Association between heavy alcohol consumption and cryptogenic ischaemic stroke in young adults: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The underlying risk factors for young-onset cryptogenic ischaemic stroke (CIS) remain unclear. This multicentre study aimed to explore the association between heavy alcohol consumption and CIS with subgroup analyses stratified by sex and age. METHODS: Altogether, 540 patients aged 18-49 years (median age 41; 47.2% women) with a recent CIS and 540 sex-matched and age-matched stroke-free controls were included. Heavy alcohol consumption was defined as >7 (women) and >14 (men) units per week or at least an average of two times per month ≥5 (women) and ≥7 (men) units per instance (binge drinking). A conditional logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, education, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, current smoking, obesity, diet and physical inactivity was used to assess the independent association between alcohol consumption and CIS. RESULTS: Patients were twice as more often heavy alcohol users compared with controls (13.7% vs 6.7%, p<0.001), were more likely to have hypertension and they were more often current smokers, overweight and physically inactive. In the entire study population, heavy alcohol consumption was independently associated with CIS (adjusted OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.22 to 3.63). In sex-specific analysis, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with CIS in men (2.72; 95% CI 1.25 to 5.92), but not in women (1.56; 95% CI 0.71 to 3.41). When exploring the association with binge drinking alone, a significant association was shown in the entire cohort (2.43; 95% CI 1.31 to 4.53) and in men (3.36; 95% CI 1.44 to 7.84), but not in women. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy alcohol consumption, particularly binge drinking, appears to be an independent risk factor in young men with CIS.

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation as a treatment for hemifacial spasm: long-term follow-up and management of recurrences.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) is a treatment used to relieve symptoms of cranial nerve disorders. The current study is the first to describe the results of hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients with a history of repeated RFT in the second-largest consecutive single-center patient series with long-term follow-up. METHOD: This retrospective study was conducted in the largest hospital district in Finland (Helsinki and Uusimaa). Consecutive HFS patients who had an RFT to treat HFS in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa between 2009-2020 were included. RESULTS: Eighteen patients with 53 RFTs were identified from the medical records. 11 (61 %) patients had repeated RFTs, and the mean number of RFTs per patient was 3.33 (3.29 SD). The mean follow-up was 5.54 years (7.5 SD). 12 (67 %) patients had had microvascular decompression (MVD) before RFT. Patients were satisfied with the results after 87 % of RFTs. Relief of the twitching of the face lasted 11.27 months (11.94 SD). All patients had postoperatively transient facial paresis. Postoperative paresis lasted a mean of 6.47 months (6.80 SD). The depth of paresis was postoperatively typically moderate (36.54 %, House Brackmann III). 23.08 % had mild paresis (House-Brackmann II), 23.08 % had moderately severe dysfunction (House-Brackmann IV), 9.62 % had severe dysfunction, and 7.69 % had total paralysis of the facial muscles (House-Brackmann VI). Duration of relief in the face twitching (p 0.002) and temperature at the final coagulation point (p 0.004) were statistically significant predictors of satisfaction with the RFT results. CONCLUSIONS: RFT can be used to treat recurrences of HFS repeatedly. It provides symptom relief for around 11 months, lasting four times longer than with botulinum toxin injections. Patients are satisfied, although an RFT produces transient, sometimes even severe, facial paresis.

Markers of early vascular aging are not associated with cryptogenic ischemic stroke in the young: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the association between covert atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and early-onset cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CIS) in a prospective case-control study. METHODS: We enrolled 123 young CIS patients (median age 41 years; 42% women) and 123 age- and sex-matched controls. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), Augmentation Index (AIx), central pulse wave velocity (PWV), and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) were compared between patients and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, current smoking, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Total-C/HDL-C) ratio, and glycated albumin to assess the independent association between CIMT, arterial stiffness and CIS. RESULTS: Patients with higher CIMT and PWV were older, more often men and they had more frequently well-documented risk factors, lower HDL and higher Total-C/HDL-C ratio compared to other tertiles. In univariate comparisons, we found no differences between patients and controls regarding CIMT, AIx, or PWV. In the entire cohort, patients had a significantly lower SEVR compared to controls (146.3%, interquartile range [IQR] 125.7-170.3 vs. 158.0%, IQR 141.3-181.0, P=0.010). SEVR was lower also in women compared to their controls (132.0%, IQR 119.4-156.1 vs. 158.7%, IQR 142.0-182.8, P=0.001) but no significant difference appeared between male patients and male controls. However, after adjusting for comorbidities and laboratory values these significant differences were lost (odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-4.91) in the entire cohort and OR 3.89, 95% CI 0.30-50.80 in women). CONCLUSIONS: Higher CIMT and PWV were associated to higher age, male sex, and several well-documented cardiovascular risk factors. However, in this study we could not prove that either covert atherosclerosis or arterial stiffness contribute to pathogenesis of early-onset CIS.

