[Trained immunity : emerging strategies against antibiotic resistance]. / L'immunité entraînée - Une stratégie émergente contre l'antibiorésistance.

Title: L'immunité entraînée - Une stratégie émergente contre l'antibiorésistance. Abstract: Les étudiants de Polytech Nice Sophia (PNS) en Génie Biologique 5A ont exploré trois projets prometteurs. L'équipe pédagogique qui les a encadrés est composée de Cercina ONESTO et Nicole ARRIGHI, enseignants-chercheurs à PNS, et du trinome Céline PISIBON, Imène KROSSA et Juan GARCIA-SANCHEZ, doctorants et post-doctorants du Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire de Nice. Dès le début du cursus d'ingénieur, les étudiants suivent un cours d'introduction à la recherche. Plus ils avancent dans le cursus, plus ils se perfectionnent dans l'analyse de l'actualité scientifique de leur spécialité. Dans la mineure Pharmacologie et Biotechnologies, ils cernent les limites d'un traitement, puis ils réfléchissent en équipes à une nouvelle piste thérapeutique. Ainsi, ils anticipent l'innovation en santé, l'imaginent et la créent pour devenir les ingénieurs en santé de demain.

Neumonia lipoidea: causa infrecuente de infiltrados pulmonares / Lipoid pneumonia: an infrequent cause of pulmonary infiltrates

La presencia de infiltrados pulmonares es un hallazgo frecuente que incluye un amplio diagnóstico diferencial basado en muchas ocasiones en la historia clínica. Entre ellas, la neumonía lipoidea exógena representa una entidad poco frecuente y es preciso un elevado índice de sospecha para alcanzar su diagnóstico y evitar su progresión. En estos casos, un contexto clínico adecuado y una TC con opacidades y áreas de baja densidad pueden ser altamente sugestivos de la enfermedad. Se presenta un caso de neumonía lipoidea exógena secundaria a la utilización continuada de sustancias oleosas intranasal, que debido a los antecedentes del paciente y a las posibilidades diagnósticas tras los hallazgos de la TC, precisó confirmación histológica.

The presence of pulmonary infiltrates is a frequent finding that includes a large differential diagnosis based on many occasions in the clinical history. Among them, exogenous lipoid pneumonia represents a rare entity and a high index of suspicion is necessary to reach its diagnosis and prevent its progression. In these cases, an adequate clinical context and a CT with opacities and low density areas are highly suggestive of the disease. We present a case of exogenous lipoid pneumonia secondary to the continued use of oily substances at the nasal level, due to his antecedents and the diagnostic possibilities after the CT findings, histological confirmation was required.

Octocoral densities and mortalities in Gorgona Island, Colombia, Tropical Eastern Pacific / Densidades y mortalidades de octocorales en Isla Gorgona, Colombia, Pacífico Oriental Tropical

Owing to the decrease of reef organisms in general, it has become essential to study populations that are prone to marine diseases, with the purpose of developing accurate survivorship predictions and in turn alarm on triggers and drivers of disease outbreaks. In this study, we quantified the octocorals of Gorgona island, Tropical Eastern Pacific (Colombia), during 2007 and 2009 documenting a mass mortality occurred during 2008. We recorded 16 octocoral species with densities that ranged between 2 and 30 colonies m-2. Most abundant octocorals were Leptogorgia alba and Pacifigorgia spp. (Gorgoniidae: Octocorallia). During 2009 we noticed a mass mortality involving Pacifigorgia irene, P. adamsi, P. rubicunda and P. eximia, with a reduction of 70% of the colonies between 12 and 20 m in water depth. Around 5% of seafans during 2007 had an epizootic disease similar to aspergillosis, which seems the cause of the mass octocoral mortality. This disease outbreak observed in Gorgona island, and other nearby areas of the Colombian Pacific during 2007-2010, corresponded to extended periods of anomalous elevated seawater surface temperatures and thermal anomalies during the upwelling season of 2008. Constant monitoring of seawater temperatures and octocoral populations are urgently needed in this area to understand the nature of this new disease outbreak. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 209-219. Epub 2014 February 01.

