RESUMEN
A series of donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) compounds based on naphthalendiimide (NDI) and perylenediimide (PDI) central cores combined with triphenylamine and phenylcarbazole donor groups have been synthesized, characterized and tested in top-contact/bottom gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). The results showed high electron mobilities, up to 0.3â cm2 V-1 s-1 , in the case of NDI derivatives and moderate values of around 10-3 â cm2 V-1 s-1 for PDI-based semiconductors. Quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to support the experimental data. The results suggest that adequate molecular characteristics and larger crystalline domains in NDI vs. PDI semiconducting films may be the reasons behind the enhanced electrical properties of NDI derivatives. Furthermore, when the lateral donor substituents are triphenylamine groups, the mobilities were slightly higher in comparison to phenylcarbazole donor groups due to an improved electron-donating character. Other characterization techniques, such as AFM, X-ray diffraction or spectroelectrochemistry, among others, have been performed to analyze supramolecular order, charge carriers' nature and stability, parameters closely related to charge transport characteristics.
RESUMEN
Three simple bisamide derivatives (G1, G2 and G3) with different structural modifications were synthesized with easy synthetic procedures in order to test their gel behaviour. The outcomes showed that hydrogen bonding was essential in gel formation; for this reason, only G1 provided satisfactory gels. The presence of methoxy groups in G2 and the alkyl chains in G3 hindered the hydrogen bonding between N-H and C=O that occurred G1. In addition, G1 provided thermally and mechanical stable gels, as confirmed with Tsol and rheology experiments. The gels of G1 were also responsive under pH stimuli and were employed as a vehicle for drug crystallization, causing a change in polymorphism in the presence of flufenamic acid and therefore providing the most thermodynamically stable form III compared with metastable form IV obtained from solution crystallization.
RESUMEN
The genus Paxillus is characterized by the difficulty of species identification, which results in reproducibility problems, as well as the need for large quantities of fungal inoculum. In particular, studies of Paxillus ammoniavirescens have reported divergent results in the in vitro growth while little is known of its capacity to degrade organic matter. For all the above, and assuming that this variability could be due to an inappropriate culture media, the aim of this study was to analyse growth in different culture media (MMN, MS, and 1/2 MS) and in the case of MMN in presence/absence of two types of organic matter (fresh litter and senescence litter) to probe the saprophytic ability of P. ammoniavirescens . We also evaluated the effects of pH changes in the culture media. Growth kinetics was assessed by weekly quantification of the area of growth in solid culture media over 5 wk, calculating the growth curves and inflection points of each culture media. In addition, final biomass after 5 wk in the different culture media was calculated. Results showed that best culture media are MS and 1/2 MS. Moreover, an improvement in growth in culture media containing decomposing fall litter was observed, leading to confirm differences in the culture media of this species with others of the same genus. Further, we established that all growth media suffered a significant acidification after fungal growth.
RESUMEN
Introducción. Los microsatélites o short tandem repeats son los marcadores de elección en identificación humana, para lo cual se deben analizar en las poblaciones. Esta tarea se ha realizado escasamente con los sistemas genéticos de nueva generación, lo cual es crítico en las poblaciones mestizas de México, ya que se ha demostrado una subestructura genética significativa por diferencias en sus componentes de mezcla. Objetivo. Hacer la validación poblacional del sistema de análisis genético Powerplex® 21 en mestizos de la región occidente de México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 374 individuos no emparentados residentes de la región occidente de México con el sistema Powerplex® 21. Los datos genéticos se analizaron con diversos programas estadísticos y se compararon con poblaciones de referencia. Resultados y conclusiones. Se determinaron las frecuencias alélicas y la distribución de genotipos de todos los marcadores estuvieron en equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg; la prueba de desequilibrio de ligamiento descartó asociaciones entre pares de loci. Se estimaron los siguientes parámetros de interés forense para el sistema PowerPlex® 21: poder ddee discriminación (PD), poder de exclusión (PE), (heterocigosidad (Het), (contenido de información polimórfica (PIC) e índice de paternidad (IP) típico, cuyo poder de discriminación y exclusión combinado fue -100% y 99,999999473%, respectivamente. Esto constituye un incremento importante respecto a lo ofrecido por sistemas tradicionales con 15 short tandem repeats para la misma población/región. La información reportada valida el uso del sistema PowerPlex® 21 en mestizos del occidente de México para interpretar de forma confiable perfiles de ADN en pruebas de paternidad y casos forenses (AU)
Introduction. Microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STR) are the markers of choice in human identification. For this purpose, they must be analyzed in populations. This task has been scarcely performed for new generation human identification systems, which is critical in Mexican mestizo populations, because a significant genetic structure has been demonstrated due to admixture differences. Objective. To validate the System in mestizo populations from the west region of Mexico. Methods. A total of 374 unrelated Mexican-mestizos from the west region were analyzed with the Powerplex® 21 system. Genetic data were analyzed using different softwares and including additional related populations for comparison purposes. Results and conclusions. We estimated allele frequencies, and genotype distribution of all markers was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations; the linkage disequilibrium test discarded association between all pair of loci. The following forensic parameters were estimated: power of discrimination (PD), power of exclusion (PE), heterozygosity (Het), polymorphism information content (PIC), and typical paternity index (PI); its combined power of discrimination and exclusion was -100% and 99.999999473%, respectively. This constitutes an important increment with respect to typical 15 STR systems for the same population/region. This report validates the PowerPlex® 21 system in western Mexican-mestizos for confident interpretation of DNA profiles in forensic cases and paternity testing. Sistema Powerplex® 21; México; Identificación humana; Poblaciones (AU)