Right pulmonary artery to left atrium fistula.

In this report, we describe a 25-year-old patient in whom a fistula between the right pulmonary artery and the left atrium was accurately diagnosed. The successful surgical management of this patient is described. Current diagnostic methods, evaluation, and treatment options for this uncommon cause of cyanosis in an adult patient are discussed.

Totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection with intact atrial septum.

BACKGROUND: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with intact interatrial septum is extremely rare. AIMS: In these patients, a right to left shunt through a ventricular septal defect or a patent ductus arteriosus is mandatory to maintain the systemic circulation. Mechanical or physiological restriction of shunting through these pathways results in rapid clinical deterioration. DISCUSSION: We describe the anatomical findings with surgical repair in one such 10-day-old baby.

Autologous Reconstruction of Anomalous Origin of a Right Pulmonary Artery From the Aorta.

Anomalous origin of a pulmonary artery branch from the aorta is a rare congenital anomaly in which one of the pulmonary arteries arises from the aorta. These patients require early surgery to prevent development of severe irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension. Multiple techniques have been described for repair of this condition. In this report, we describe a different technique compared with previously described procedures and discuss its advantages.

Overview of acute type A aortic dissection in India.

Acute type A aortic dissection (TAAD) is a life-threatening surgical emergency. Though the entity is associated with high mortality and morbidity, with well-executed and timely surgical intervention, mortality and morbidity could be reduced to a reasonable extent. Information about demographics, clinical pattern, and results of management of acute TAAD from the Indian subcontinent largely remains unpublished. There are only a few specialized centers performing aortic operations. Very often, the patients with acute TAAD are operated on by surgeons with limited experience and resources. The surgeon is operating like a "lone warrior" without the support of a specialized radiologist, interventionalist, and specialized anesthetist. In most of the hospitals, facilities for sophisticated monitoring, sealants, specialized grafts, and stent graft are not available. We follow a simple algorithm of diagnosis and surgical management. The goal of treatment is to save the life. We follow a conservative approach best suited to our circumstances. Mild hypothermia, carotid cannulation, and antegrade cerebral perfusion as cerebral protection strategies have yielded satisfactory results. In case of organ malperfusion, with some exceptions, we perform aortic repair first. Our policy, towards arch management is less aggressive. In high-risk cases, we perform an endovascular-compliant hemiarch or arch replacement, followed by stent grafting in the post-operative period.

Trans-aortic DORV repair.

Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a group of complex ventriculoarterial connections. In the literature, there are reports of trans-aortic correction of tetralogy of Fallot, as well as ventricular septal defects and complex DORV without right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. However, a pure trans-aortic approach for DORV ventricular septal defect (VSD) right ventricular outflow tract obstruction repair is not reported in the literature. We present a case of pure trans-aortic repair of DORV VSD pulmonary stenosis (PS) in an adult. A 20-year-old male with a known case of DORV, VSD, and PS presented with cyanosis. A pure trans-aortic repair of DORV was done. Complete trans-aortic DORV VSD PS repair is yet to be reported in the literature. The trans-aortic approach avoids a right atriotomy, right ventriculotomy, and injury to coronary arteries in cases of complicated tetralogy of Fallot and avoids injury to the tricuspid valve. This approach can be used in selected patients for intracardiac repair. The advantages are excellent visualization of the defects and avoidance of injury to the aortic cusps and bundle of His. In addition, placement of the VSD patch on the left ventricular outflow side may prevent residual shunts after repair. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12055-023-01564-x.

Open technique of performing total cavopulmonary connection on cardiopulmonary bypass.

A simplified technique of performing the extracardiac Fontan operation on cardiopulmonary bypass is described. The advantages of this technique are briefly discussed.

Left pulmonary artery reconstruction using cryopreserved pulmonary homograft.

In patients with univentricular heart, the Fontan procedure is the final palliation. This is usually staged. A systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt is performed in the presence of episodes of cyanotic spells in the neonatal period or in some patients in infancy; a bidirectional superior cardiopulmonary anastomosis is preferred early in life. This is followed by the final Fontan palliation on an elective basis later. For an effective bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis and Fontan palliation, good-sized confluent pulmonary arteries (PAs) are mandatory in addition to favorable hemodynamic data. Patients with discontinuous PAs that are small in size present a surgical challenge at initial palliation as the one described in this report.

