Magneto-Mechano-Electric (MME) Composite Devices for Energy Harvesting and Magnetic Field Sensing Applications.

Magneto-mechano-electric (MME) composite devices have been used in energy harvesting and magnetic field sensing applications due to their advantages including their high-performance, simple structure, and stable properties. Recently developed MME devices can convert stray magnetic fields into electric signals, thus generating an output power of over 50 mW and detecting ultra-tiny magnetic fields below pT. These inherent outstanding properties of MME devices can enable the development of not only self-powered energy harvesters for internet of thing (IoT) systems but also ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensors for diagnosis of human bio-magnetism or others. This manuscript provides a brief overview of recently reported high-performance MME devices for energy harvesting and magnetic sensing applications.

Recent Progress in Devices Based on Magnetoelectric Composite Thin Films.

The strain-driven interfacial coupling between the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric constituents of magnetoelectric (ME) composites makes them potential candidates for novel multifunctional devices. ME composites in the form of thin-film heterostructures show promising applications in miniaturized ME devices. This article reports the recent advancement in ME thin-film devices, such as highly sensitive magnetic field sensors, ME antennas, integrated tunable ME inductors, and ME band-pass filters, is discussed. (Pb1-xZrx)TiO3 (PZT), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), Aluminium nitride (AlN), and Al1-xScxN are the most commonly used piezoelectric constituents, whereas FeGa, FeGaB, FeCo, FeCoB, and Metglas (FeCoSiB alloy) are the most commonly used magnetostrictive constituents in the thin film ME devices. The ME field sensors offer a limit of detection in the fT/Hz1/2 range at the mechanical resonance frequency. However, below resonance, different frequency conversion techniques with AC magnetic or electric fields or the delta-E effect are used. Noise floors of 1-100 pT/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz were obtained. Acoustically actuated nanomechanical ME antennas operating at a very-high frequency as well as ultra-high frequency (0.1-3 GHz) range, were introduced. The ME antennas were successfully miniaturized by a few orders smaller in size compared to the state-of-the-art conventional antennas. The designed antennas exhibit potential application in biomedical devices and wearable antennas. Integrated tunable inductors and band-pass filters tuned by electric and magnetic field with a wide operating frequency range are also discussed along with miniaturized ME energy harvesters.

Simultaneous removal of radioactive cesium and strontium from seawater using a highly efficient Prussian blue-embedded alginate aerogel.

Radioactive cesium (137Cs) and strontium (90Sr) contaminants in seawater have been a serious problem since the Fukushima accident in 2011 due to their long-term health risks. For the effective and simultaneous removal of radioactive cesium (137Cs) and strontium (90Sr) from seawater, a Prussian blue (PB)-immobilized alginate aerogel (PB-alginate aerogel) was fabricated and its adsorption performance was evaluated. PB nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the three-dimensional porous alginate aerogel matrix, which enabled facile contact with seawater. The PB-alginate aerogel exhibited Cs+ and Sr2+ adsorption capacities of 19.88 and 20.10 mg/g, respectively, without substantial interference because Cs+ and Sr2+ adsorption occurred at different adsorption sites on the composite. The Cs+ and Sr2+ adsorption onto the PB-alginate aerogel was completed within 3 h due to the highly porous morphology of the aerogel. The Cs+ and Sr2+ adsorption behaviors on the PB-alginate aerogel were systematically investigated under various conditions. Compared with Cs+ adsorption, Sr2+ adsorption onto the PB-alginate aerogel was more strongly influenced by competing cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+) in seawater. 137Cs and 90Sr removal tests in real seawater demonstrated the practical feasibility of the PB-alginate aerogel as an adsorbent.

Pyroelectric Energy Conversion and Its Applications-Flexible Energy Harvesters and Sensors.

Among the various forms of natural energies, heat is the most prevalent and least harvested energy. Scavenging and detecting stray thermal energy for conversion into electrical energy can provide a cost-effective and reliable energy source for modern electrical appliances and sensor applications. Along with this, flexible devices have attracted considerable attention in scientific and industrial communities as wearable and implantable harvesters in addition to traditional thermal sensor applications. This review mainly discusses thermal energy conversion through pyroelectric phenomena in various lead-free as well as lead-based ceramics and polymers for flexible pyroelectric energy harvesting and sensor applications. The corresponding thermodynamic heat cycles and figures of merit of the pyroelectric materials for energy harvesting and heat sensing applications are also briefly discussed. Moreover, this study provides guidance on designing pyroelectric materials for flexible pyroelectric and hybrid energy harvesting.

