKI and CKD grading, respectively. To display renal function evolution and the severity of renal damage, we subdivided patients further into 6 groups as follows: group 1 (normal renal function), group 2 (CKD grades 2 + 3a), group 3 (AKI-DROP defined as whose s-Cr level dropped by >33.3% during the hospitalization), group 4 (CKD 3b), group 5 (CKD 4 + 5), and group 6 (AKI-RISE defined as whose s-Cr level was elevated by ≥50% within 7 days or by ≥26.5 µmol/L within 48 h during hospitalization). Then, we used eGFR on admission independently of renal damage to check whether it can predict mortality. Only 4 groups were used: group I - normal renal function (eGFR > 1.5 mL/s), group II - mild renal involvement (eGFR 0.75-1.5), group III - moderate (eGFR 0.5-0.75), and group IV - severe (GFR <0.5). RESULTS: A total of 680 patients were included in our cohort; among them, 244 patients displayed normal renal function, 207 patients fulfilled AKI, and 229 patients suffered from CKD. In total, a significantly higher mortality rate was found in the AKI and the CKD groups versus normal renal function - 37.2% and 32.3% versus 9.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). In addition, the groups 1-6 divided by severity of renal damage reported mortality of 9.4%, 21.2%, 24.1%, 48.7%, 62.8%, and 55.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean hospitalization duration of alive patients with normal renal findings was 9.5 days, while it was 12.1 days in patients with any renal damage (p < 0.001). When all patients were compared according to eGFR on admission, the mortality was as follows: group I (normal) 9.8%, group II (mild) 22.1%, group III (moderate) 40.9%, and group IV (severe) 50.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). It was a significantly better mortality predictor than CRP on admission (AUC 0.7053 vs. 0.6053). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in patients with abnormal renal function was 3 times higher compared to patients with normal renal function. Also, patients with renal damage had a worse and longer hospitalization course. Lastly, eGFR on admission, independently of renal damage type, was an excellent tool for predicting mortality. Further, the change in s-Cr levels during hospitalization reflected the mortality prognosis.

Expert opinion on the cooperation of diabetologists and internists with nephrologists in the care of patients with chronic kidney diseases.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the population of developed countries and significantly affects the population health. In addition to the well-known renoprotection tools slowing down the progression of CKD, SGLT2 inhibitors have been newly introduced into clinical practice based on the results of extensive studies, both in diabetics and non-diabetics. This expert opinion discusses the classification of CKD, current renoprotection options, and the recent role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the care of patients with CKD.

Repertoire analysis of γδ T cells in the chicken enables functional annotation of the genomic region revealing highly variable pan-tissue TCR gamma V gene usage as well as identifying public and private repertoires.

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing interest in γδ T cells and their non-classical behaviour, most studies focus on animals with low numbers of circulating γδ T cells, such as mice and humans. Arguably, γδ T cell functions might be more prominent in chickens where these cells form a higher proportion of the circulatory T cell compartment. The TCR repertoire defines different subsets of γδ T cells, and such analysis is facilitated by well-annotated TCR loci. γδ T cells are considered at the cusp of innate and adaptive immunity but most functions have been identified in γδ low species. A deeper understanding of TCR repertoire biology in γδ high and γδ low animals is critical for defining the evolution of the function of γδ T cells. Repertoire dynamics will reveal populations that can be classified as innate-like or adaptive-like as well as those that straddle this definition. RESULTS: Here, a recent discrepancy in the structure of the chicken TCR gamma locus is resolved, demonstrating that tandem duplication events have shaped the evolution of this locus. Importantly, repertoire sequencing revealed large differences in the usage of individual TRGV genes, a pattern conserved across multiple tissues, including thymus, spleen and the gut. A single TRGV gene, TRGV3.3, with a highly diverse private CDR3 repertoire dominated every tissue in all birds. TRGV usage patterns were partly explained by the TRGV-associated recombination signal sequences. Public CDR3 clonotypes represented varying proportions of the repertoire of TCRs utilising different TRGVs, with one TRGV dominated by super-public clones present in all birds. CONCLUSIONS: The application of repertoire analysis enabled functional annotation of the TCRG locus in a species with a high circulating γδ phenotype. This revealed variable usage of TCRGV genes across multiple tissues, a pattern quite different to that found in γδ low species (human and mouse). Defining the repertoire biology of avian γδ T cells will be key to understanding the evolution and functional diversity of these enigmatic lymphocytes in an animal that is numerically more reliant on them. Practically, this will reveal novel ways in which these cells can be exploited to improve health in medical and veterinary contexts.