Debido a la disminución de los organismos de los arrecifes en general, es fundamental conocer las poblaciones de organismos propensos a enfermedades marinas, con el propósito de desarrollar predicciones precisas de supervivencia y a su vez dar la alarma sobre los motivos y las causas de los brotes de las enfermedades. En este estudio, hemos cuantificado los octocorales de la Isla Gorgona, Pacífico Oriental Tropical (Colombia), durante 2007 y 2009, y documentamos una mortalidad masiva que se produjo durante el año 2008. Se registraron 16 especies de octocorales con densidades que oscilan entre 2 y 30 colonias m-2. Los octocorales más abundantes fueron Leptogorgia alba y Pacifigorgia spp. (Gorgoniidae: Octocorallia). Durante el año 2009 nos dimos cuenta de una mortalidad masiva que afectaba a Pacifigorgia irene, P. adamsi, P. rubicunda y P. eximia, con una reducción del 70% de las colonias entre 12 y 20 m de profundidad. Alrededor del 5% de los abanicos de mar durante el año 2007 tenían una epizootia similar a la aspergilosis, que parece ser la causa de la mortalidad masiva de octocorales. Este brote de la enfermedad observada en la Isla Gorgona, y otras zonas cercanas del Pacífico colombiano durante el período 2007-2010, corresponden a períodos prolongados de altas temperaturas superficiales del mar y de anomalías térmicas durante la temporada de surgencia durante 2008. Se necesita con urgencia un monitoreo constante de las temperaturas marinas y de las poblaciones de octocorales en esta área para comprender la naturaleza de este nuevo brote de enfermedad marina.

Eficacia de la postura materna manos-rodillas para corregir la posición fetal occipitoposterior en el parto / Efficacy of hands and knees maternal posture to correct the occipitoposterior fetal position during labor

Objetivo principal: Valorar la rotación fetal de posición occipitoposterior (OP) a occipitoanterior (OA) durante el parto con la postura "manos-rodillas" (MR) frente a la postura "decúbito lateral (DL) hacia la espalda fetal". Metodología: Ensayo clínico multicéntrico. Mediante asignación aleatoria, 65 gestantes con posición fetal OP adoptaron la postura MR (grupo MR) y 70 gestantes la postura DL hacia la espalda fetal (grupo DL) durante 30 minutos. Resultados principales: Similar rotación fetal a OA durante la intervención del grupo MR frente al grupo DL (55,4% vs. 54,3%; Odds Ratio de 1,04 para un intervalo de confianza al 95%:0,53-2,06). Tampoco hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los resultados de duración y tipo de terminación del parto entre los grupos. Conclusión principal: Para mejorar los resultados de los partos con posición fetal occipitoposterior recomendamos la adopción de las posturas MR y DL hacia la espalda fetal durante el parto, pues ambas tienen similar eficacia de rotación fetal a occipitoanterior

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of hands and knees (HK) maternal posture during labor thus promoting fetal rotation from occipitoposterior to occipitoanterior and to compare the results with the lateral toward the fetal back posture. Methods: Multicenter clinical trial. By simple randomization and for at least 30 minutes, 65 women with a single fetus in occipitoposterior position took the HK posture (HK group) and 70 women took the "lateral toward the fetal back" posture (lateral group). Results: HK group and lateral group have similar fetal rotation to occipitoanterior during the intervention (55.4% vs. 54.3%, odds ratio of 1.04 for a confidence level of 95%: 0.53-2.06). There were no statistically significant differences for the results of duration and type of birth between groups. Conclusions: To improve birth outcomes, We recommend that pregnant women with occipitoposterior fetal position adopt HK posture and lateral toward the fetal back posture during labor, because both postures have similar efficacy of fetal rotation to occipitoanterior

Protective effects of Phyllanthus emblicaagainst myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: the role of PI3-kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3Beta/Beta-catenin pathway