A Comparison Study of Fatigue Behavior of Hard and Soft Piezoelectric Single Crystal Macro-Fiber Composites for Vibration Energy Harvesting.

Designing a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) with high power density and high fatigue resistance is essential for the successful replacement of the currently using batteries in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Among the various designs, the PEH comprising of a cantilever structure as a passive layer and piezoelectric single crystal-based fiber composites (SFC) as an active layer showed excellent performance due to its high electromechanical properties and dynamic flexibilities that are suitable for low frequency vibrations. In the present study, an effort was made to investigate the reliable performance of hard and soft SFC based PEHs. The base acceleration of both PEHs is held at 7 m/s2 and the frequency of excitation is tuned to their resonant frequency (fr) and then the output power (Prms) is monitored for 107 fatigue cycles. The effect of fatigue cycles on the output voltage, vibration displacement, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties of PEHs was analyzed. It was noticed that fatigue-induced performance degradation is more prominent in soft SFC-based PEH (SS-PEH) than in hard SFC-based PEH (HS-PEH). The HS-PEH showed a slight degradation in the output power due to a shift in fr, however, no degradation in the maximum power was noticed, in fact, dielectric and ferroelectric properties were improved even after 107 vibration cycles. In this context, the present study provides a pathway to consider the fatigue life of piezoelectric material for the designing of PEH to be used at resonant conditions for long-term operation.

Preparation of highly stable zeolite-alginate foam composite for strontium(90Sr) removal from seawater and evaluation of Sr adsorption performance.

Alginate bead is a promising strontium (Sr) adsorbent in seawater, but highly concentrated Na ions caused over-swelling and damaged the hydrogel bead. To improve the mechanical stability of alginate bead, flexible foam-type zeolite-alginate composite was synthesized and Sr adsorption performance was evaluated in seawater; 1-10% zeolite immobilized alginate foams were prepared by freeze-dry technique. Immobilization of zeolite into alginate foam converted macro-pores to meso-pores which lead to more compact structure. It resulted in less swollen composite in seawater medium and exhibited highly improved mechanical stability compared with alginate bead. Besides, Sr adsorption efficiency and selectivity were enhanced by immobilization of zeolite in alginate foam due to the increase of Sr binding sites (zeolite). In particular, Sr selectivity against Na was highly improved. The 10% zeolite-alginate foam exhibited a higher log Kd of 3.3, while the pure alginate foam exhibited 2.7 in the presence of 0.1 M Na. Finally, in the real seawater, the 10% zeolite-alginate foam exhibited 1.5 times higher Sr adsorption efficiency than the pure alginate foam. This result reveals that zeolite-alginate foam composite is appropriate material for Sr removal in seawater due to its swelling resistance as well as improved Sr adsorption performance in complex media.

Onset potential behavior in α-Fe2O3 photoanodes: the influence of surface and diffusion Sn doping on the surface states.

The onset potential is an important parameter that affects the water oxidation performance of photoanodes. Herein, we investigated the behavior of the photocurrent onset potential of hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes by incorporating Sn(4+) cations via external (surface overlayer) or self (underlying FTO substrate) doping. The α-Fe2O3/FTO photoanodes fabricated at both low (550 °C) and high (800 °C) temperatures were chosen for surface Sn(4+) doping (0-10 mM SnCl4). At the lower temperature, Sn(4+) doping enriched the conductivity of α-Fe2O3/FTO, thereby improving the photocurrent response at higher applied potentials. In addition, the surface incorporation of Sn(4+) shifted the onset of the water oxidation reaction in the positive direction. In the case of high temperature-annealed photoanodes, Sn leaching (resulting from FTO deformation) also affected the water oxidation performance of the photoanodes. This was caused by the loss of FTO conductivity as well as by the unfavourable surface properties due to the excessive incorporation of Sn ions (SnOx) into the hematite matrix. The anodic shift of the onset potential in both cases was due to the decreased surface state capacitance, as revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The different annealing conditions, where lattice distortion and deformation-directed Sn diffusion-doping occur, were also found to affect the surface states associated with hematite and its water oxidation onset potential. Crystallographic analyses made by synchrotron XRD further support the results obtained from the EIS study. Sn doping was found to be concurrent with the respective changes in the (104) and (110) planes of hematite, which are associated with the onset potential-driving surface states and the photocurrent-boosting electron mobility, respectively.

