Metal contaminations in sediment and associated ecological risk assessment of river Mahanadi, India.

Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of peninsular India. Like other Indian rivers, it is contaminated with sewages, industrial discharges, and agricultural runoff. Thus, necessity was felt to monitor its pollution status. Present work was part of that program and aimed to assess the sediment contamination due to the trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn during 2012-2015. Sediment pollution status and ecological risks were evaluated calculating contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk (EiR), etc. The recorded metal concentrations were Cd BDL of flame mode of AAS; Cr BDL - 73.9; Cu BDL - 44.4; Mn 37.2 - 1887.0; Pb BDL - 29.5; and Zn BDL - 92.5 mg kg-1. As per US EPA guidelines, Cr concentrations at many locations were in the moderately polluted range. Igeo, CF, mCd, PLI, and EiR indicated low pollution levels and low ecological risks due to the trace metals assessed. The sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated that Cr and Cu concentrations exceeded (16% sample) the threshold effect concentrations and may occasionally exhibit adverse biological effects. The association of sediment organic matter, conductivity and content of Cu, and their grouping in component 1 of PCA revealed that the anthropogenic input was dominant and so also the component 2 where Cr exhibited moderately good correlation with organic matter. Cluster analysis of the sampling sites based on pollution status yielded 3 groups: relatively uncontaminated (S3, S4), low to moderately contaminated (S2), and moderately contaminated (S1, S5, S6) stretches.

Status of pesticide residues in water, sediment, and fishes of Chilika Lake, India.

Chilika Lake is the largest coastal lagoon in Asia and the second largest in the world covering an area of 1100 km2 and spread over three districts of Odisha state of India. It is the first Indian wetland designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1981. The lake ecosystem sustains large and diversified resources of plants and animals including fisheries. Pollution of the ecosystem caused by residues of pesticides originating from different sources was assessed through multiple sampling from 2012 to 2016 from three potential sites of contamination, viz., Palur Bridge, Daya River Estuary, and Makara River. Incidence of organochlorinated (OC) pesticide residues was noticed in about 25% water samples. HCH (α, γ&δ), DDD (op|), DDE (op|&pp.|) and heptachlor were the OCs detected in concentration varying from 0.025 to 23.4 µg/l. None of the eight targeted synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides was found in water, but among the organophosphates (OP), chlorpyrifos (0.019-2.73 µg/l), and dichlorvos (0.647 µg/l) were recorded. In sediment samples, residues of OC or OP pesticides were not present, but one SP pesticide was recorded. Fish samples were contaminated to the extent of 55%, mostly with residues of OCs and OPs and less with SPs. However, their concentrations were below the permissible limit, so there was no direct threat of health hazards to humans.

Bright nanowire single photon source based on SiV centers in diamond.

The practical implementation of many quantum technologies relies on the development of robust and bright single photon sources that operate at room temperature. The negatively charged silicon-vacancy (SiV-) color center in diamond is a possible candidate for such a single photon source. However, due to the high refraction index mismatch to air, color centers in diamond typically exhibit low photon out-coupling. An additional shortcoming is due to the random localization of native defects in the diamond sample. Here we demonstrate deterministic implantation of Si ions with high conversion efficiency to single SiV- centers, targeted to fabricated nanowires. The co-localization of single SiV- centers with the nanostructures yields a ten times higher light coupling efficiency than for single SiV- centers in bulk diamond. This enhanced photon out-coupling, together with the intrinsic scalability of the SiV- creation method, enables a new class of devices for integrated photonics and quantum science.

Autoresonance Cooling of Ions in an Electrostatic Ion Beam Trap.

Autoresonance (AR) cooling of a bunch of ions oscillating inside an electrostatic ion beam trap is demonstrated for the first time. The relatively wide initial longitudinal velocity distribution is reduced by at least an order of magnitude using AR acceleration and ramping forces. The hot ions escaping the bunch are not lost from the system but continue to oscillate in the trap outside of the bunch and may be further cooled by successive AR processes. Ion-ion collisions inside the bunch close to the turning points in the trap's mirrors contribute to the thermalization of the ions. This cooling method can be applied to any mass and any charge.

