Orientation of phenylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on a transparent conductive oxide: a combined NEXAFS, PM-IRRAS, and DFT study.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dipolar phosphonic acids can tailor the interface between organic semiconductors and transparent conductive oxides. When used in optoelectronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, these SAMs can increase current density and photovoltaic performance. The molecular ordering and conformation adopted by the SAMs determine properties such as work function and wettability at these critical interfaces. We combine angle-dependent near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) to determine the molecular orientations of a model phenylphosphonic acid on indium zinc oxide, and correlate the resulting values with density functional theory (DFT). We find that the SAMs are surprisingly well-oriented, with the phenyl ring adopting a well-defined tilt angle of 12-16° from the surface normal. We find quantitative agreement between the two experimental techniques and density functional theory calculations. These results not only provide a detailed picture of the molecular structure of a technologically important class of SAMs, but also resolve a long-standing ambiguity regarding the vibrational-mode assignments for phosphonic acids on oxide surfaces, thus improving the utility of PM-IRRAS for future studies.

Reaction of thin films of solid-state benzene and pyridine with calcium.

The reaction between small organic molecules and low work function metals is of interest in organometallic, astronomical, and optoelectronic device chemistry. Here, thin, solid-state, amorphous benzene and pyridine films are reacted with Ca at 30 K under ultrahigh vacuum with the reaction progress monitored by Raman spectroscopy. Although both films react with Ca to produce product species identifiable by their vibrational spectroscopic signatures, benzene is less reactive with Ca than pyridine. Benzene reacts by electron transfer from Ca to benzene producing multiple species including the phenyl radical anion, the phenyl radical, and the benzyne diradical. Pyridine initially reacts along a similar electron transfer pathway as indicated by the presence of the corresponding pyridyl radical and pyridyne diradical species, but these pyridyl radicals are less stable and subject to further ring-opening reactions that lead to a complex array of smaller molecule reaction products and ultimately amorphous carbon. The elucidation of this reaction pathway provides insight into the reactions of aromatics with Ca that are relevant in the areas of catalysis, astrochemistry, and organic optoelectronics.

Comparison of a fluorinated aryl thiol self-assembled monolayer with its hydrogenated counterpart on polycrystalline Ag substrates.

The effects of perfluorination of aryl thiols on surface coverage, surface electronic properties, and molecular orientation of self-assembled monolayers of thiophenol (TP) and pentafluorothiophenol (F(5)TP) on polycrystalline Ag were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and surface Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical reductive desorption by linear sweep voltammetry indicates a surface coverage for the TP monolayer of (5.07 +/- 1.29) x 10(-10) mol/cm(2), equating to a molecular area of 32.8 +/- 8.3 A(2), and a surface coverage for the F(5)TP monolayer of (1.95 +/- 0.59) x 10(-10) mol/cm(2), equating to an area of 85.2 +/- 25.8 A(2)/molecule. TP-modified Ag exhibits a change in work function (DeltaPhi) of -0.64 eV relative to bare Ag, whereas F(5)TP-modified Ag exhibits a DeltaPhi of +0.54 eV relative to bare Ag. Quantitative analysis of the UPS and reductive desorption results yields molecular pictures of the proposed interfaces with TP molecules tilted <20 degrees from the surface normal in a herringbone pattern spaced 6.4 A apart and F(5)TP molecules in a more disordered arrangement tilted 67 degrees from the surface normal with an intermolecular distance of 10.4 A. Qualitative surface Raman spectroscopic analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane modes for these systems confirms that TP molecules are oriented more vertical than F(5)TP molecules in these monolayers.