Assessment of Strain-Generated Oxygen Vacancies Using SrTiO3 Bicrystals.

Atomic-scale defects strongly influence the electrical and optical properties of materials, and their impact can be more pronounced in localized dimensions. Here, we directly demonstrate that strain triggers the formation of oxygen vacancies in complex oxides by examining the tilt boundary of SrTiO3 bicrystals. Through transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we identify strains along the tilt boundary and oxygen vacancies in the strain-imposed regions between dislocation cores. First-principles calculations support that strains, irrespective of their type or sign, lower the formation energy of oxygen vacancies, thereby enhancing vacancy formation. Finally, current-voltage measurements confirm that such oxygen vacancies at the strained boundary result in a decrease of the nonlinearity of the I-V curve as well as the resistivity. Our results strongly indicate that oxygen vacancies are preferentially formed and are segregated at the regions where strains accumulate, such as heterogeneous interfaces and grain boundaries.

Investigation of the strontium (Sr(II)) adsorption of an alginate microsphere as a low-cost adsorbent for removal and recovery from seawater.

In this paper, we investigated alginate microspheres as a low-cost adsorbent for strontium (Sr(II)) removal and recovery from seawater. Alginate microspheres have demonstrated a superior adsorption capacity for Sr(II) ions (≈110 mg/g). A Freundlich isotherm model fits well with the Sr(II) adsorption of an alginate microsphere. The mechanism of Sr(II) adsorption is inferred as an ion exchange reaction with Ca(II) ions. The effects of the solution pH and co-existing ions in seawater are also investigated. Except for a pH of 1-2, Sr(II) adsorption capacity is not affected by pH. However, increasing the seawater concentration of metal cations seriously decreases Sr(II) uptake. In particular, highly concentrated (15,000 mg/L) Na(I) ions significantly interfere with Sr(II) adsorption. Sr(II) desorption was performed using 0.1 M HCl and CaCl2. Both regenerants show an excellent desorption efficiency, but the FTIR spectrum reveals that the chemical structure of the microsphere is destroyed after repeated use of HCl. Conversely, CaCl2 successfully desorbed Sr(II) without damage, and the Sr(II) adsorption capacity does not decrease after three repeated uses. The alginate microsphere was also applied to the adsorption of Sr(II) in a real seawater medium. Because of inhibition by co-existing ions, the Sr(II) adsorption capacity was decreased and the adsorption rate was retarded compared with D.I. water. Although the Sr(II) adsorption capacity was decreased, the alginate microsphere still exhibited 17.8 mg/g of Sr(II) uptake in the seawater medium. Considering its excellent Sr(II) uptake in seawater and its reusability, an alginate microsphere is an appropriate cost-effective adsorbent for the removal and recovery of Sr(II) from seawater.

Arsenite oxidation initiated by the UV photolysis of nitrite and nitrate.

This study demonstrates that the production of reactive oxidizing species (e.g., hydroxyl radical (•OH)) during the photolysis of nitrite (NO2(-)) or nitrate (NO3(-)) leads to the oxidative conversion of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)). While the direct UV photolytic oxidation of As(III) was absent, nitrite (20 or 200 µM) addition markedly accelerated the oxidation of As(III) under UV irradiation (λ > 295 nm), which implies a role of NO2(-) as a photosensitizer for As(III) oxidation. Nitrate-mediated photooxidation of As(III) revealed an initial lag phase during which NO3(-) is converted into NO2(-). UV-Photosensitized oxidation of As(III) was kinetically enhanced under acidic pH condition where nitrous acid (HNO2) with a high quantum yield for •OH production is a predominant form of nitrite. On the other hand, alkaline pH that favors the photoinduced transformation of NO3(-) to NO2(-) significantly facilitated the catalytic reduction/oxidation cycling, which enabled the complete oxidation of As(III) at the condition of [As(III)]/[NO2(-)] ≫ 1 and markedly accelerated NO3(-)-sensitized oxidation of As(III). The presence of O2 and N2O as electron scavengers enhanced the photochemical dissociation of NO2(-) via intermolecular electron transfer, initiating the oxidative As(III) conversion route probably involving NO2• and superoxide radical anion (O2•(-)) as alternative oxidants. The outdoor experiment demonstrated the capability of NO2(-) for the photosensitized production of oxidizing species and the subsequent oxidation of As(III) into As(V) under solar irradiation.

