Changes in the statistical properties of electromagnetic double multi-Gaussian Schell-model beams on propagation in free space.

A class of electromagnetic random sources with a multi-Gaussian functional form in the spectral density and in the correlations part of the cross-spectral density matrix is introduced based on the genuine cross-spectral density-matrix theory. The analytic propagation formulas of the cross-spectral density matrix of such beams propagating in free space are derived by use of Collins' diffraction integral. With the help of analytic formulas, the evolution of statistical characteristics, i.e., the spectral density, the spectral degree of polarization, and the spectral degree of coherence for such beams in free space are analyzed numerically. Employing the multi-Gaussian functional form in the cross-spectral density matrix introduces one more freedom in the modeling of Gaussian Schell-model sources.

Transmission of a polychromatic electromagnetic multi-Gaussian Schell-model beam in an inhomogeneous gradient-index fiber.

We derive analytical expressions for the cross-spectral density matrix of polychromatic electromagnetic multi-Gaussian Schell-model (EMGSM) beam transmission through a gradient-index fiber. The space-spectrum evolution properties for the spectral density, spectral shift, degree of polarization, and electromagnetic coherence state of a polychromatic EMGSM beam with Lorentzian line type spectrum and central wavelength λ0=1550 nm propagation in a silica-clad germania core inhomogeneous graded-index fiber are studied in detail. We show that these statistical properties exhibit periodicity in the fiber, caused by the focusing property of square-law media, which can be reminiscent of the self-imaging effect of optical fields. The effects of the nonconventional correlation functions of the polychromatic EMGSM beam on the transmission properties are also investigated.

Light scattering by three-dimensional objects with semi-hard boundaries.

We introduce analytical models for scattering potentials of particles that have ellipsoid-, cylinder-, and parallelepiped-like shapes and adjustable edge sharpness with the help of the three-dimensional versions of the multi-Gaussian functions. The far fields produced upon scattering from such potentials are examined in detail and are shown to qualitatively and quantitatively depend on the scatterer's symmetry type as well as its orientation and edge sharpness.

Effect of methylphenidate treatment on appetite and levels of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore whether the use of methylphenidate relates leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, the relationship between methylphenidate-related weight loss in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and these biomolecules were evaluated. METHODS: Thirty ADHD patients receiving methylphenidate and 20 healthy controls were included. Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and BDNF levels were measured at baseline and after two-month treatment in both groups. RESULTS: At baseline, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and BDNF levels were similar in the ADHD and control groups. The most common adverse events occurring in the ADHD group after a 2-month treatment period included loss of appetite (70%) and weight loss (66.7%). A significant difference was found in body weight, BMI, and CGI scores of the ADHD patients after the treatment. While post-treatment ghrelin and adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the ADHD group, BDNF level was significantly lower. Post-treatment decrease in leptin levels was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin and BDNF were not associated with poor appetite and/or weight loss due to methylphenidate treatment. However, ghrelin and adiponectin might be biomolecules that play a role in underlying neurobiological mechanisms of methylphenidate-related appetite or weight loss.

Evaluation of the effect of cannabidiol on the THLE-2 liver cell line exposed to lead.

Environmental and soil pollution increase the likelihood of human exposure to toxic metals. Therefore, there is a need for new methods and substances to protect individuals against the harmful effects caused by toxic metals. The study is the first to aim at determining the protective effect of cannabidiol (CBD) against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by toxic metal exposure in Transformed Human Liver Epithelial-2 (THLE-2) cell lines representing healthy liver cells. The IC50 value was determined by exposing THLE-2 human liver healthy cell line to different molarities of lead (Pb) using the XTT kit. The protective efficacy of CBD was assessed by adding 5 µM CBD in addition to the Pb doses determined at IC50 levels to the Pb groups created in cell lines. The levels of GSH, MDA, MPO, CAT, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in cell lines were determined using ELISA kits. The inhibition of toxic metal entry into the cells by CBD was assessed through ICP-MS analysis. The IC50 value for Pb was determined as 10 µM in 2D cell lines and 25 µM in 3D cell lines. It was observed that the application of 5 µM concentration of CBD, along with the determined IC50 doses for Pb, increased the cell proliferation rate. Furthermore, the decrease in GSH and CAT levels and the increase in MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels observed in cell lines treated only with Pb were reversed with the application of CBD. The ICP-MS analysis revealed that CBD reduced the cellular uptake of Pb. The reversal of oxidative stress and inflammation induced by Pb, the increase in cell proliferation, and the reduction in the cellular uptake of toxic metals by CBD can be considered as strong evidence for the protective use of CBD in Pb exposures.

