Association between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and metabolic syndrome among men.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome consists of a set of factors that imply increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The objective here was to evaluate the association between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), sex hormones and metabolic syndrome among men. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis on data from the study "Endogenous oestradiol but not testosterone is related to coronary artery disease in men", conducted in a hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: Men (aged 40-70) who underwent coronary angiography were selected. The age, weight, height, waist circumference, body mass index and prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes of each patient were registered. Metabolic syndrome was defined in accordance with the criteria of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP-ATPIII). Serum samples were collected to assess the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein), triglycerides, albumin, SHBG, estradiol and total testosterone (TT). The levels of LDL-cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) were calculated using Friedewald's formula and free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT) using Vermeulen's formula. RESULTS: 141 patients were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the first SHBG tercile than in the second and third terciles. A statistically significant positive association between the SHBG and TT values was observed, but no such association was seen between SHBG, BT and FT. CONCLUSION: Low serum levels of SHBG are associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male patients, but further studies are required to confirm this association.

Femoral versus radial access in primary angioplasty. Analysis of the ACCEPT registry.

BACKGROUND: The radial access provides a lower risk of bleeding and vascular complications related to the puncture site in comparison to the femoral access. Recent studies have suggested a reduction in mortality associated with the radial access in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. OBJECTIVE: To compare the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients undergoing primary angioplasty according to the type of arterial access route. METHODS: From August 2010 to December 2011, 588 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention during acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were assessed; they were recruited from 47 centers participating in the ACCEPT registry. Patients were grouped and compared according to the arterial access used for the procedure. RESULTS: The mean age was 61.8 years; 75% were males and 24% had diabetes mellitus. There was no difference between groups as regards the procedure success rate, as well as regards the occurrence of death, reinfarction, or stroke at six months of follow-up. Severe bleeding was reported in 1.1% of the sample analyzed, with no statistical difference related to the access used. CONCLUSIONS: The femoral and radial accesses are equally safe and effective for the performance of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The low rate of cardiovascular events and of hemorrhagic complications reflects the quality of the participating centers and the operators expertise with the use of both techniques.

[Serum testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men]. / Testosterona sérica e doença cardiovascular em homens.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the main cause of death in Brazil. Men die more of coronary artery disease and they have higher levels of testosterone than women. However, recent studies indicate that androgens can have beneficial and/or neutral effect in the male cardiovascular system. Low levels of endogenous testosterone have been involved with the presence of some components of the metabolic syndrome including dyslipidemia, visceral obesity, hypertension and thrombus formation process. Consistent data on the relationship between testosterone and vascular reactivity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality in men are rare, with the results of available studies presenting contradictions. Large randomized and prospective trials are needed to evaluate androgen-specific function in male CVD so that better conclusions can be established.

Association between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and metabolic syndrome among men / Associação entre globulina de ligação a hormônio sexual (SHBG) e síndrome metabólica em homens

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome consists of a set of factors that imply increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The objective here was to evaluate the association between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), sex hormones and metabolic syndrome among men. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis on data from the study "Endogenous oestradiol but not testosterone is related to coronary artery disease in men", conducted in a hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: Men (aged 40-70) who underwent coronary angiography were selected. The age, weight, height, waist circumference, body mass index and prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes of each patient were registered. Metabolic syndrome was defined in accordance with the criteria of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP-ATPIII). Serum samples were collected to assess the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (high density lipoprotein), triglycerides, albumin, SHBG, estradiol and total testosterone (TT). The levels of LDL-cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) were calculated using Friedewald's formula and free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT) using Vermeulen's formula. RESULTS: 141 patients were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the first SHBG tercile than in the second and third terciles. A statistically significant positive association between the SHBG and TT values was observed, but no such association was seen between SHBG, BT and FT. CONCLUSION: Low serum levels of SHBG are associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male patients, but further studies are required to confirm this association. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A síndrome metabólica (SM) consiste em um conjunto de fatores que implicam risco elevado para doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre a globulina ligadora de esteroides sexuais (SHBG), hormônios sexuais e a SM em homens. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Análise retrospectiva de dados do estudo "Estradiol mas não testosterona se correlaciona com doença arterial coronariana em homens", conduzido em um hospital em São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados pacientes do sexo masculino com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, submetidos a angiografia coronária. A idade, a prevalência de dislipidemia, hipertensão e diabetes, o peso, a altura, cintura e o índice de massa corpórea de cada paciente foram coletados. A definição de SM seguiu os critérios do NCEP-ATPIII. Amostras séricas foram coletadas para análises da glicose, colesterol total, colesterol-HDL (high density lipoprotein), triglicerídeos, albumina, SHBG, estradiol e testosterona total (TT). O colesterol-LDL (low density lipoprotein) foi calculado pela fórmula de Friedewald e as testosteronas livre (TL) e biodisponível (TB) pela fórmula de Vermeulen. RESULTADOS: Entraram no estudo 141 pacientes. A prevalência de SM foi significativamente maior no primeiro tercil de SHBG em comparação ao segundo e terceiro tercis. Foi verificada uma associação positiva e significativa ente os valores de SHBG e TT, porém essa associação não foi verificada entre SHBG e TB e TL. CONCLUSÃO: Baixos níveis séricos de SHBG estiveram associados com alta prevalência da SM em pacientes do sexo masculino. Faz-se necessário que estudos avaliem essa associação. .