Light-Material Interactions Using Laser and Flash Sources for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in light-material interactions (LMIs), focusing on lasers and flash lights for energy conversion and storage applications. We discuss intricate LMI parameters such as light sources, interaction time, and fluence to elucidate their importance in material processing. In addition, this study covers various light-induced photothermal and photochemical processes ranging from melting, crystallization, and ablation to doping and synthesis, which are essential for developing energy materials and devices. Finally, we present extensive energy conversion and storage applications demonstrated by LMI technologies, including energy harvesters, sensors, capacitors, and batteries. Despite the several challenges associated with LMIs, such as complex mechanisms, and high-degrees of freedom, we believe that substantial contributions and potential for the commercialization of future energy systems can be achieved by advancing optical technologies through comprehensive academic research and multidisciplinary collaborations.

Photooxidation of arsenite under 254 nm irradiation with a quantum yield higher than unity.

Arsenite (As(III)) in water was demonstrated to be efficiently oxidized to arsenate (As(V)) under 254 nm UV irradiation without needing any chemical reagents. Although the molar absorption coefficient of As(III) at 254 nm is very low (2.49 ± 0.1 M(-1)cm(-1)), the photooxidation proceeded with a quantum yield over 1.0, which implies a chain of propagating oxidation cycles. The rate of As(III) photooxidation was highly enhanced in the presence of dissolved oxygen, which can be ascribed to its dual role as an electron acceptor of photoexcited As(III) and a precursor of oxidizing radicals. The in situ production of H2O2 was observed during the photooxidation of As(III) and its subsequent photolysis under UV irradiation produced OH radicals. The addition of tert-butyl alcohol as OH radical scavenger significantly reduced (but not completely inhibited) the oxidation rate, which indicates that OH radicals as well as superoxide serve as an oxidant of As(III). Superoxide, H2O2, and OH radicals were all in situ generated from the irradiated solution of As(III) in the presence of dissolved O2 and their subsequent reactions with As(III) induce the regeneration of some oxidants, which makes the overall quantum yield higher than 1. The homogeneous photolysis of arsenite under 254 nm irradiation can be also proposed as a new method of generating OH radicals.

Co and Fe doping effect on negative temperature coefficient characteristics of nano-grained NiMn2O4 thick films fabricated by aerosol-deposition.

Spinel structured highly dense NiMn2O4-based (NMO) negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor thick films were fabricated by aerosol-deposition at room temperature. To enhance the thermistor B constant, which represents the temperature sensitivity of the NMO thermistor material, Co and Co-Fe doping was applied. In the case of single element doping of Co, 5 mol% doped NMO showed a high B constant of over 5000 K, while undoped NMO showed -4000 K. By doping Fe to the 5 mol% Co doped NMO, the B constant was more enhanced at over 5600 K. The aging effect on the NTC characteristics of Co doped and Fe-Co co-doped NMO thick film showed very stable resistivity-time characteristics because of the highly dense microstructure.

Efficient removal of Cs ion by electrochemical adsorption and desorption reaction using NiFe Prussian blue deposited carbon nanofiber electrode.

