Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition in Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients: The Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition for Hyperuricemic Heart Failure Patients (EXACT-HF) Study.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress may contribute to heart failure (HF) progression. Inhibiting xanthine oxidase in hyperuricemic HF patients may improve outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned 253 patients with symptomatic HF, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, and serum uric acid levels ≥9.5 mg/dL to receive allopurinol (target dose, 600 mg daily) or placebo in a double-blind, multicenter trial. The primary composite end point at 24 weeks was based on survival, worsening HF, and patient global assessment. Secondary end points included change in quality of life, submaximal exercise capacity, and left ventricular ejection fraction. Uric acid levels were significantly reduced with allopurinol in comparison with placebo (treatment difference, -4.2 [-4.9, -3.5] mg/dL and -3.5 [-4.2, -2.7] mg/dL at 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, both P<0.0001). At 24 weeks, there was no significant difference in clinical status between the allopurinol- and placebo-treated patients (worsened 45% versus 46%, unchanged 42% versus 34%, improved 13% versus 19%, respectively; P=0.68). At 12 and 24 weeks, there was no significant difference in change in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores or 6-minute walk distances between the 2 groups. At 24 weeks, left ventricular ejection fraction did not change in either group or between groups. Rash occurred more frequently with allopurinol (10% versus 2%, P=0.01), but there was no difference in serious adverse event rates between the groups (20% versus 15%, P=0.36). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk HF patients with reduced ejection fraction and elevated uric acid levels, xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol failed to improve clinical status, exercise capacity, quality of life, or left ventricular ejection fraction at 24 weeks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00987415.

Deciding which drugs get onto the formulary: a value-based approach.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitals, physicians, payers, and patients face economic and ethical decisions about the use of biotechnology drugs, commonly called specialty medications. These often target a small population, have data based on smaller clinical trials, are expensive, and may have questionable advantage. This is a result of how the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves medications, which is based only on safety and efficacy. Cancer drugs, once approved by the FDA, regardless of cost or value must be covered by Medicare. Some states have laws requiring additional coverage as well. All of this has created an unintended consequence: It has driven up costs with questionable evidence to support the medication's value, placing patients, payers, and providers in an ethical conflict. In this new era of health care transformation, health care leaders must focus on creating value to support a sustainable health system. Christiana Care Health System's Value Institute has designed a new model to evaluate specialty medications, using value as its main criterion. METHODS: This article describes the process and outcomes using a new value model for evaluating specialty medications for a hospital formulary. It also introduces a new criterion of evaluation entitled "Societal Benefit" that provides a rating on quality- of-life issues. With measurable factors of efficacy, risk, cost, and quality-of-life concerns, our methodology provides a more balanced approach in the evaluation of specialty medications. RESULTS: Specialty medications are the fastest growing segment of drug expense, and it is hard to understand how these medications will be sustainable under health care reforms. Unlike other countries, the United States has no national agency providing cost-effectiveness review; review occurs, if at all, at a local level. Laws governing Medicare and most private insurers' coverage of FDA-approved medication and some clinical quality standards conflict with cost-effectiveness, making this type of review difficult. Finally, because these medications affect the health system as a whole, it is a great example to begin to support health care reform. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals need to challenge the value of specialty medication. Although our model will continue to evolve, value is now our central consideration when selecting specialty medications to be added to the formulary. We share this experience to encourage other hospitals to design their own approach to this vital issue.

Characteristics and outcomes of peripartum versus nonperipartum cardiomyopathy in women using a wearable cardiac defibrillator.

BACKGROUND: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) mortality rates vary between 2% and 56%, with half occurring ≤12 weeks'; postpartum. Although risk factors for PPCM have been identified, predicting sudden cardiac death among PPCM patients remains difficult. This study describes the characteristics and outcomes of PPCM patients and controls referred for a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Deidentified WCD medical orders between 2003 and 2009 and death index searches were used to characterize women (ages 17-43) with PPCM (n = 107) or matched nonpregnant women with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM; n = 159). Demographics were similar. WCD use averaged 124 ± 123 days and 96 ± 83 days among PPCM and NIDCM patients, respectively. No PPCM patients received an appropriate shock for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation; 1 NIDCM patient received 2 successful shocks. No PPCM patient died during WCD use versus 11 concurrent NIDCM deaths. After WCD use, 3 PPCM and 13 NIDCM patients died, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate of 2.8% (over 3.0 ± 1.2 years) in PPCM patients is low compared to published data. The role of WCD therapy among PPCM patients deserves further study.