Clinical studies of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) have shown that it increases production of nitric oxide, glutathione, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP); and significantly inhibits platelet aggregation. The following study was designed to examine the effect of P. emblica treatment on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and identify the molecular targets and its underlying mechanism(s). Experimental animals were divided into four groups: control sham (CS), P. emblica sham (PS), control I/R (CIR), and P. emblica I/R (PIR). Rats in the P. emblica groups were gavaged with aqueous P. emblica solution (100 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. After 30 days of gavaging, the I/R group underwent I/R surgery (45-min ischemia) followed by 4 or 30 days of reperfusion. Rats in the sham group underwent surgery without ligation. Left ventricular tissue samples, 4 and 30 days after I/R, were used for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of phosphorylated Akt and GSK3-Alpha and increased nuclear translocation of Alpha-catenin in the PIR group versus CIR. PIR rats also indicated reduced 3-nitrotyrosine and Caspase-3 expression. Increased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) and upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were found in the PIR group. Echocardiography showed increased ejection fraction and fractional shortening and decreased left ventricular internal diameter in experimental subjects compared to controls. There was decreased fibrosis in P. emblica-treated rats compared to controls. The results of this study indicate that P. emblica is capable of upregulating the PI3K/Akt/AlphaGSK3/Alpha-catenin cardioprotective pathway, thereby preserving cardiac tissue during ischemia-reperfusion injury)

White plague-like coral disease in remote reefs of the Western Caribbean

The health of coral reef communities has been decreasing over the last 50 years, due the negative effects of human activities combined with other natural processes. We present documentation of a White Plague Disease (WPD) outbreak in the Serrana Bank, an isolated Western Caribbean atoll with presumably inexistent pollutant inputs from local human settlements. In addition, this study summarizes seven years of observations on diseased corals in the nearby island of San Andrés, which in contrast is one of the most populated islands of the Caribbean. There was a massive coral mortality in the atoll lagoon (14°27’53.24", 80°14’22.27" W, and 12m depth) due to WPD on May 4 of 2003. Seventeen species were found dead or largely affected by the disease. The information resulting from GPS and manta-tow transects revealed that approximately 5.8ha of reticulate Montastraea spp. patch reefs were lethally affected by the disease in the atoll. On May 8 of the same year we observed and calculated a mean coral cover of 7.03% (SD± 2.44), a mean diseased coral tissue cover of 5.5% (SD± 1.1) and a 13.4% (SD± 8.05) of recently dead coral covered with a thin filamentous algae layer; approximately 73% of mortalities caused by the disease occurred before the end of the outbreak. A rough estimate of 18.9% in recent coral cover reduction can be attributed to WPD. This represents about 82% of the total coral cover decline since 1995. Semi-enclosed environments such as atoll lagoons and the reticulate patch-reefs of Montastraea spp. seem to be particularly vulnerable to this kind of coral disease, which constitute an alert to increase the monitoring of the same kind of atoll environments. The WPD has been present in the area of the nearby island of San Andrés at a low prevalence level, with sporadic increasing peaks of disease proliferation. The peaks observed during 1999 and 2004 comprised increases of 266% and 355% respectively, suggesting an alarming progression of the disease in this area. This study includes new information of the epizoolotiology of White Plague Disease and documents the permanent prevalence and progression of the WPD in the area of San Andres Island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 1): 145-154. Epub 2010 May 01.

Este trabajo presenta datos sobre un brote de la Enfermedad de Plaga Blanca (EPB) en el banco de Serrana y resume siete años de observaciones de esta enfermedad en la vecina isla de San Andrés (Caribe colombiano). La mortalidad masiva de corales por causa de EPB se observó en la laguna del atolón (14° 27’ 53.24", 80° 14’ 22.27" W, y 12m de profundidad) en mayo 4 de 2003. Se encontraron 17 especies muertas o atacadas por EPB y 5.8Ha de parches de Montastraea spp. fueron letalmente afectadas por la enfermedad. En mayo 8 del mismo año observamos y calculamos una cobertura promedio de coral de 7.03% (SD± 2.44), un promedio de tejido coralino enfermo de 5.5% (SD± 1.1) y un 13.4% (SD± 8.05) de coral recientemente muerto cubierto con una fina capa de algas filamentosas; aproximadamente 73% de la mortalidad a causa de la enfermedad ya había ocurrido antes de que terminara el brote de EPB. La EPB ha estado presente en el área de la vecina isla de San Andrés con un bajo nivel de prevalencia pero con esporádicos picos de proliferación de la enfermedad. Durante 1999 y 2004 se observaron incrementos de prevalencia de 266% y 355% respectivamente. Ambientes semi-cerrados como son las lagunas de los atolones y los arrecifes de parche reticulados de Montastraea spp. parecen ser especialmente vulnerables a este tipo de enfermedades coralinas, lo que constituye una alerta hacia una mayor atención y monitoreo en este tipo de ambientes lagunares en atolones.