Neuropeptide Y as a risk factor for cardiorenal disease and cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: translational opportunities and challenges.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide member of a family also including peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, which are all ligands to Gi/Go coupled receptors. NPY regulates several fundamental biologic functions including appetite/satiety, sex and reproduction, learning and memory, cardiovascular and renal function and immune functions. The mesenteric circulation is a major source of NPY in the blood in man and this peptide is considered a key regulator of gut-brain cross talk. A progressive increase in circulating NPY accompanies the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) toward kidney failure and NPY robustly predicts cardiovascular events in this population. Furthermore, NPY is suspected as a possible player in accelerated cognitive function decline and dementia in patients with CKD and in dialysis patients. In theory, interfering with the NPY system has relevant potential for the treatment of diverse diseases from cardiovascular and renal diseases to diseases of the central nervous system. Pharmaceutical formulations for effective drug delivery and cost, as well as the complexity of diseases potentially addressable by NPY/NPY antagonists, have been a problem until now. This in part explains the slow progress of knowledge about the NPY system in the clinical arena. There is now renewed research interest in the NPY system in psychopharmacology and in pharmacology in general and new studies and a new breed of clinical trials may eventually bring the expected benefits in human health with drugs interfering with this system.

Funding kidney research as a public health priority: challenges and opportunities.

Medical societies have a social responsibility to disseminate knowledge and inform health authorities on threats to public health posed by various diseases. Advocacy for health protection programmes and for medical research funding is now embedded into the missions of most scientific societies. To promote kidney research funding in Europe, the European Renal Association - European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA), rather than acting as an individual society advocating for the fight against kidney disease, has actively helped to create an alliance of national associations centred on kidney diseases, the European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA), and joined the Biomedical Alliance (BMA). The ERA-EDTA is fully committed to supporting its working groups (WGs) and consortia of its members to allow them to produce valuable kidney research. The framing and formalization of projects, and the regulatory issues related to submission to the European Commission, are complex. To help WGs to gain expert advice from agencies with specific know-how, the ERA-EDTA has adopted a competitive approach. The best research projects proposed by WGs and consortia of other European investigators will receive seed funding to cover the costs of consultancy by expert agencies. Via its broader platforms, the EKHA and the BMA, the ERA-EDTA will strive towards broader recognition of kidney disease and related clusters of non-communicable diseases, by European and national agencies, as major threats to the qualities of life of their populations and their economies.

Typhlitis induced by Histomonas meleagridis affects relative but not the absolute Escherichia coli counts and invasion in the gut in turkeys.

Unlike in chickens, dynamics of the gut microbiome in turkeys is limitedly understood and no data were yet published in context of pathological changes following experimental infection. Thus, the impact of Histomonas meleagridis-associated inflammatory changes in the caecal microbiome, especially the Escherichia coli population and their caecal wall invasion in turkeys was investigated. Birds experimentally inoculated with attenuated and/or virulent H. meleagridis and non-inoculated negative controls were divided based on the severity of macroscopic caecal lesions. The high throughput amplicon sequencing of 16SrRNA showed that the species richness and diversity of microbial community significantly decreased in severely affected caeca. The relative abundances of operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerotignum lactatifermentans, E. coli, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were higher and paralleled with a decreased abundances of those belonging to Alistipes putredinis, Streptococcus alactolyticus, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri in birds with the highest lesion scores. Although the relative abundance of E. coli was higher, the absolute count was not affected by the severity of pathological lesions. Immunohistochemistry showed that E. coli was only present in the luminal content of caecum and did not penetrate even severely inflamed and necrotized caecal wall. Overall, it was demonstrated that the fundamental shift in caecal microbiota of turkeys infected with H. meleagridis was attributed to the pathology induced by the parasite, which only led to relative but not absolute changes in E. coli population. Furthermore, E. coli cells did not show tendency to penetrate the caecal tissue even when the intestinal mucosal barriers were severely compromised.

Ecological Adaptations of Gut Microbiota Members and Their Consequences for Use as a New Generation of Probiotics.

In this review, we link ecological adaptations of different gut microbiota members with their potential for use as a new generation of probiotics. Gut microbiota members differ in their adaptations to survival in aerobic environments. Interestingly, there is an inverse relationship between aerobic survival and abundance or potential for prolonged colonization of the intestinal tract. Facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant Lactobacilli and endospore-forming Firmicutes exhibit high fluctuation, and if such bacteria are to be used as probiotics, they must be continuously administered to mimic their permanent supply from the environment. On the other hand, species not expressing any form of aerobic resistance, such as those from phylum Bacteroidetes, commonly represent host-adapted microbiota members characterized by vertical transmission from mothers to offspring, capable of long-term colonization following a single dose administration. To achieve maximal probiotic efficacy, the mode of their administration should thus reflect their natural ecology.