Outcomes and long-term mortality after basilar artery occlusion-A cohort with up to 20 years' follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The data on long-term outcome after basilar artery occlusion (BAO) are scarce. Little is known about BAO survivors´ outcome over decades. AIM: We set out to investigate long-term survival and causes of death in BAO patients with up to two decades of follow-up. We also evaluated differences in outcome trends. METHODS: Two hundred and seven BAO patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) at the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, between 1995 and 2016, were analyzed. Short-term outcome was assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. Long-term cumulative survival rate was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Factors associated with mortality were analyzed with Cox regression. RESULTS: Moderate outcome (mRS 0-3) was achieved in 41.1% and good outcome (mRS 0-2) in 30.4% of patients at 3 months. Three-month mortality was 39.6%, of which 89% died within the first month. The median follow-up time in 3-month survivors was 8.9 years (maximum 21.8 years). Total mortality during follow-up was 52.2%. Cumulative mortality rate was 25.7%. Older age, coronary artery disease and more extensive ischemic changes on admission brain imaging were independently associated with long-term mortality. After the acute phase, the rate of other vascular causes of death increased in relation to stroke. CONCLUSIONS: The described evolution of a large, single-center BAO cohort shows a trend towards a higher rate of good and/or moderate outcome during later years in IVT-treated patients. Survivors showed relative longevity, and the rate of cardiac and other vascular causes of death increased in relation to stroke sequelae over the long term.

Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and association with demyelination.

OBJECTIVES: The association of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) with multiple sclerosis (MS) is still widely unaddressed in larger, systematical clinical series. In this study, a cohort of Finnish MS patients was assessed regarding the incidence and prevalence of TN, as well as the presence of demyelinating lesions near the trigeminal ganglion, thus searching for a causative role of MS plaques in TN onset. MATERIALS & METHODS: All consecutive patients treated and followed up for MS (ICD-code G35) in Helsinki University Hospital during 2004-2017 were identified from the Finnish MS register. A hospital administrative database search was used to identify all patients treated and followed up for TN during the same period. Among the MS patients, head MRI scans available from the diagnostic phase of TN or thereafter were analysed. RESULTS: We identified a total of 2575 patients with MS and 2008 patients with TN. Both diagnoses could be verified for 55 patients, giving a prevalence of 2.1% for TN in MS. The incidence of TN in MS patients was 149/100 000 person-years (95% CI 108-190). In the general outpatient population of our neurological department, the incidence of TN was 9.9/100 000 person-years (95% CI 9.5-10.3). A demyelinating lesion in the proximity of the trigeminal ganglia was seen for 63% of the 41 patients with relevant MRI data available. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of TN among MS patients was 15-fold higher than in the general neurological outpatient population, thus in favour of a strong association between MS and TN.

