[Overweight and obesity: review and update]. / Sobrepeso y obesidad: revisión y puesta al día de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHN.

Obesity is an epidemic with important health repercussions in addition to high treatment-related costs. Between 2006 and 2007 the WHO developed new assessment tools, which aren't being globally used. In fact, there is no unified problem management across the hemisphere. Objectives: To update obesity epidemiology, to promote application of WHO's standards, to review new findings on physiopathology (i.e., fatty tissue as endocrine organ, intestinal microbiota), to update epidemiological information, and to provide management guidelines that can be integrated in clinical care. Methods: LAPSGHAN called up its members to collaborate in preparing this review article under the direction of an editor/coordinator, who selected the contents and literature with the best evidencetogether with the members. Each member prepared a separate document for each content. The chosen contents were later collated, unified, and edited. Results. This documents highlights the following: 1) Although extreme obesity is increasing in the US, overweight and obesity prevalence has stabilized, while in other countries it is alarmingly increasing; 2) New information regarding role of fatty tissue as endocrine organ and self-regulator of obesity; 3) The promising role of microbiota; and 4) Guidelines for children handling during consultation and follow-up. Conclusions: There is no widespread implementation of standards and guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO). There is no agreement as to whether z-scores or percentiles should be used, especially regarding children under 2 due to their changing body complexion. The most accepted tool to assess overweight, obesity and severe obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). This document provides recommendations on how to approach clinical care with affected children.

Beyond the Gut: Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adolescents / Más allá del intestino: manifestaciones extraintestinales de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en niños y adolescentes

Abstract Background: Extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) are common in children and adults and their presence is associated with a higher severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In pediatrics, studies are scarce in Latin America and do not exist in Colombia. Objective: To describe the prevalence of EIM in children with IBD and the associated demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics. Methodology: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with pediatric-onset IBD between 2007 and 2022 treated at an institution in Bogotá. A descriptive analysis was performed and in the groups with and without EIM clinical and biochemical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test, Student's T, and Mann-Whitney's U. Results: Of 71 confirmed cases, 45% had typical ulcerative colitis, 27% Crohn's disease, 7% atypical ulcerative colitis, 1.4% colonic Crohn's, and 20% unclassifiable IBD. Thirteen patients (18%) had at least one EIM, and mucocutaneous was the most frequent (58%). The time from symptoms onset to diagnosis was higher in the EIM group (13.2 years vs. 10.2 years; p = 0.02). Nocturnal diarrhea, hyporexia, and weight loss were more frequent in children with EIM. The EIM group showed lower hemoglobin levels, and higher globular sedimentation rate, and received biologics more frequently (38% vs. 23%, p = 0.2). Conclusions: The frequency of MEI in this series is similar to that reported in the literature; its presence is associated with higher disease severity, higher frequency of biological use, and longer time IBD diagnosis.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones extraintestinales (MEI) son comunes en niños y adultos y su presencia se asocia con mayor gravedad en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). En pediatría, los estudios son escasos en Latinoamérica y no existen en Colombia. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de las MEI en niños con EII y las características demográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas asociadas. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados con EII de inicio pediátrico entre 2007 y 2022 atendidos en una institución en Bogotá. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y en los grupos con y sin MEI se compararon variables clínicas y bioquímicas por medio de la prueba exacta de Fisher, T de Student y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: De 71 casos confirmados, el 45 % tenía colitis ulcerativa típica, el 27 % enfermedad de Crohn, el 7 % colitis ulcerativa atípica, el 1,4 % Crohn colónico y el 20 % EII no clasificable. 13 pacientes (18 %) presentaron al menos una MEI, y las mucocutáneas fueron las más frecuentes (58 %). El lapso desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico fue mayor en el grupo MEI (13,2 años frente a 10,2 años; p = 0,02). La diarrea nocturna, la hiporexia y la pérdida de peso fueron más frecuentes en niños con MEI. El grupo MEI mostró niveles más bajos de hemoglobina, más elevados de velocidad de sedimentación globular y recibieron biológicos con mayor frecuencia (38 % frente a 23 %, p = 0,2). Conclusiones: La frecuencia de MEI en esta serie es similar a lo reportado en la literatura; su presencia se asocia con una mayor gravedad de la enfermedad, mayor frecuencia de uso de biológicos y mayor tiempo de diagnóstico de la EII.

Consenso colombiano de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal pediátrica

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Introduction: Pediatric ulcerative colitis (CUP), pediatric Crohn's disease (PCD), and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease not classifiable (PIDNCID) have clinical and psychosocial particularities that differentiate them from those of adults and may condition different therapeutic approaches due to possible nutritional, growth and developmental repercussions, representing a challenge for the pediatrician and gastroenterologist. Objective: Develop expert consensus evidence-based recommendations for the timely and safe diagnosis and treatment of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PID) in children under 18 years of age for professionals caring for these patients and healthcare payers. Methodology: Through a panel of experts from the Colombian College of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (COLGAHNP) and a multidisciplinary group, 35 questions were asked regarding the clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of PID. Through a critical review and analysis of the literature with particular emphasis on the main clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and meta-analyses of the last ten years, from which the experts made 77 recommendations that responded to each of the research questions with their respective practical points. Subsequently, each of the statements was voted on within the developer group, including the statements that achieved > 80%. Results: All statements scored > 80%. PID has greater extension, severity, and evolution towards stenosis, perianal disease, extraintestinal manifestations, and growth retardation compared to adult patients, so its management should be performed by multidisciplinary groups led by pediatric gastroenterologists and prepare them for a transition to adulthood. Porto's criteria allow a practical classification of PID. In CPE, we should use the Paris classification and perform ileocolonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, since 50% have upper involvement, using the SES-CD (UCEIS/Mayo in CUP) and taking multiple biopsies. Initial labs should include inflammatory markers and fecal calprotectin and rule out intestinal infections. Treatment, induction, and maintenance of PID should be individualized and decided according to risk stratification. Follow-up should use PCDAI and PUCAI for the last 48 hours. Immunologists and geneticists should evaluate patients with early and infantile PID. Conclusion: A consensus guideline is provided with evidence-based recommendations on timely and safe diagnosis and treatments in patients with ILD.