Obstructive Jaundice Secondary to Pancreatic Head Metastasis of Malignant Amelanotic Melanoma as the First Clinical Manifestation.

Malignant melanoma is commonly known for its high probability of metastasizing to distant organs. Metastases to gastrointestinal tract are well documented, but resulting jaundice is only scarcely seen. We present a case of histologically verified metastasis of amelanotic melanoma to the head of pancreas infiltrating the common bile duct and consequently causing obstructive jaundice which constituted its first clinical manifestation. Multidisciplinary approach is essential in patients with malignant melanoma since early detection of the melanoma or its metastases may improve patients' clinical outcome, especially owing to the use of targeted biological treatment without any delay.

The nephrology crystal ball: the medium-term future.

In January 2019, the ERA-EDTA surveyed nephrologists with questions on kidney care and kidney research designed to explore comprehension of the impact of alterations to organization of renal care and of advancements in technology and knowledge of kidney disease. Eight hundred and twenty-five ERA-EDTA members, ∼13% of the whole ERA-EDTA membership, replied to an ad hoc questionnaire. More than half of the respondents argued that kidney centres will be increasingly owned by large dialysis providers, nearly a quarter of respondents felt that many medical aspects of dialysis will be increasingly overseen by non-nephrologists and a quarter (24%) also believed that the care and long-term follow-up of kidney transplant patients will be increasingly under the responsibility of transplant physicians caring for patients with any organ transplant. Nearly half of the participants (45%, n = 367) use fully electronic clinical files integrating the clinical ward, the outpatient clinics, the haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis units, as well as transplantation. Smartphone-based self-management programmes for the care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are scarcely applied (only 11% of surveyed nephrologists), but a substantial proportion of respondents (74%) are eager to know more about the potential usefulness of these apps. Finally, European nephrologists expressed a cautious optimism about the application of omic sciences to nephrology and on wearable and implantable kidneys, but their expectations for the medium term are limited.

Interleukin 4 inducible 1 gene (IL4I1) is induced in chicken phagocytes by Salmonella Enteritidis infection.

In attempt to identify genes that are induced in chickens by Salmonella Enteritidis we identified a new highly inducible gene, interleukin 4 induced 1 gene (IL4I1). IL4I1 reached its peak expression (458× induction) in the cecum of newly hatched chickens 4 days post-infection and remained upregulated for an additional 10 days. IL4I1 was expressed and induced in macrophages and granulocytes, both at the mRNA and protein level. IL4I1 was expressed and induced also in CD4 and γδ T-lymphocytes though at a 50-fold lower level than in phagocytes. Expression of IL4I1 was not detected in CD8 T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. Mutation of IL4I1 in chicken HD11 macrophages did not affect their bactericidal capacity against S. Enteritidis but negatively affected their oxidative burst after PMA stimulation. We therefore propose that IL4I1 is not directly involved in bactericidal activity of phagocytes and, instead, it is likely involved in the control of inflammatory response and signaling to T and B lymphocytes.

Crystalopathy - underestimated entity in nephrology.

Crystal is a solid particle with a geometric shape because its atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular ordered structure. However, in case of accidental order of the particles, we are talking about the amorphous substances which can also form crystallike particles. Crystallopathy is a disease that involves crystals of crystallike particulate matter in the pathogenesis of tissue injury. Generally, several predominant pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in the formation of crystallopathies: necroinflammation, chronic remodeling of tissues leading to their atrophy and scarring, and obstruction of ducts, cavities or vessels by larger crystalline masses or stones. The basic distribution of crystallopathies in nephrology is as follows: renovascular crystallopathy (type 1), tubular crystallopathy (type 2), and finally urolithiasis (type 3) (tab. 1). Nowadays, the issue of crystallopathies in general medicine is omitted frequently not only among a wide range of professionals in the field of internal medicine but also in the field of specialists - nephrologists, urologist etc. One of the possible reasons may be the complexity and difficulty of grasping a wideranging topic, so it is our intention to provide an overview of the latest findings and possible approaches to this problem.

Hepatorenal syndrome - update 2020.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a serious complication in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and ascites occurring simultaneously. According to current diagnostic criteria it is considered as one of the less common forms of acute kidney injury (AKI), referred to as HRS-AKI. As a result of the revision of the diagnostic criteria, there was a significant shift in the diagnosis of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis, allowing early initiation of adequate measures and appropriate treatment. The following article describes the issue of AKI in liver cirrhosis in a wider context, the diagnostic criteria and algorithm of HRS-AKI treatment.