Cerebral white matter lesions and post-thrombolytic remote parenchymal hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Parenchymal hematoma (PH) following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in ischemic stroke can occur either within the ischemic area (iPH) or as a remote PH (rPH). The latter could be, at least partly, related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which belongs to the continuum of cerebral small vessel disease. We hypothesized that cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs)-an imaging surrogate of small vessel disease-are associated with a higher rate of rPH. METHODS: We analyzed 2,485 consecutive patients treated with IVT at the Helsinki University Hospital. Blennow rating scale of 5 to 6 points on baseline computed tomographic head scans was considered as severe WMLs. An rPH was defined as hemorrhage that-contrary to iPH-appears in brain regions without visible ischemic damage and is clinically not related to the symptomatic acute lesion site. The associations between severe WMLs and pure rPH versus no PH, pure iPH versus no PH, and pure rPH versus pure iPH were studied in multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: rPHs were mostly (74%) located in lobar regions. After adjustments, the presence of severe WMLs was associated with pure rPH (odds ratio [OR] = 6.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.57-17.94) but not with pure iPH (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 0.83-2.53) when compared to patients with no PH. In direct comparison of pure rPH with pure iPH, severe cerebral WMLs were further associated with higher iPH rates (OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.06-12.19). INTERPRETATION: Severe cerebral WMLs were associated with post-thrombolytic rPH but not with iPH within the ischemic area. Ann Neurol 2016;80:593-599.

White Matter Lesions Double the Risk of Post-Thrombolytic Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs), a surrogate for small-vessel disease, are common in patients with stroke and may be related to an increased intracranial bleeding risk after intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) in the presence of WMLs in a large cohort of ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. METHODS: We included 2485 consecutive patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. WMLs were scored according to 4 previously published computed tomography visual rating scales from all baseline head scans. A sICH was classified according to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II criteria. The associations of sICH with nominal, ordinal, and continuous variables were analyzed in a univariate binary regression model and adjusted in multivariate binary regression models. RESULTS: In univariate and multivariate regression analyses, all 4 tested visual WML rating scales (as continuous variables or dichotomized at different cutoff points) were associated with increased risk of sICH. In binary analyses, WML doubled the bleeding risk: the odds ratios of all 4 visual rating scales ranged from 2.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.30) to 2.70 (1.87-3.90) in univariable and from 2.00 (1.26-3.16) to 2.62 (1.71-4.02) in multivariable analyses. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for the association of high load of WMLs with remote parenchymal hemorrhage was 4.11 (2.38-7.10). CONCLUSIONS: WMLs visible on computed tomography are associated with a more than doubled risk of sICH in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.

Cerebral computed tomography-graded white matter lesions are associated with worse outcome after thrombolysis in patients with stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Compared with other stroke causes, small-vessel disease is associated with better 3-month outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Another question is the impact of coexisting cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs; a surrogate marker of small-vessel disease) on outcome, which was addressed in the current study. METHODS: We analyzed 2485 consecutive intravenous thrombolysis-treated patients at the Helsinki University Central Hospital, 2001 to 2014. WMLs were scored according to 4 previously published computed tomographic visual rating scales from all baseline head scans. The inter-rater agreement was calculated. The primary outcome measure was shift analysis, and the secondary examined all possible binary cutoffs in the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months. The associations of modified Rankin Scale with nominal, ordinal, and continuous variables were analyzed in univariate and adjusted in multivariate binary and ordinal regression (shift analysis) models. RESULTS: In univariate and multivariate regression analyses, all 4 tested visual WML rating scales (as continuous variables, or dichotomized at different cutoff points) were associated with worse outcome at all binary levels and in shift analyses of the modified Rankin Scale. After adjusting for confounders, the statistically strongest association in shift analyses remained for the Blennow scale dichotomized at >3 points, reflecting at least moderate WMLs (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-2.44). CONCLUSIONS: WMLs on admission computed tomographic scan are independently associated with worse outcome in intravenous thrombolysis-treated patients with stroke.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy related hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis: case report and literature review.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) predisposes to symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) after combined thrombolytic and anticoagulant treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, the role of CAA in stroke thrombolysis has not been established. Here, we describe a confirmed case of CAA-related hemorrhage in a patient receiving thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. On autopsy, immunohistochemistry revealed amyloid-ß positive staining in thickened cortical and meningeal arteries at sites of hemorrhage. Further research is urgently needed to determine the hemorrhage risk related to CAA in stroke thrombolysis and develop better diagnostic tools to identify CAA in the emergency room.

Intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion: thrombus length versus recanalization success.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In middle cerebral artery occlusion, probability of recanalization after intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis (IVT) was reported to drop <1% for thrombi exceeding 8 mm. We aimed to evaluate the effect of thrombus length and location on success of recanalization after IVT in basilar artery occlusion. METHODS: We evaluated 164 consecutive patients with angiography-proven basilar artery occlusion and available thrombus length. We excluded 24 patients who underwent endovascular treatment. All included patients (n=140) received IVT. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 2 to 3 was considered as successful recanalization. RESULTS: Of the 140 included patients, 37 (26.4%) lacked post-treatment angiography, mostly because of early death. Of the remaining 103 patients, those with recanalization had shorter thrombi (median, 5.5 mm and mean, 9.7 mm) when compared with those with nonrecanalized (median, 15.0 mm and mean, 16.6 mm; P<0.001). Thrombi shorter than 10 mm had 70% to 80% probability of recanalization, whereas 10 to 20 mm, 20 to 30 mm, and >30 mm long thrombi had probabilities of 50% to 70%, 30% to 50%, and 20% to 30%, respectively. Patients with thrombi <10 mm (n=52) and recanalization had more frequently top-of-the basilar (92.5%) and less frequently caudal or midbasilar (7.5%) clot location (P=0.01). In multivariable analysis, thrombus length was independently associated with recanalization (P=0.001). Their relationship remained linear across all lengths. CONCLUSIONS: Although recanalization of basilar artery occlusion with IVT depends on thrombus length, its probability even in patients with thrombi >30 mm (20%-30%) was substantially higher than minimal recanalization of middle cerebral artery thrombi exceeding 8 mm. There was no threshold length, beyond which basilar artery occlusion recanalization with IVT could ad hoc be deemed hopeless.

The CAVE score for predicting late seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Seizures are a common complication of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We developed a novel tool to quantify this risk in individual patients. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the observational Helsinki ICH Study (n=993; median follow-up, 2.7 years) and the Lille Prognosis of InTra-Cerebral Hemorrhage (n=325; 2.2 years) cohorts of consecutive ICH patients admitted between 2004 and 2010. Helsinki ICH Study patients' province-wide electronic records were evaluated for early seizures occurring within 7 days of ICH and among 7-day survivors (n=764) for late seizures (LSs) occurring >7 days from ICH. A Cox regression model estimating risk of LSs was used to derive a prognostic score, validated in the Prognosis of InTra-Cerebral Hemorrhage cohort. RESULTS: Of the Helsinki ICH Study patients, 109 (11.0%) had early seizures within 7 days of ICH. Among the 7-day survivors, 70 (9.2%) patients developed LSs. The cumulative risk of LSs was 7.1%, 10.0%, 10.2%, 11.0%, and 11.8% at 1 to 5 years after ICH, respectively. We created the CAVE score (0-4 points) to estimate the risk of LSs, with 1 point for each of cortical involvement, age<65 years, volume>10 mL, and early seizures within 7 days of ICH. The risk of LSs was 0.6%, 3.6%, 9.8%, 34.8%, and 46.2% for CAVE scores 0 to 4, respectively. The c-statistic was 0.81 (0.76-0.86) and 0.69 (0.59-0.78) in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: One in 10 patients will develop seizures after ICH. The risk of this adverse outcome can be estimated by a simple score based on baseline variables.

Thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion: impact of baseline ischemia and time.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of extensive baseline ischemic changes on functional outcome after thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion (BAO), and to study the effect of time to treatment in the absence of such findings. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 184 consecutive patients with angiography-proven BAO. The majority of patients received intravenous alteplase and concomitant full-dose heparin. Extensive baseline ischemia was defined as posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT score (pc-ASPECTS) < 8. Onset-to-treatment time (OTT) was evaluated both as a continuous and as a categorical variable (0-6 hours, 6-12 hours, 12-24 hours, and 24-48 hours). Successful recanalization means thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) = 2 to 3. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was evaluated with National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II, and Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke criteria. Poor 3-month outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 3 to 6. RESULTS: The majority (96%) of patients with baseline pc-ASPECTS < 8 had poor 3-month outcome, and a similar number (94%) was observed in those of them with confirmed recanalization (51.5%). In contrast, half of the patients with pc-ASPECTS ≥ 8 and successful recanalization (73.2%) achieved good outcome. In these patients, OTT was associated with poor outcome neither as a continuous nor as a categorical variable. Factors independently associated with poor outcome were greater age and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, lack of recanalization, history of atrial fibrillation, and sICH. In the model including the whole cohort (patients with any pc-ASPECTS), pc-ASPECTS < 8 was independently associated with poor outcome (odds ratio = 5.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-31.07). INTERPRETATION: In the absence of extensive baseline ischemia, recanalization of BAO up to 48 hours was seldom futile and produced good outcomes in 50% of patients, which was independent of time to treatment.