Prussian blue (PB) analog (NiFe, CoFe, FeFe, and commercial(cPB)) decorated carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes were synthesized by the drop casting method in this study to investigate the interaction between PB and CNF for the electrochemical adsorption (EA) and electrochemical desorption (ED) of Cs ion (Cs+). The adhesion of PB on the electrode and the EA and ED of Cs+ were substantially higher when the CNF electrode was used, compared with the fluorine-doped tin oxide supporting electrode. The use of CNF led to the smooth occurrence of EA and ED of Cs+, where the reported efficiency was: NiFe > FeFe > cPB. The EA and ED of Cs+ on NiFe decorated CNF (C-NiFe) were strongly affected by the loading amount of NiFe. Although the strongest EA capacity was identified when 1 mg of NiFe was used, it decreased as the loading amount of NiFe increased. Thus, the EA of Cs+ occurs under the reduction of NiFe with some Fe(III) reduced to Fe(II) of NiFe, thus inducing more adsorption of Cs+. Overall, we confirmed that the C-NiFe electrode with appropriate thickness of NiFe layer is potentially an excellent adsorbent for Cs removal.

Adsorption of potentially harmful elements by metal-biochar prepared via Co-pyrolysis of coffee grounds and Nano Fe(III) oxides.

Nano Fe(III) oxide (FO) was used as an amendment material in CO2-assisted pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and its impacts on the syngas (H2 & CO) generation and biochar adsorptive properties were investigated. Amendment of FO led to 153 and 682% increase of H2 and CO in pyrolytic process of SCG, respectively, which is deemed to arise from enhanced thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and oxygen transfer reaction mediated by FO. Incorporation of FO successfully created porous structure in the produced biochar. The adsorption tests revealed that the biochar exhibited bi-functional capability to remove both positively charged Cd(II) and Ni(II), and negatively charged Sb(V). The adsorption of Cd(II) and Ni(II) was hardly deteriorated in the multiple adsorption cycles, and the adsorption of Sb(V) was further enhanced through formation of surface ternary complexes. The overall results demonstrated nano Fe(III) oxide is a promising amendment material in CO2-assisted pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for enhancing syngas generation and producing functional biochar.

Magnetically Driven Powerless Lighting Device with Kirigami Structured Magneto-Mechanoluminescence Composite.

The energy crisis and global shift toward sustainability drive the need for sustainable technologies that utilize often-wasted forms of energy. A multipurpose lighting device with a simplistic design that does not need electricity sources or conversions can be one such futuristic device. This study investigates the novel concept of a powerless lighting device driven by stray magnetic fields induced by power infrastructure for obstruction warning light systems. The device consists of mechanoluminescence (ML) composites of a Kirigami-shaped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, ZnS:Cu particles, and a magneto-mechano-vibration (MMV) cantilever beam. Finite element analysis and luminescence characterization of the Kirigami structured ML composites are discussed, including the stress-strain distribution map and comparisons between different Kirigami structures based on stretchability and ML characteristic trade-offs. By coupling a Kirigami-structured ML material and an MMV cantilever structure, a device that can generate visible light as luminescence from a magnetic field can be created. Significant factors that contribute to luminescence generation and intensity are identified and optimized. Furthermore, the feasibility of the device is demonstrated by placing it in a practical environment. This further proves the functionality of the device in harvesting weak magnetic fields into luminescence or light, without complicated electrical energy conversion steps.

Moldflow Simulation and Characterization of Pure Copper Fabricated via Metal Injection Molding.

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a representative near-net-shape manufacturing process that fabricates advanced geometrical components for automobile and device industries. As the mechanical performance of an MIM product is affected by green-part characteristics, this work investigated the green part of pure copper processed with MIM using the injection temperature of ~180 °C and injection pressure of ~5 MPa. A computational analysis based on the Moldflow program was proposed to simulate the effectivity of the process by evaluating the confidence of fill, quality prediction, and pressure drop of three distinctive regions in the green part. The results showed that the ring and edge regions of the green parts showed localized behavior, which was related to processing parameters including the position of the gate. A microstructural observation using scanning electron microscopy and a 3D X-ray revealed that both the surface and body matrix consisted of pores with some agglomeration of micro-pores on the edges and ring part, while any critical defects, such as a crack, were not found. A microhardness analysis showed that the three regions exhibited a reasonable uniformity with a slight difference in one specific part mainly due to the localized pore agglomeration. The simulation results showed a good agreement with the microstructures and microhardness data. Thus, the present results are useful for providing guidelines for the sound condition of MIM-treated pure copper with a complex shape.