Evaluation of the protective effect of losartan in acetaminophen-induced liver and kidney damage in mice.

Acetaminophen is widely used among humans as an antipyretic and analgesic. In this study, the protective effect of losartan in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice was investigated owing to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. An injection of a single dose of 500 mg/kg (i.p.) acetaminophen was administered to induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in Groups VI-X. Losartan at doses of 1 mg/kg (Group VII), 3 mg/kg (Group VIII), and 10 mg/kg (Groups III, V, IX, and X) was injected intraperitoneally twice, at 1 and 12 h after the acetaminophen injection. Additionally, a 4 mg/kg dose of GW9662 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) antagonist) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before the losartan injections in Groups V and X. At the end of 24 h, the mice were euthanized, and blood, liver, and kidney tissue samples were collected. Levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, and oxidative stress markers including TBARS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TAS, TOS, GSH, and GSSG, along with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and TNF-α, were measured using ELISA kits. Additionally, a histological evaluation of the tissue samples was performed. Acetaminophen causes increases in the levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, TBARS, TOS, GSSG, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, and TNF-α in serum, liver, and kidney tissue. Meanwhile, it led to a decrease in the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, TAS, and GSH. Losartan injection reversed oxidative and inflammatory damage induced by acetaminophen. Histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissue were alleviated by losartan. The substance GW9662 increased the protective effect of losartan. In light of all the data obtained from our study, it can be said that losartan has a protective effect on liver and kidney damage induced by acetaminophen due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In terms of the study, losartan was found to be an alternative substance that could protect people from the harmful effects of acetaminophen.

Light sources generating far fields with tunable flat profiles.

Planar, scalar, optical Schell-model, and quasi-homogeneous sources with correlations that are Fourier transforms of multi-Gaussian functions are introduced. It is demonstrated that far fields produced by these families of sources carry interesting characteristics, being flatlike with adjustable steepness of the edge. Beam conditions for such sources are also derived.

Multi-Gaussian Schell-model beams.

In a recent publication [Opt. Lett.37, 2970 (2012)10.1364/OL.37.002970], a novel class of planar stochastic sources, generating far fields with flat intensity profiles, was introduced. In this paper we examine the behavior of the spectral density and the state of coherence of beamlike fields generated by such sources on propagation in free space and linear isotropic random media. In particular, we find that at sufficiently large distances from the source, the medium destroys the flat intensity profile, even if it remains such for intermediate distances from the source.

Crystalline human eye lens' response to stochastic light.

We present the first account (to our knowledge) of interaction between stochastic light and the crystalline human eye lens. In particular, the spectral density and the spectral degree of polarization of light focused by the crystalline lens onto the eye's back wall are examined. We find that the correlation properties of the incident light play the important role in the process of image formation by the eye and in its perception of polarization features of the incoming radiation.

Scattering of light from particles with semisoft boundaries.

A three-dimensional multi-Gaussian function, being a finite sum of Gaussian functions, is adopted for modeling of a spherically symmetric scatterer with a semisoft boundary, i.e. such that has continuous and adjustable drop in the index of refraction. A Gaussian sphere and a hard sphere are the two limiting cases when the number of terms in multi-Gaussian distribution is one and infinity, respectively. The effect of the boundary's softness on the intensity distribution of the scattered wave is revealed. The generalization of the model to random scatterers with semisoft boundaries is also outlined.

Elevated levels of cortisol, brain-derived neurotropic factor and tissue plasminogen activator in male children with autism spectrum disorder.