IV Thrombolysis in Basilar Artery Occlusion: Outcomes and Comparison With Endovascular Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recanalization is considered a prerequisite for favorable outcome in basilar artery occlusion (BAO). Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has been successfully used for eligible patients with BAO well beyond the 4.5-hour time window but has been largely underrepresented in the best medical management arms in recent randomized controlled trials of recanalization therapy in BAO. We aimed to analyze the outcomes of patients with BAO treated with IVT only and to compare IVT with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). METHODS: This observational single-center, retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients with BAO treated with IVT and/or EVT up to 48 hours of symptom onset during 1995-2022. The primary outcome was favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0-3) at 3 months collected by a stroke physician by phone. In the first part, we described the outcomes and factors associated with functional outcome in the IVT-only cohort during 1995-2022. In the second part, we used doubly robust inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment models to compare functional outcome of patients treated with IVT vs EVT+/-IVT during 2010-2022. RESULTS: In the whole cohort of 376 patients with acute BAO treated with recanalization therapy, 245 (65.2%) received only IVT. In the IVT-only cohort, most patients had moderate-to-severe clinical presentation (median NIH Stroke Scale 18) but no extensive early ischemic changes in the posterior circulation on admission. Half of them had onset-to-treatment time over 6 hours. 46.5% of the IVT-treated patients achieved 3-month favorable functional outcome, whereas mortality was 35.9%. sICH occurred in 11.1%. In a multivariable analysis, younger age, milder symptom severity, and less baseline ischemic changes predicted favorable functional outcome. In the 2010-2022 cohort, when compared with patients treated with EVT+/-IVT (n = 121), the IVT-only cohort (n = 122) had higher odds for favorable functional outcome (IVT 58.2% vs EVT 43.0% (aOR 2.82 [95% CI 1.31-6.05]). DISCUSSION: IVT alone produced outcomes comparable with those in recent trials of endovascular BAO recanalization. Furthermore, in head-to-head comparison in our cohort, the IVT-only approach was more often associated with favorable outcome than EVT+/-IVT. Thus, it should not be overlooked as the first-line recanalization therapy in acute BAO, even in longer time windows. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that tPA is as effective as thrombectomy for basilar artery thrombosis.

Association of prestroke statin use and lipid levels with outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is unclear whether blood lipid profiles and statin use before intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are associated with its outcome. METHODS: The Helsinki ICH Study, a single-center observational registry of consecutive ICH patients, was used to study the associations between premorbid statin use, baseline lipid levels, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: The registry includes 964 ICH patients. Statin users (n=187; 19%) were significantly older, had more frequent comorbidities and medication, lower lipid levels, and higher admission Glasgow Coma Scale compared with nonusers. Modified Rankin Scale at discharge or mortality did not differ between statin users and nonusers. Compared with survivors, significantly lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were observed in patients who died in hospital (median, 4.1 mmol/L [interquartile range, 3.6-4.4] versus 4.5 [3.8-5.1]; P<0.01; 1.9 mmol/L [1.4-2.5] versus 2.4 [1.8-3.0]; P<0.001, respectively), at 3 or 12 months. After adjusting for known ICH prognostic factors based on univariate analysis that is, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, ICH volume, and intraventricular location, lower low-density lipoprotein levels were independently associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.54 [95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.93]; P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Premorbid statin use did not affect the outcome of ICH, but lower low-density lipoprotein levels were associated with higher in-hospital mortality.

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after stroke thrombolysis: the SEDAN score.