Comparison of Xpert Norovirus and RidaGene Norovirus assays for the detection of noroviruses in clinical fecal specimens.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usability and performance of the Xpert Norovirus and RidaGene Norovirus assays for the detection of noroviruses in fecal specimens. Of the 186 stool specimens, 53 (28.5%) were considered true-positive for norovirus (NoV). Of the true-positive specimens, Xpert detected 53 and RidaGene detected 52. The respective sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 94.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 91.0-98.5%] for the Xpert assay, and 98.1% (95% CI, 94.4-100%) and 97.0% (95% CI, 94.1-99.9%) for the RidaGene assay. Positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) were 88.3% and 100% for the Xpert assay, and 92.9% and 99.2% for the RidaGene assay, respectively. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there were no significant differences (p-value > 0.5) between the results of the Xpert and RidaGene Norovirus assays. We found that both assays are useful for the detection of noroviruses in clinical stool samples.

Comprehensive real-time epidemiological data from respiratory infections in Finland between 2010 and 2014 obtained from an automated and multianalyte mariPOC® respiratory pathogen test.

Respiratory viruses cause seasonal epidemics every year. Several respiratory pathogens are circulating simultaneously and typical symptoms of different respiratory infections are alike, meaning it is challenging to identify and diagnose different respiratory pathogens based on symptoms alone. mariPOC® is an automated, multianalyte antigen test which allows the rapid detection of nine respiratory infection pathogens [influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza 1-3 viruses and pneumococci] from a single nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate samples, and, in addition, can be linked to laboratory information systems. During the study period from November 2010 to June 2014, a total of 22,485 multianalyte respi tests were performed in the 14 participating laboratories in Finland and, in total, 6897 positive analyte results were recorded. Of the tested samples, 25 % were positive for one respiratory pathogen, with RSV (9.8 %) and influenza A virus (7.2 %) being the most common findings, and 0.65 % of the samples were multivirus-positive. Only small geographical variations in seasonal epidemics occurred. Our results show that the mariPOC® multianalyte respi test allows simultaneous detection of several respiratory pathogens in real time. The results are reliable and give the clinician a picture of the current epidemiological situation, thus minimising guesswork.

Comparison of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level in Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Mymensingh Region of Bangladesh.

Altered metabolic and hormonal status of the body in pregnancy leads to changes in lipid profile. High Lipid profile, a major factor behind atherosclerosis may leads to unconsciousness. To avoid such problems during pregnancy this longitudinal study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College in co-operation with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Community Based Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh during the period from July 2011 to December 2012 to compare the changes in low density lipoprotein cholesterol level during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A total of one hundred subjects were participated in this study comprising of second and third trimester of pregnancy. All subjects were made to fast overnight at least for a minimum of 8 hrs. Blood samples were taken and analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric kit method. Pregnancy has being found to be associated with changes in lipid profile and this differs with each trimester. The average results were analyzed with respect to each pregnancy for the whole group. The study proves that serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increases in third trimester (174.83±13.78 mg/dl) than second trimester (156.77±7.96 mg/dl) of pregnancy. Therefore, lipid profile estimation and monitoring should be made as a part of routine investigation during antenatal period.

Synovial chemokine expression and relationship with knee symptoms in patients with meniscal tears.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with knee OA, synovitis is associated with knee pain and symptoms. We previously identified synovial mRNA expression of a set of chemokines (CCL19, IL-8, CCL5, XCL-1, CCR7) associated with synovitis in patients with meniscal tears but without radiographic OA. CCL19 and CCR7 were also associated with knee symptoms. This study sought to validate expression of these chemokines and association with knee symptoms in more typical patients presenting for meniscal arthroscopy, many who have pre-existing OA. DESIGN: Synovial fluid (SF) and biopsies were collected from patients undergoing meniscal arthroscopy. Synovial mRNA expression was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) was administered preoperatively. Regression analyses determined if associations between chemokine mRNA levels and KOOS scores were independent of other factors including radiographic OA. CCL19 in SF was measured by ELISA, and compared to patients with advanced knee OA and asymptomatic organ donors. RESULTS: 90% of patients had intra-operative evidence of early cartilage degeneration. CCL19, IL-8, CCL5, XCL1, CCR7 transcripts were detected in all patients. Synovial CCL19 mRNA levels independently correlated with KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores (95% CI [-8.071, -0.331], P = 0.036), indicating higher expression was associated with more knee-related dysfunction. SF CCL19 was detected in 7 of 10 patients, compared to 4 of 10 asymptomatic donors. CONCLUSION: In typical patients presenting for meniscal arthroscopy, synovial CCL19 mRNA expression was associated with knee-related difficulty with ADL, independent of other factors including presence of radiographic knee OA.