Several studies demonstrated biological effects of cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on human metabolism and central nervous system. Our study investigated the serum levels of tPA along with BDNF and cortisol in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thirty three male children with ASD ranging in age from 2 to 15 years were selected for the study group and 27 age-matched healthy male children were selected for the control group. The ASD severity was determined by the score on the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). The mean cortisol levels for the study group and the control group were 79.1 ± 30.2 ng/ml and 60.0 ± 25.1 ng/ml, respectively. The mean BDNF levels for the study group and the control group were 5.9 ± 2.8 ng/ml and 3.7 ± 1.8 ng/ml, respectively. The mean tPA levels for the study group and the control group were 32.9 ± 18.5 ng/ml and 25.5 ± 15.1 ng/ml, respectively. Cortisol, BDNF and tPA levels were significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant effect in terms of age, ABC total and subscale scores on serum cortisol, BDNF and tPA levels in the study group (p > 0.05). It may be suggested that elevations may indicate a role in the pathogenesis of ASD or it may be the case that ASD may alter the levels or pathways of these metabolic factors. LAY SUMMARY: The underlying mechanism or a specific metabolic target relevant to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not yet been identified. Cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) have biological effects on neuroplasticity but little is known about the role of cortisol and tPA-BDNF pathway in ASD. In the present study focused on male children with ASD, we have found higher blood levels of cortisol, BDNF and tPA than their healthy peers. This is the first clinical study to evaluate the serum tPA levels along with BDNF and cortisol in ASD. The results suggest that several neurotrophic and other related markers should be born in mind while examining children with ASD.

Genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica: Unexpectedly complex distribution pattern.

In this study, we characterized a collection of clinical samples obtained from Syrian and Turkish patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. All obtained sequences belonged to Leishmania tropica. Combining them with those available from GenBank allowed us performing a broad-scale analysis of genetic diversity for this species. We demonstrated that L. tropica has a complex phylogeographic pattern with some haplotypes being widespread across endemic countries and others restricted to particular regions. We hypothesize that at least some of them may be associated with alternative vectors or animal reservoirs.

Generalized Stokes parameters in phase space.

The generalized Stokes parameters (GSP) are studied under the theory of phase space. It is noted that phase-space Stokes parameters can be a useful tool for Wigner distribution function measurements. Electromagnetic Wigner functions are introduced by use of the two-point statistics of GSP. The advantage in the GSP is that they can be measured in terms of the electric correlation matrix (which is a measurable quantity) or they can be measured independently. Hence, the GSP help in finding the polarization and coherence properties of electromagnetic beams. Within this framework, by using the GSP in phase space, the intensity feature of electromagnetic beams in phase space is given, as well.

Confusion, respiratory rate, shock index (CRSI-65) score in the emergency department triage may be a new severity scoring method for community-acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether confusion, respiratory rate, shock index-age ≥65 years (CRSI-65) score, consisting of basic physiological parameters, can be used for severity prediction in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort and single-center study conducted in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Bolu, Turkey between January 2018 and June 2018. The study investigated CRSI-65 score in predicting 4-week mortality and the need for intensive care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the emergency department were included in this study. Of the patients, 62.1% were males (n=36), and the mean age of the patients was 72.87 ± 12.30 years. After 4 weeks of follow-up, CURB-65 and CRSI-65 scores showed similar results in predicting mortality with respect to specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.926 for the CURB-65 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.853-0.999) and 0.954 for the CRSI-65 (95% CI 0.899-0.999). CONCLUSION: Similar to the CURB-65 score, the CRSI-65 score appears to be useful in predicting 4-week mortality. The evaluation of CRSI-65 score can be used in emergency department triage, primary care, and non-hospital settings.

The Epidemiology of Scabies and Pediculosis in Kayseri.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate scabies and pediculosis cases in the city of Kayseri and to contribute to the epidemiological data in Turkey. METHODS: Data for the present study were obtained from the Kayseri Directorate of Public Health. The distribution of lice and scabies according to age, sex, and years was evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 3908 scabies and 4762 pediculosis cases have been reported from the central and peripheral districts of Kayseri between January 2006 and April 2017. It was observed that the number of female cases is higher in both infestations. When positive cases were evaluated according to age, it appears that scabies cases in the 25-44 age group and pediculosis cases in the 10-14 age group are higher. At the same time, in the first 4 months of 2017, it was observed that the number of cases in both infestations was two times higher than that in the previous year. CONCLUSION: We believe that scabies and pediculosis infestations are still a major public health concern in Turkey and its city.

Olanzapine-induced Priapism in a Child with Asperger's Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Priapism is a potentially painful and prolonged erection that occurs in the absence of any stimulation. Olanzapine has been reported to induce priapism in several adult cases with schizophrenia and/or mood disorders but very rarely reported in children. CASE REPORT: 9-year-old male with Asperger's Syndrome (AS) referred to our clinic with the complaints of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. He was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and given methylphenidate treatment which ameliorated his ADHD symptoms. He started to have severe loss of appetite after methylphenidate treatment so olanzapine 2.5 mg/day was added to cope with severe inappetence. However he experienced priapism after olanzapine and priapism resolved after ceasing the drug. His mother restarted olanzapine because he benefited from olanzapine. But the same episodes occurred soon after olanzapine again and his mother had to stop the medication. CONCLUSION: Because atypical antipsychotics are now widely used in children, unusual side effects such as priapism should be taken into consideration for the differential diagnosis.