Ultrafiltration is associated with fewer rehospitalizations than continuous diuretic infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: results from UNLOAD.

BACKGROUND: Compare outcomes of ultrafiltration (UF) versus standard intravenous (IV) diuretics by continuous infusion or bolus injection in volume overloaded heart failure (HF) patients. In the Ultrafiltration versus Intravenous Diuretics for Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated heart Failure (UNLOAD) study, UF produced greater fluid reduction and fewer HF rehospitalizations than IV diuretics in 200 hospitalized HF patients. Outcomes may be due to greater fluid removal, but UF removes more sodium/unit volume than diuretics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outcomes of 100 patients randomized to UF were compared with those of patients randomized to standard IV diuretic therapy with continuous infusion (32) or bolus injections (68). Choice of diuretic therapy was by the treating physician. Forty-eight hour weight loss (kg): 5.0 +/- 3.1 UF, 3.6 +/- 3.5 continuous infusion, and 2.9 +/- 3.5 bolus diuretics (P = .001 UF versus bolus diuretic; P > .05 for the other comparisons). Net fluid loss (L): 4.6 +/- 2.6 UF, 3.9 +/- 2.7 continuous infusion, and 3.1 +/- 2.6 bolus diuretics (P < .001 UF versus bolus diuretic; P > .05 for the other comparisons). At 90 days, rehospitalizations plus unscheduled visits for HF/patient (rehospitalization equivalents) were fewer in UF group (0.65 +/- 1.36) than in continuous infusion (2.29 +/- 3.23; P = .016 versus UF) and bolus diuretics (1.31 +/- 1.87; P = .050 versus UF) groups. No serum creatinine differences occurred between groups up to 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Despite similar fluid loss with UF and continuous diuretic infusion, fewer HF rehospitalizations equivalents occurred only with UF. Removal of isotonic fluid by UF compared with hypotonic urine by diuretics more effectively reduces total body sodium in congested HF patients.

Safety and feasibility of using serial infusions of nesiritide for heart failure in an outpatient setting (from the FUSION I trial).

The Follow-Up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide pilot study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of outpatient serial infusions of nesiritide in 210 patients with decompensated heart failure who were randomly assigned to usual care only or usual care plus weekly infusions of nesiritide at dosages of 0.005 or 0.01 microg/kg/min for 12 weeks. The mean age +/- SD of the entire population was 67 +/- 13 years; 70% were men, and 80% were white. Mean baseline serum creatinine levels were 1.8 +/- 0.7 mg/dl, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.28 +/- 0.15%. Diabetes mellitus was present in 106 patients (50%), and atrial arrhythmias were present in 100 patients (48%). A totalof 1,645 nesiritide infusions was administered; 11 (< 1%) were discontinued due to an adverse event. All treatment groups had a similar frequency of adverse events and experienced improvements in quality of life. Administration of nesiritide resulted in acute decreases in aldosterone and endothelin-1 concentrations. Although there were no statistically significant differences among groups by outcome, prospectively defined higher risk subgroups demonstrated significant decreases in cardiovascular events. These results demonstrate the safety and feasibility of administering nesiritide in an outpatient setting. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of outpatient serial infusions of nesiritide on rates of morbidity and mortality in advanced heart failure.

Beneficial effects of early initiation of vasoactive agents in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

Early diagnosis and treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) results in improved clinical outcomes, reduced resource utilization, improved quality of life, and lower treatment costs. Currently, heart failure results in nearly 1 million hospitalizations annually in the United States, and 50% of hospitalized patients are readmitted within 6 months of initial discharge. The costs associated with resource utilization are substantial. Despite the personal and societal burden of this condition, until recently, very little progress had been made in optimizing treatment of ADHF. Nesiritide, a human recombinant B-type natriuretic peptide, is a safe, effective vasodilator that can be easily used early in the emergency department to improve outcomes in ADHF.