Malaria situation in India with special reference to tribal areas.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In India, malaria is a major public health problem in States having predominantly tribal population. The objective of this analysis was to find out the incidence of malaria in various States/districts having varied proportions of tribal population using National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) data. METHODS: States and districts were classified into three categories based on proportions of Scheduled Tribes (ST) population as <10, 10-29.9 and 30 per cent + ST population. Five year average (2008-2012) of all important malaria indicators collected by NVBDCP was taken to normalize the effect of annual fluctuations in malaria incidence. RESULTS: State level analysis revealed that ten States/UTs with 30 per cent or more tribal population comprising only three per cent of total population, contributed 14 per cent of total malaria, 21 per cent Plasmodium falciparum and 29 per cent of deaths due to malaria. Similarly, district level analysis showed that districts with 30 per cent or more tribal population comprising about eight per cent country's population contributed to 46 per cent of total malaria cases, 70 per cent P. falciparum and 47 per cent malarial deaths in the country. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis showed that the neglect of the ethnic communities in tribal areas would be detrimental to the overall reduction of morbidity and mortality due to malaria. The fight against the increasing burden of malaria in tribal belt requires adoption of multiple approaches and socio-economic development of the tribal communities.

A case of abdominal wall scar endometriosis.

Endometriosis is presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis can sometimes occur in a previous surgical scar. Scar endometriosis is rare and difficult to diagnose. It mostly follows obstetrical and gynecological surgeries. This condition is often confused with other surgical conditions. We are reporting a case of scar endometriosis following caesarean section, which was being treated as stitch granuloma for long time. Medical treatment was not helpful. The patient required wide surgical excision of the lesion. Now the patient is under regular follow up, because there is chance of recurrence.

Relationship between estimated foetal weight and renal volume in intra uterine growth retarded foetus in Bangladeshi women.

Low birth weight (LBW) baby predisposes to long term renal disease, adult hypertension and related cardiovascular disease. This could be due to reduced nephron number in early life. From different studies, it is becoming increasingly clear that nephron number, indirectly reflected in renal volume may be related with normal or retarded foetal growth. This prospective study was undertaken in the department of Obstetric and Gynae in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. One hundred pregnant women were included in this study and divided into two groups (IUGR and normally growing foetuses). Forty one foetuses weighted less than 2.5kg and fifty nine foetuses weighed 2.5kg or more. Kidney dimensions and estimated feotal weight were measured by USG by the same ultrasonologist. There were no significant difference between two groups regarding age, height, weight, and parity. The subjects with intrauterine growth retardation had smaller head circumference, abdominal circumferences, biparietal diameters, femur length, estimated foetal weight and lower amniotic fluid indices than did the subjects with non-intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). All biometric data shows significant deference except head circumference (HC). Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) foetus had significantly lower kidney volume than normally growing foetuses.

Oncological Clearance Following Resection of the Carcinoma Rectum: A Comparison between Laparoscopic and Open Anterior Resection.