[Atomoxetine Treatment For Encopresis In A Child With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]. / Dikkat Eksikligi ve Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu'nda Atomoksetin Ile Düzelen Bir Enkoprezis Olgusu.

Letter to the editor.

FANTOM5 transcriptome catalog of cellular states based on Semantic MediaWiki.

The Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome project (FANTOM5) mapped transcription start sites (TSSs) and measured their activities in a diverse range of biological samples. The FANTOM5 project generated a large data set; including detailed information about the profiled samples, the uncovered TSSs at high base-pair resolution on the genome, their transcriptional initiation activities, and further information of transcriptional regulation. Data sets to explore transcriptome in individual cellular states encoded in the mammalian genomes have been enriched by a series of additional analysis, based on the raw experimental data, along with the progress of the research activities. To make the heterogeneous data set accessible and useful for investigators, we developed a web-based database called Semantic catalog of Samples, Transcription initiation And Regulators (SSTAR). SSTAR utilizes the open source wiki software MediaWiki along with the Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) extension, which provides flexibility to model, store, and display a series of data sets produced during the course of the FANTOM5 project. Our use of SMW demonstrates the utility of the framework for dissemination of large-scale analysis results. SSTAR is a case study in handling biological data generated from a large-scale research project in terms of maintenance and growth alongside research activities.Database URL: http://fantom.gsc.riken.jp/5/sstar/.

[The Epidemiology of Malaria in Kayseri Between 2001 and 2013]. / 2001-2013 Yillari Arasinda Kayseri'de Sitma Epidemiyolojisi.

OBJECTIVE: Malaria is the primary parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. As a result of the expansion of international travel in recent years, imported malaria cases especially are increasing in our country. Likewise, while there were more domestic cases earlier in Kayseri, more imported cases were seen in recent years. In our study, the epidemiology of malaria cases between the years of 2001-2013 is intended to be done with the data obtained from the Provincial Health Directorate. METHODS: The data was performed retrospectively. RESULTS: Considering the last 12 years of data; a total of 34,459 blood samples were analyzed and 47 of these cases were found to be malaria, 21 cases were domestic and others were imported cases of malaria. P. vivax was detected in all domestic cases. While one of the imported cases have been identified as P. malariae, others were P. falciparum. CONCLUSION: We believe that our study of the epidemiological data would be beneficial for taking preventive cautions and fight against malaria.

The Psychiatric Consequences of Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychiatric consequences of sexual abuse and its associated factors in children and adolescents referred to our child and adolescent psychiatry clinic from official medico-legal units. METHODS: All victims of sexual abuse (n=590) aged 1-18 (mean: 13.56±3.38) referred from forensic units to Ondokuz Mayis University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic over a period of 2 years [boys: 83 (14.1%); girls: 507 (85.9%)] were included. Child and adolescent psychiatry and forensic medicine specialists evaluated all the cases. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Form (WISC-R) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version (K-SADS-PL-T) were applied. RESULTS: Abuse-related psychiatric diagnoses (of which 45.9% were major depressive disorder and 31.7% were post-traumatic stress disorder cases) were made in 75.2% of the cases. In 80.3% of the cases, the perpetrators were known to their victims [incest, n=91 (15.1%)], and intercourse took place in 48.8%. Although gender and age were not significantly associated with the appearance of any psychiatric disorders, severity of abuse (e.g., intercourse; p=.006), additional physical assault (p<.001), and incest (p<.001) had a significant correlation with psychiatric disorders. To explore the predictive value of multiple factors in the appearance of any sexual assault-related psychiatric disorder, a logistic regression model was used to determine the best linear combination of age, gender, abuse severity, incest, involvement of any other victim, additional physical assault, and length of time from first abuse to first psychiatric evaluation. This combination of variables (occurrence of incest, additional physical assault, and a long duration from first abuse to first psychiatric evaluation) significantly predicted the appearance of a psychiatric disorder of any kind (χ2=55.42; df=7; n=522; p<.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that the occurrence of incest, additional physical assault, and a long duration from first abuse to first psychiatric evaluation predict higher rates of sexual abuse-related psychiatric disorders.