Burden of sodium abnormalities in patients hospitalized for heart failure.

Hyponatremia presumably is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), but risk thresholds and economic burden are less studied. The authors analyzed 115,969 patients hospitalized for CHF and grouped them by serum sodium levels (severe hyponatremia, ≤130 mEq/L; hyponatremia, 131-135 mEq/L; normonatremia, 136-145 mEq/L; hypernatremia, >145 mEq/L). Univariable and multivariable analyses on the associated clinical and economic outcomes were performed. The most common abnormality was hyponatremia (15.9%), followed by severe hyponatremia (5.3%) and hypernatremia (3.2%). Hospital mortality was highest for severe hyponatremia (7.6%), followed by hypernatremia (6.7%) and hyponatremia (4.9%) (P<.0001). Compared with normonatremia, risk-adjusted mortality was highest for severe hyponatremia (odds ratio [OR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-1.99), followed by hypernatremia (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.34-1.80) and hyponatremia (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.19-1.40; all P<.0001). Risk-adjusted hospital prolongation was greater for each level of sodium abnormality than for normonatremia, ranging from 0.42 (CI, 0.26-0.60) days for hypernatremia to 1.28 (CI, 1.11-1.47) days for severe hyponatremia. Risk-adjusted attributable hospital cost increase was highest for severe hyponatremia ($1132; CI, $856-$1425; all (P<.0001). Sodium abnormalities were common in patients hospitalized for CHF. Adverse outcomes resulted not only from severe hyponatremia, but also from mild hyponatremia and hypernatremia.

Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of veno-venous ultrafiltration and standard intravenous diuretic therapy for hypervolemic heart failure (HF) patients. BACKGROUND: Early ultrafiltration may be an alternative to intravenous diuretics in patients with decompensated HF and volume overload. METHODS: Patients hospitalized for HF with > or =2 signs of hypervolemia were randomized to ultrafiltration or intravenous diuretics. Primary end points were weight loss and dyspnea assessment at 48 h after randomization. Secondary end points included net fluid loss at 48 h, functional capacity, HF rehospitalizations, and unscheduled visits in 90 days. Safety end points included changes in renal function, electrolytes, and blood pressure. RESULTS: Two hundred patients (63 +/- 15 years, 69% men, 71% ejection fraction < or =40%) were randomized to ultrafiltration or intravenous diuretics. At 48 h, weight (5.0 +/- 3.1 kg vs. 3.1 +/- 3.5 kg; p = 0.001) and net fluid loss (4.6 vs. 3.3 l; p = 0.001) were greater in the ultrafiltration group. Dyspnea scores were similar. At 90 days, the ultrafiltration group had fewer patients rehospitalized for HF (16 of 89 [18%] vs. 28 of 87 [32%]; p = 0.037), HF rehospitalizations (0.22 +/- 0.54 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.76; p = 0.022), rehospitalization days (1.4 +/- 4.2 vs. 3.8 +/- 8.5; p = 0.022) per patient, and unscheduled visits (14 of 65 [21%] vs. 29 of 66 [44%]; p = 0.009). No serum creatinine differences occurred between groups. Nine deaths occurred in the ultrafiltration group and 11 in the diuretics group. CONCLUSIONS: In decompensated HF, ultrafiltration safely produces greater weight and fluid loss than intravenous diuretics, reduces 90-day resource utilization for HF, and is an effective alternative therapy. (The UNLOAD trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00124137?order=1; NCT00124137).

Strategies to reduce length of stay and costs associated with decompensated heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a major medical problem in the United States, imposing significant economic burden on the health care system. Despite therapeutic advances, HF-associated morbidity and mortality continue to increase. Compliance with therapeutic guidelines for the management of chronic HF is far from ideal, increasing the likelihood that patients will experience multiple episodes of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) during the course of HF disease. Prevention, streamlined inpatient care, effective vasoactive therapy, and initiation of proven long-term therapies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers, are all targets for improvement. Because of the chronic nature of heart failure, a successful disease management program for ADHF must also include effective outpatient care.