Femoral versus Radial Access in Primary Angioplasty. Analysis of the ACCEPT Registry / Via de Acesso Femoral versus Radial na Angioplastia Primária. Análise do Registro ACCEPT

Background: The radial access provides a lower risk of bleeding and vascular complications related to the puncture site in comparison to the femoral access. Recent studies have suggested a reduction in mortality associated with the radial access in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Objective: To compare the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients undergoing primary angioplasty according to the type of arterial access route. Methods: From August 2010 to December 2011, 588 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention during acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were assessed; they were recruited from 47 centers participating in the ACCEPT registry. Patients were grouped and compared according to the arterial access used for the procedure. Results: The mean age was 61.8 years; 75% were males and 24% had diabetes mellitus. There was no difference between groups as regards the procedure success rate, as well as regards the occurrence of death, reinfarction, or stroke at six months of follow-up. Severe bleeding was reported in 1.1% of the sample analyzed, with no statistical difference related to the access used. Conclusions: The femoral and radial accesses are equally safe and effective for the performance of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The low rate of cardiovascular events and of hemorrhagic complications reflects the quality of the participating centers and the operators expertise with the use of both techniques. .

Fundamentos: O acesso radial promove menor risco de sangramento e complicações vasculares relacionadas ao sítio de punção quando comparado ao acesso femoral. Estudos recentes sugerem redução de mortalidade favorável ao primeiro em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea. Objetivo: Comparar a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares adversos isquêmicos e hemorrágicos em pacientes submetidos à angioplastia primária conforme a via de acesso arterial. Métodos: No período de agosto de 2010 a dezembro de 2011, foram avaliados 588 pacientes que realizaram intervenção coronária percutânea primária na vigência de um infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, incluídos em 47 centros participantes do registro ACCEPT. Os pacientes foram agrupados e comparados de acordo com a via de acesso arterial utilizada para a efetivação do procedimento. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 61,8 anos, sendo 75% pertencentes ao sexo masculino e 24% portadores de diabetes melito. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na taxa de sucesso do procedimento, bem como na ocorrência de óbito, reinfarto ou acidente vascular encefálico aos seis meses de seguimento. Sangramento grave foi relatado em 1,1% da amostra analisada, sem diferença estatística conforme a via de acesso utilizada. Conclusões: As vias de acesso femoral e radial são igualmente seguras e eficazes para a realização de intervenção coronária percutânea primária. A baixa taxa de eventos cardiovasculares, bem como de complicações hemorrágicas, reflete a qualidade dos centros participantes e a experiência dos operadores com a utilização de ambas as técnicas. .

Testosterona sérica e doença cardiovascular em homens: [revisão] / Serum testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men: [review]

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) representam atualmente o principal grupo de causa de morte no Brasil. Os homens morrem mais de doença arterial coronariana e possuem níveis mais elevados de testosterona do que as mulheres. No entanto, estudos recentes indicam que os andrógenos podem ter efeito benéfico e/ou neutro no sistema cardiovascular masculino. Baixos níveis de testosterona endógena têm sido relacionados à presença de vários componentes da síndrome metabólica, incluindo dislipidemia, obesidade visceral, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e estados pró-trombóticos. Os dados da relação entre testosterona e reatividade vascular, aterosclerose e mortalidade cardiovascular nos homens são escassos, com os resultados de estudos disponíveis apresentando contradições. Grandes estudos randomizados e prospectivos são necessários para avaliar a função específica dos andrógenos nas DCV masculinas, para que melhores conclusões possam ser estabelecidas.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the main cause of death in Brazil. Men die more of coronary artery disease and they have higher levels of testosterone than women. However, recent studies indicate that androgens can have beneficial and/or neutral effect in the male cardiovascular system. Low levels of endogenous testosterone have been involved with the presence of some components of the metabolic syndrome including dyslipidemia, visceral obesity, hypertension and thrombus formation process. Consistent data on the relationship between testosterone and vascular reactivity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality in men are rare, with the results of available studies presenting contradictions. Large randomized and prospective trials are needed to evaluate androgen-specific function in male CVD so that better conclusions can be established.