OBJECTIVE: A study was undertaken to develop a score for assessing risk for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous (IV) thrombolysis. METHODS: The derivation cohort comprised 974 ischemic stroke patients treated (1995-2008) with IV thrombolysis at the Helsinki University Central Hospital. The predictive value of parameters associated with sICH (European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II) was evaluated, and we developed our score according to the magnitude of logistic regression coefficients. We calculated absolute risks and likelihood ratios of sICH per increasing score points. The score was validated in 828 patients from 3 Swiss cohorts (Lausanne, Basel, and Geneva). Performance of the score was tested with area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). RESULTS: Our SEDAN score (0 to 6 points) comprises baseline blood Sugar (glucose; 8.1-12.0 mmol/l [145-216 mg/dl] = 1; >12.0 mmol/l [>216 mg/dl] = 2), Early infarct signs (yes = 1) and (hyper)Dense cerebral artery sign (yes = 1) on admission computed tomography scan, Age (>75 years = 1), and NIH Stroke Scale on admission (≥10 = 1). Absolute risk for sICH in the derivation cohort was: 1.4%, 2.9%, 8.5%, 12.2%, 21.7%, and 33.3% for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 score points, respectively. In the validation cohort, absolute risks were similar (1.0%, 3.5%, 5.1%, 9.2%, 16.9%, and 27.8%, respectively). AUC-ROC was 0.77 (0.71-0.83; p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: Our SEDAN score reliably assessed risk for sICH in IV thrombolysis-treated patients with anterior- and posterior circulation ischemic stroke, and it can support clinical decision making in high-risk patients. External validation of the score supports its generalization.

[Basilar artery occlusion--a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge]. / Basilaaritromboosin diagnostiikka ja hoito.

Acute basilar artery occlusion is a neurological emergency that almost invariably leads to death or severe disability if not recanalized. Therapeutic recanalization is attempted using thrombolytic therapy either intravenously alone or by bridging it to on-demand, endovascular procedures. Due to often demanding differential diagnosis, angiographic evidence of basilar artery occlusion is necessary before treatment decisions. The etiology is often cardioembolism or vertebrobasilar thromboembolism due to atherothrombotic disease, or vertebral artery dissection in less than one in ten cases. Different therapeutic approaches have not been compared in randomized controlled trials. The selection of recanalization therapies thus builds on empirical knowledge and availability of vascular interventional services in the local setting.

Incidence and prevalence of Hemifacial Spasm in Finland's largest hospital district.

BACKGROUND: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a movement disorder of facial muscles innervated by the facial nerve. This condition often demands regular utilization of healthcare resources. However, knowledge of the incidence and prevalence of this condition is based on scarce studies. This research aimed to identify the incidence and prevalence of HFS in Finland's largest hospital district. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in the largest hospital district in Finland (Helsinki and Uusimaa). The study included consecutive HFS patients who visited the departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa between 2014 and 2019. The demographics included sex, side of the spasm, treatment allocations, duration of symptoms before diagnosis, and age at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: 279 patients were identified from the medical records. 62% of patients were women and had left-sided spasms. The crude mean incidence among women was almost double that of men (1.86 vs. 0.94). The highest crude mean annual incidence among men was in the age group 60-79 years, while among women, it peaked in the age group 80 years and over. The mean annual age-standardized incidence of HFS was 1.53, 1.94 in women, and 1.05 in men. The mean age-standardized yearly prevalence was 10.62, 11.62 among women, and 9.31 among men. The annual age-standardized prevalence of HFS increased steadily from 2014 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of women outnumbered men. HFS is typically left-sided. The HFS incidence peaked after 80 years in women and men aged 60-79 years.

SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide a simple and practical clinical classification for the etiology of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with ICH treated at the Helsinki University Central Hospital, January 2005 to March 2010 (n=1013). We classified ICH etiology by predefined criteria as structural vascular lesions (S), medication (M), amyloid angiopathy (A), systemic disease (S), hypertension (H), or undetermined (U). Clinical and radiological features and mortality by SMASH-U (Structural lesion, Medication, Amyloid angiopathy, Systemic/other disease, Hypertension, Undetermined) etiology were analyzed. RESULTS: Structural lesions, namely cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations, caused 5% of the ICH, anticoagulation 14%, and systemic disease 5% (23 liver cirrhosis, 8 thrombocytopenia, and 17 various rare conditions). Amyloid angiopathy (20%) and hypertensive angiopathy (35%) were common, but etiology remained undetermined in 21%. Interrater agreement in classifying cases was high (κ, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96). Patients with structural lesions had the smallest hemorrhages (median volume, 2.8 mL) and best prognosis (3-month mortality 4%), whereas anticoagulation-related ICHs were largest (13.4 mL) and most often fatal (54%). Overall, median ICH survival was 5½ years, varying strongly by etiology (P<0.001). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, patients with structural lesions had the lowest 3-month mortality rates (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.37) and those with anticoagulation (OR, 1.9; 1.0-3.6) or other systemic cause (OR, 4.0; 1.6-10.1) the highest. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients, performing the SMASH-U classification was feasible and interrater agreement excellent. A plausible etiology was determined in most patients but remained elusive in one in 5. In this series, SMASH-U based etiology was strongly associated with survival.

Intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion: predictors of recanalization and outcome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Basilar artery occlusion has a high mortality rate (85% to 95%) if untreated. We describe a large single-center cohort treated mostly with intravenous alteplase and heparin. METHODS: The cohort included 116 patients with angiography-verified basilar artery occlusion. We studied baseline characteristics, frequencies of recanalization and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and 3-month outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]). RESULTS: Thirty patients (25.9%) had mRS 0 to 2, 42 patients (36.2%) had moderate outcome (mRS, 0-3), 26 patients (22.4%) required daily help (mRS, 4-5), and 48 patients (41.4%) died. Eighteen patients (15.7%) developed symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. In patients with post-treatment angiogram available (n=91), 59 patients (64.8%) had a complete or partial recanalization. Radiological location of basilar artery occlusion was known in 55 of 91 instances, and recanalization was associated directly with clot location at the top-of-basilar (odds ratio, 4.8 [1.1-22]; P=0.048). Independent outcome (mRS 0-2) was associated with lower age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at baseline. Age, nil or minimal recanalization, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were independently associated with fatal outcome. Sixteen of 71 patients (22.5%) who presented with coma eventually reached moderate outcome, and additional 8 patients (11.3%) progressed to mRS 4. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas recanalization after intravenous thrombolysis strongly predicts survival and moderate outcome, therapeutic techniques should concentrate on clot location. Although most adverse baseline variables, age, symptom severity, but also coma are beyond control, it should not preclude thrombolysis, which may permit independent survival.

Characteristics and outcome of ischemic stroke patients who are free of symptoms at 24 hours following thrombolysis.

BACKGROUND: A part of ischemic stroke patients score 0 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within 24 h following thrombolysis. Their clinical characteristics and long-term outcome are poorly studied. We report a single-center assessment of such patients. METHODS: The cohort comprises 874 consecutive patients from the Helsinki Stroke Thrombolysis Registry, out of whom 113 scored 0 on 24-hour NIHSS. We analyzed their baseline demographic, clinical and radiological characteristics and 3-month outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS). Associations between the study parameters were tested by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Patients with a 24-hour NIHSS score = 0 (n = 113) were younger than the rest of the population (n = 761; median: 65.6 vs. 71.5 years; p < 0.001), their NIHSS score on admission was lower (median: 5 vs. 10; p < 0.001), as was their glucose level (median: 6.2 vs. 6.7 mmol/l; p = 0.02). The onset-to-treatment time was similar in both groups (median: 120 vs. 115 min; p = 0.89). Patients with a 24-hour NIHSS score = 0 more often achieved an excellent outcome (mRS scores: 0-1; 81 vs. 31%; p < 0.001) and had lower mortality (1.8 vs. 11.8%; p < 0.01). One third of these patients had a brain infarction visible on 24-hour imaging. Lower baseline NIHSS score and younger age were independently associated with 24-hour NIHSS score = 0, which, in turn, was independently associated with excellent 3-month outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with an NIHSS score = 0 at 24 h following thrombolysis are younger, have milder symptoms and have a lower glucose level on admission. They achieve more often excellent outcome and lower mortality. Still, 8% of them required help in daily activities or were dead at 3 months (mRS scores: 3-6).