Improved Energy Storage Density and Efficiency of Nd and Mn Co-Doped Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 Ceramic Capacitors Via Defect Dipole Engineering.

In this paper, we investigate the structural, microstructural, dielectric, and energy storage properties of Nd and Mn co-doped Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 [(Ba0.7Sr0.3)1-xNdxTi1-yMnyO3 (BSNTM) ceramics (x = 0, 0.005, and y = 0, 0.0025, 0.005, and 0.01)] via a defect dipole engineering method. The complex defect dipoles (MnTi"-VO∙∙)∙ and (MnTi"-VO∙∙) between acceptor ions and oxygen vacancies capture electrons, enhancing the breakdown electric field and energy storage performances. XRD, Raman, spectroscopy, XPS, and microscopic investigations of BSNTM ceramics revealed the formation of a tetragonal phase, oxygen vacancies, and a reduction in grain size with Mn dopant. The BSNTM ceramics with x = 0.005 and y = 0 exhibit a relative dielectric constant of 2058 and a loss tangent of 0.026 at 1 kHz. These values gradually decreased to 1876 and 0.019 for x = 0.005 and y = 0.01 due to the Mn2+ ions at the Ti4+- site, which facilitates the formation of oxygen vacancies, and prevents a decrease in Ti4+. In addition, the defect dipoles act as a driving force for depolarization to tailor the domain formation energy and domain wall energy, which provides a high difference between the maximum polarization of Pmax and remnant polarization of Pr (ΔP = 10.39 µC/cm2). Moreover, the complex defect dipoles with optimum oxygen vacancies in BSNTM ceramics can provide not only a high ΔP but also reduce grain size, which together improve the breakdown strength from 60.4 to 110.6 kV/cm, giving rise to a high energy storage density of 0.41 J/cm3 and high efficiency of 84.6% for x = 0.005 and y = 0.01. These findings demonstrate that defect dipole engineering is an effective method to enhance the energy storage performance of dielectrics for capacitor applications.

Enhanced thermal stability by short-range ordered ferroelectricity in K0.5Na0.5NbO3-based piezoelectric oxides.

Industrial application of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is prevented by intrinsic thermal instability. Herein, we propose a method to achieve outstanding thermal stability of converse piezoelectric constant () in lead-free potassium sodium niobate (KNN)-based ceramics by inducing a synergistic interaction between the grain size and polar configuration. Based on computational methods using phase-field simulations and first-principles calculations, the relationship between the grain size and polar configuration is demonstrated, and the possibility of achieving improved thermal stability in fine grains is suggested. A set of KNN systems is presented with meticulous dopant control near the chemical composition at which the grain size changes abnormally. Comparing the two representative samples with coarse and fine grains, significant enhancement in the thermal stability of is exhibited up to 300 °C in the fine grains. The origin of the thermal superiority in fine-grained ceramics is identified through an extensive study from a microstructural perspective. The thermal stability is realized in a device by successfully demonstrating the temperature dependence of piezoelectricity. It is notable that this is the first time that lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are able to achieve exceptionally stable piezoelectricity up to 300 °C, which actualizes their applicability as piezoelectric devices with high thermal stability.

Effect of Reduction Sequence during Rolling on Deformed Texture and Anisotropy of Ferritic Stainless Steel.

This investigation studied the effect of reduction sequence during rolling of ferritic stainless steel on texture and anisotropy. A series of thermomechanical processes were performed on the present samples utilizing rolling deformation, with a total height reduction of 83% but with different reduction sequences, 67% + 50% (route A) and 50% + 67% (route B). Microstructural analysis showed that no significant difference was found in terms of the grain morphology between route A and route B. In terms of the texture, as compared to route A, route B developed a sharper texture on all components along the γ-fiber and a considerably higher fraction of boundaries that displayed 38°111 misorientations with respect to the surrounding deformed grains. In consequence, optimal deep drawing properties were achieved, where rm was maximized and Δr was minimized. Moreover, despite the similar morphology between the two processes, the resistance toward ridging was improved in the case of route B. This was explained in relation to the selective growth-controlled recrystallization, which favors the formation of microstructure with homogeneous distribution of the <111>//ND orientation.