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a heart transplant recipient: a case report.

Malignancy in heart transplant recipients is a grave complication. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the second most common tumour in adults and commonest in children. The incidence varies with the transplanted organ from 1 to 2% following kidney transplantation to as high as 10% following thoracic organ transplantation due to different immunosuppression intensity. PTLD include a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from benign proliferation of lymphoid tissue to frank malignancy with aggressive behaviour (lymphoma). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and prolonged immunosuppressant therapy are implicated in the pathogenesis of PTLD. The incidence of PTLD varies from 2.6% at 1 year to 28% at 10 years post-transplant. Seronegativity for EBV in recipients with seropositive donors increases the risk of PTLD in recipients. The majority of early-onset PTLDs (85%) are of B-cell origin and associated with EBV. Timely and accurate diagnosis with histological examination of lymphoid tissue is essential for early intervention. Reduction of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and rituximab usually are effective in remission of PTLD. In resistant cases, chemotherapy is given with or without rituximab. Adoptive T-cell transfer represents a promising therapeutic approach. Early PTLD respond well to lowering immunosuppression and has a favourable prognosis compared to late PTLD. Five-year survival is 30% for high-grade lymphomas. The prognosis of EBV-negative lymphomas is worse. One out of 40 heart transplant recipients followed up in our centre developed PTLD. He was treated to remission and we describe this case here.

An alternate technique of performing total cavopulmonary connection without cardiopulmonary bypass.

Total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan) without using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be superior to Fontan on CPB. In the experience of many, a Fontan operation without CPB may be associated with a reduced need for inotropic support, improved outcomes in the postoperative phase including faster time to termination of mechanical ventilatory support, reduced intensive care unit stay, lower volume of pleural and peritoneal effusions, and decreased hospital stay, thereby rendering it more cost-effective. However, the operation is technically more difficult to perform than Fontan on CPB and requires significant modifications of surgical technique and alteration in overall management strategy. In this article, an alternative technique of performing total cavopulmonary connection without CPB is described. Its advantages are briefly discussed.

Primary lung sarcoma mimicking left atrial myxoma.

A case of left atrial myxoma, diagnosed on echocardiography in the emergency department, was referred for open heart surgical intervention. On reviewing chest X-ray, right lung, lower lobe whiteout was noted which instigated the need to perform a computed tomography (CT) chest. On CT chest, a heterogenously hypodense mass was seen along the posterior and inferior aspect of the right hemithorax. It had ill-defined planes with left atrium and extension into the left atrium through the right inferior pulmonary vein. On the basis of imaging, the etiology was sarcomatous/malignant vascular mass of pulmonary origin and unnecessary open-heart surgery was averted. The patient was transferred to the oncology department for further management.

Clinical and Cyto-Morphological Characterization of Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), despite being the uncommon subtype, contributes a major portion to mortality and associated with poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytological criteria for the diagnosis of TNBC through fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Clinical, cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) data of 256 patients were evaluated, and patient were classified as TNBC and non-TNBC phenotype by IHC. All cytological specimens were reviewed for 12 criteria: cellularity, tubule/gland formation, syncytial clusters, large bare nuclei, nuclear atypia, chromatin pattern, cell borders, nucleolus, cytoplasm, lymphocytic infiltrate, calcification, and necrosis. The Fischer's exact test was used to show test association. RESULT: Out of 256 patients, 82 patients were TNBC, and 174 patients were non-TNBC. TNBC phenotype showed statistically significant association to cellularity, tubule/gland formation, syncytial cluster formation, bare nuclei, nuclear atypia, cell borders, lymphocyte infiltration, and necrosis. CONCLUSION: FNAC can be helpful in making diagnosis of TNBC and along with ER, PR, HER2 characterization, helpful in planning treatment strategy, saving time, manpower, and resources in the patient management.