Till the day the rectal cancer deaths in the world is in eighth position. For rectal cancer surgery, short-term benefits are expected to be similar for laparoscopic resection of rectum (LRR) and open resection of rectum (ORR). In Bangladesh though the rectal cancer is the sixteenth most common cause of cancer deaths, there is lack of data regarding outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgical approaches for carcinoma rectum. Purpose of study was to compare oncopathological outcomes by quality of surgical resection between LRR and ORR groups. The quasi experimental study was conducted among 46 subjects who attended in the Department of Colorectal Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh from July 2020 to June 2021 with rectal adenocarcinoma within 15cm from the anal verge. Equal number of subjects were allocated for LRR and ORR group. Oncopathological end points such as circumferential resection margin (CRM), distal resection margin (DRM), lymph nodes and quality of mesorectal excision were assessed and compared. Here every patients have given their written consent for this study. Mean age of the subjects for LRR and ORR were 45.47±12.66 and 44.47±12.48 years respectively. Majority of the subjects were in age above 40 years (67.0%). The proportion of male (56.5%) were higher than those of female (43.5%). The complete resection was better in LRR (91.3%) than ORR (87.0%) group though statistically not significant. CRM was lower in LRR (0.0%) than ORR (13.0%) group in respect of frequency distribution. DRM was negative for both LRR and ORR group (95.7% each) and it was not statistically significant. ORR met the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria of harvesting 12 lymph nodes were as in LRR group 10 lymph nodes were harvested. The mean harvested lymph nodes were 12.2±5.55 and 10.1±5.55 in LRR and ORR group respectively. The study demonstrated that LRR is better (though statistically not significant) in respect of complete resection and CRM while in harvesting lymph nodes, ORR met the NCCN criteria but LRR does not. There is no difference observed regarding DRM in both groups. On oncopathological point of view both the group showed almost equally effective results. Laparoscopic surgery can be opted as the standard operative technique for surgical management of rectal cancer.

Clinical Significance of Faecal Calprotectin in Differentiating Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with relapsing and remitting course. Recurrent abdominal pain and discomfort in association with abnormal defecation in the absence of structural abnormality of the gut is the key feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Faecal biomarker may be used a precise tool in the differentiation of IBD and IBS. The aim of this study was to measure faecal calprotectin (FC) in patients with IBD and IBS and compare between them. This was a cross-sectional study done in the department of Gastroenterology, BSMMU, Bangladesh from May 2017 to August 2018. IBD patients were diagnosed on the basis of compatible history, clinical examination, laboratory, radiological and endoscopic findings. IBS patients were selected by using the Rome IV criteria. Quantitative faecal calprotectin ELISA (BUHLMANN Quantum Blue) test was done and compared between IBD and IBS patients. In this study, ninety (90) patients were enrolled, 45 patients with IBD and 45 patients with IBS. Mean age of the IBD patients was 32.24±9.76 years and IBS patients was 33.80±9.70 years. There were 28(62.2%) male and 17(37.8%) female patients with IBD and 30(66.7%) male and 15(33.3%) female patients with IBS. We found faecal calprotectin (FC) level was 445.68±237.35µg/gm in IBD patients and 39.16±17.31µg/gm in IBS patients. There was a significant difference of faecal calprotectin level between IBD and IBS patients (p-value <0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of faecal calprotectin to differentiate IBD from IBS was 91.1% and 86.7% respectively. The test accuracy was 88.9%. Area under ROC was 0.959 (95% CI, 0.909 to 1.0). This study showed that faecal calprotectin appears to be clinically useful, non-invasive, rapid and reliable marker to differentiate IBD from IBS.

Rapid immunoassay alone is insufficient for the detection of hepatitis C virus infection among high-risk population.

Rapid testing for HCV has become a routine practice in resource-limited settings for initial screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of rapid immunoassay diagnostic test kits for specific and accurate diagnosis of HCV infection among different patient groups in clinical settings of Kolkata, India. Two hundred and fifty-four randomly selected serum samples of 612 samples reported as HCV nonreactive by rapid immunodiagnostic tests were evaluated for HCV antibody, ELISA and HCV RNA testing for confirmatory diagnosis. 15.74% were HCV seropositive by ELISA, and 11.02% were RNA positive by nested RT-PCR. Additionally, 15 HCV-seronegative chronic liver disease patients with high ALT and AST values were screened for HCV RNA, of which five were positive whose viral load ranged from 1.2 × 10(2) to 4.4 × 10(6) IU/mL, and the samples belonged to IVDUs and HIV-co-infected individuals. The results showed that HCV rapid immunoassay test cannot be solely relied on as an absolute and accurate diagnostic tool for screening infection of HCV particularly in high-risk group patients such as IVDUs, haemodialysis, thalassaemic and HIV-co-infected patients who need HCV screening frequently.