Distribuição espacial da placa vlnerável na árvore coronária: avaliação angiográfica de uma coorte consecutiva e não-selecionada de pacientes submetidos a angioplastia primária / Spatial distribution of vulnerable plaques in the coronary tree: an angiographic evaluation of a consecutive, non-selected cohort treated with primary angioplasty

Fundamentos: A gênese do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) está intimamente relacionada à ruptura de "placas vulneráveis". Estudos anatomopatológicos sugerem uma distribuição não-homogênea dessas placas ao longo da árvore coronária. Neste estudo, visamos a estabelecer as "zonas vulneráveis", no sentido de obter um mapa do risco de maior probabilidade de ocorrência de IAM. Método: Neste estudo, foram analisados 82 pacientes consecutivos tratados com angioplastia primária em um centro terciário de referência, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2007. Somente foram incluídos pacientes com IAM com elevação do segmento ST, com fluxo coronário TIMI 0/1. Após definir o segmento de oclusão, utilizando a segmentação coronária do Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS), mensuramos a distância do ponto de oclusão do vaso culpado até seu óstio, com software dedicado (CMS-Medis). O modelo de regressão de Poisson foi utilizado para determinar o risco de IAM, baseado na distância da oclusão a partir do óstio coronário...

Background: The genesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) seems to be closely correlated with the rupture of vulnerable plaques. Anatomical-pathological evaluations have suggested that there is a non-homogeneous distribution of these unstable plaques along the coronary arteries. We sought to establish the "vulnerable zones" in order to obtain a risk map for AMI. Methods: Eighty-two consecutive patients treated with primary angioplasty in a reference tertiary center, from January to September 2007, were enrolled in this analysis. Only ST elevation AMI patients with documented TIMI flow 0/1 were included. After defining the occluded segment using the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) classification, we measured the distance from the occlusion point in the culprit vessel to ostium using dedicated software (CMS-Medis). Poisson's regression model was used to determine the risk of AMI based on the distance between the occlusion and the coronary ostium...

Insuficiência renal aguda após intervenção coronária percutânea primária no infarto agudo do miocárdio: preditores e evolução clínica a longo prazo / Acute Renal Failure after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Predictors and Long-Term Clinical Evolution

Fundamentos: A ocorrência de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) está associada a pior evolução clínica após infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), sendo sua ocorrência de natureza multifatorial. Os preditores e o prognóstico da IRA após intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. Objetivo: Identificar os preditores de IRA em pacientes submetidos a ICP primária e determinar a evolução clínica a longo prazo. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram incluídos pacientes com quadro de IAM com supra-ST submetidos a ICP primária, no período de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2007. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto à presença de IRA (aumento da creatinina ≥ 0,5 mg/dl ou > 25% em relação aos valores basais) durante evolução intra-hospitalar. Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente por meio de revisão de prontuário e contato telefônico para avaliação de eventos maiores. Resultados: Foram incluídos 150 pacientes com média de idade de 60 anos, sendo 73% do sexo masculino. Fatores considerados indicadores de risco de IRA, como diabetes melito (34%), Killip > 1 (27%),volume de contraste e fármacos, também foram avaliados. IRA ocorreu em 15,3% dos pacientes. Após análises univariada e multivariada: creatinina ≥ 1,5 mg/dl (odds ratio [OR]: 3,633; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,047-12,613; p = 0,042), aumento da idade (OR: 1,066; IC 95%: 1,002-1,090; p = 0,044), apresentação ou ocorrência de Killip > 1 (OR: 3,190; IC 95%: 1,025-9,933; p = 0,045) e necessidade de ventilação mecânica (OR: 6,364; IC 95%: 2,142-18,910; p = 0,001) foram considerados preditores independentes de IRA. Após um ano de evolução, os eventos óbito (p = 0,001) e reinfarto (p = 0,048) apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos com e sem IRA; tal diferença não ocorreu para revascularização (p = 0,305), diálise (p = 0,281) e eventos combinados (p = 0,060). Essas diferenças permaneceram na evolução de seis anos...

Background: The occurrence of acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with worse clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and its nature is multifactorial. The predictors and prognosis for ARF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are still not well established. Objective: To identify the predictors of ARF in patients submitted to primary PCI and to determine long term clinical evolution. Methods: This is a retrospective study which includes patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) submitted to primary PCI from January, 2002 to January, 2007. Patients were classified with respect to ARF ­ an increase in creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dl or > 25% from baseline - during hospital stay. Follow-up data were obtained through medical records or by telephone contact to assess major events. Results: A total of 150 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 60 years old and 73% were men. Factors considered risk indicators for ARF such as diabetes mellitus (34%), Killip > 1 (27%), contrast volume and use of potential nephrotoxic drugs were also evaluated. ARF occurred in 15.3% of patients. After multivariate analyses: creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl (OR 3.633 95% CI 1.047-12.613 p = 0.042), older age (OR 1.066 95% Cl 1.002-1.090, p = 0.044), Killip > 1 (OR 3.190 95% Cl 1.025-9.933, p = 0.045) and the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 6.364 95% Cl 2.142-18.910, p = 0.001) were considered independent predictors for ARF. After a year of evolution, death (p = 0.001) and reinfarction (p = 0.048) had shown a significant difference between patients with and without ARF; differences were not found for revascularization (p = 0.305), dialysis (p = 0.281) or combined events (p = 0.060). The differences found for death and reinfarction remained significant after six years of evolution...