Three body dissociation of CS2(2+) subsequent to various S(2p) Auger transitions.

Fragmentation kinematics of CS2 following various S(2p) Auger transitions is studied. Employing a combination of electron energy analysis and recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, changes in the dissociation channel yields, as well as the differences in the kinematical parameters for various bands of Auger hole states are presented. The fragmentation mechanism for dissociative channels leading to complete atomization of CS2(2+) molecular ion is studied in detail. We find that CS2(2+) does not retain linear geometry and is bent before undergoing concerted break-up. It is also observed that different geometric configurations of the CS2(2+) precursor result in different kinetic energy release values.

Camp based awareness and screening programme of cervical cancer in rural area of Bangladesh.

This population based cross sectional study was carried out in Muktagacha Upazilla Health Complex, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the period of 26th to 28th June, 2012. The objective was to create awareness, to find out the precancerous lesion of cervix and to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for prevention of cervical carcinoma. Women who were married and between 30-60 years and also women of below 30 years (who were married below the age of 18) were included in this study. All pregnant women were excluded from this study. After counseling, pelvic examination and VIA (visual inspection of cervix with application of 5% acetic acid) test was done. If the squamo-columner junction of cervix turned to white then it was called VIA positive (+ve) cases. Then they were referred to colposcopy clinic of Mymensingh Medical College with a red card for evaluation and management. During the 3 days campaign, 395 cases were examined. Among them, majority (49%) of the women were below the age of 30. It was observed that still 48.2% were married below the age of 18 and 31% had first pregnancy at an age or below 18 years. But number of grand multiparity is lowering now a days. Only 25% had para ≥4. Others have para 1-3. During pelvic examination, the common cervico-uterine pathologies like chronic cervicities (16.5%), cervical erosion (14.4%), uterine prolapse (2.3%), cervical polyp (1%), myomatous polyp (0.3%) and advanced cervical carcinoma (0.5%) were also diagnosed clinically. Among the participants, 11.9% was detected as VIA+ve cases. A significant association of VIA+ve cases with low socio-economic conditions, hindu religion, early age at marriage and high parity were observed in this study (p<0.05). The findings of this study highlight the utility and need of camp based cervical cancer screening service at regular interval in the community.

Changes in lipid profile of postmenopausal women.

The study reveals that menopause leads to changes in hormonal status, metabolism and lipid profile. Since there is an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases for women after menopause, the present study is aimed at comparing the changes of serum lipid profile in premenopausal women with that of their postmenopausal counterparts. This is to enable us ascertain the relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women in Bangladesh. One hundred and eighteen (118) apparently healthy females (59 premenopausal = control and 59 postmenopausal = case) were selected for the study. The case-control cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with the Department of Gynaecology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh during the period from January 2009 to December 2009. Data were collected through clinical evaluation from pre selected questionnaires and fasting blood samples were taken for laboratory investigations. Serum total cholesterol and their sub fractions- high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured by autoanalyzer using enzymatic and established mathematical methods. Statistical significance of difference between two groups were evaluated by using unpaired 't' test with the help of SPSS software package. The results showed statistically significant increase in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (p<0.001) of menopausal women compared to reproductive age group. The postmenopausal women had higher but non-significant (p=0.675) concentrations of triglycerides than the premenopausal women with regular menstruation. However, a significant reduction of HDL was present in the postmenopausal group (p<0.001) than the premenopausal group. Therefore, it can be concluded that menopause leads to changes in lipid profile by increasing total and LDL cholesterol and by reducing HDL cholesterol. The elevated LDL and the reduction of cardio protective HDL is an indication that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh.

Role of Doppler Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Histopathological Correlation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the leading cause (possibly third) of cancer mortality. In a present scenario, HCC displays a challenging clinical problem worldwide. Good-quality ultra sound with careful evaluation of the hepatobiliary system can be a screening examination for HCC in patients at risk. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Doppler sonography for differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other focal liver lesions. It was a cross-sectional survey, conducted in the Department of Radiology& Imaging, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2018. A total of 70 patients with space occupying lesions on ultrasound were included in this study while pregnant women were excluded. All patients were examined by gray scale ultrasonography, color Doppler and FNAC. To visualize the blood flow, standard color Doppler sonography was used for each lesion. Within the lesions, pulsed Doppler samples were assessed whenever possible on the basis of pulsatile flow & finally resistive index (RI) of intra-tumoral and peritumoral arterial flow was studied. After evaluating by Doppler sonography (CDFI and Spectral analysis), FNAC was done and the specimen was sent to the Department of Pathology for Cytopathological examination. Cytopathology were assessed for confirmation of positive and negative cases of HCC. The detection rate of arterial flow in malignant tumors was 85.1% and in benign lesions were 30.4%. Doppler spectrum analysis showed that the resistive index in primary malignant tumors were 0.76±0.12 and in metastatic tumors were 0.80±0.12 and below 0.6 in benign lesions. The difference was significant (p<0.001). This difference was related with its Cytopathological report. The arterial flow identified by CDFI within the liver lesion with RI >0.6 can be regarded as a criterion of malignant tumors and RI<0.6 can be regarded as benign lesions. This study concluded that the combination of color Doppler flow imaging and RI are more useful in differential diagnosis of liver neoplasms.

Assessment of the Relationship between Non-motor features and Severity of Parkinson's Disease Patients in Bangladesh.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease that may present with both motor and non-motor symptoms (NMSs). Many of the ignored NMSs may potentiate further deterioration of the patient's quality of life (QoL). But there is scarcity of data regarding NMSs of PD patients and their relationship with the disease severity in Bangladesh. This study was aimed to investigate the frequency of NMSs and assess their debatable impact on the severity of PD patients in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional type of observational study was conducted in neurology department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2012 to June 2013 which recruited 60 eligible PD patients. The PD patients and disease severity was demonstrated by UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria for idiopathic PD and the Hoehn and Yahr scale respectively. Whereas, NMSs were demonstrated by the self-structured questionnaire which had encountered 30 common symptoms of PD. The mean age of our study cohort was found 57.88±10.56 years with male female ration 2:1. According to the Hoehn and Yahr (H & Y) severity scale 38.3%, 38.3%, 20.1% and 3.3% patients had been suffering from stage ?, stage II, stage III and stage ?V Parkinson's disease respectively. Irrespective of the severity of the PD the frequency of NMSs was nocturia (66.7%), sadness or blues (65.0%), memory disturbance (61.7%), anxiety (58.3%), insomnia (56.7%), orthostatic hypotension (55.0%), erectile dysfunction (50.0%), urinary urgency (46.7%), anhedonia (45.0%), olfactory disturbance (38.3%), constipation (38.3%), hyper or hypo sexuality (31.7%) and restless leg syndrome (31.7%). However, after head-to-head NMSs analysis, daytime dribbling of saliva (p=0.024), urinary urgency (p=0.036), nocturia (p=0.001), weight loss (p=0.001), anhedonia (p=0.027), excessive daytime sleepiness (p=0.024), insomnia (p=0.007), vivid dream (p=0.024), REM behavior disorder (p=0.010), restless leg syndrome/ periodic leg movements (p=0.043) had significantly been reported higher among the stage II PD patients than that of stage I patients. Whereas fall (p=0.001), dysphagia or choking (p=0.002), constipation (p=0.003), fecal incontinence (p=0.033), excessive daytime sleepiness (p=0.033), anxiety (p=0.036) and anhedonia (p=0.044) were significantly more prevalent among the advanced stage (III) than stage (II) PD patients. Mean total NMS increased significantly with PD severity based on H and Y staging with a mean NMSQ-T (Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire Test) of 5.43 in stage 1, 9.22 in stage 2, 13.75 in stage 3 and 17.0 in stage 4 (p=0.0001). This study revealed that there was high frequency of NMSs among the PD patients and most common symptoms were nocturia, sadness, memory impairment, anxiety, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, erectile dysfunction, anhedonia, urinary urgency and constipation. Finally, the more advanced disease as indicated by a higher H&Y stage was associated with significantly higher number of reported NMSs.