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1.
Annu Rev Nutr ; 41: 387-410, 2021 10 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34152831

RESUMEN

As ultraprocessed foods (i.e., foods composed of mostly cheap industrial sources of dietary energy and nutrients plus additives) have become more abundant in our food supply, rates of obesity and diet-related disease have increased simultaneously. Food addiction has emerged as a phenotype of significant empirical interest within the past decade, conceptualized most commonly as a substance-based addiction to ultraprocessed foods. We detail (a) how approaches used to understand substance-use disorders may be applicable for operationalizing food addiction, (b) evidence for the reinforcing potential of ingredients in ultraprocessed foods that may drive compulsive consumptions, (c) the utility of conceptualizing food addiction as a substance-use disorder versus a behavioral addiction, and (d) clinical and policy implications that may follow if ultraprocessed foods exhibit an addictive potential. Broadly, the existing literature suggests biological and behavioral parallels between food addiction and substance addictions, with ultraprocessed foods high in both added fat and refined carbohydrates being most implicated in addictive-like eating. Future research priorities are also discussed, including the need for longitudinal studies and the potential negative impact of addictive ultraprocessed foods on children.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva , Adicción a la Comida , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Conducta Alimentaria , Alimentos , Humanos , Obesidad
2.
Appetite ; 168: 105740, 2022 01 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34627980

RESUMEN

Prior studies have demonstrated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on weight management and lifestyle behaviors, though identification of who may be at greatest risk for negative consequences has not been fully explored. Addictive-like eating behavior, or food addiction, has been associated with an array of problematic eating behaviors, which may suggest heightened susceptibility to poorer outcomes. In this online, cross-sectional study, adults (ages 18-78; M = 42.36, SD = 13.08) living in the United States (n = 288) completed questionnaires assessing food addiction and reported changes to their weight, eating, and physical activity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with food addiction gained an average of 12.42 lb (5.63 kg) since March 2020, compared to an average weight gain of 2.14 lb (0.97 kg) for those without food addiction (p < .001). Linear regression analyses controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) showed that food addiction was independently associated with higher weight gain (B = 9.28, t = 4.97, p < .001), greater intake of ultra-processed foods before and during COVID-19 (B = 1.08, t = 5.71, p < .001; B = 1.18, t = 6.42, p < .001, respectively), greater attribution of their overall current eating behaviors to COVID-19 circumstances (B = 23.19, t = 4.62, p < .001), and higher distress about their overall current eating behaviors (B = -22.12, t = -2.50, p = .01). Interaction effects demonstrated that individuals with food addiction who are older may be at particularly high risk for weight gain and distress. The present research suggests that food addiction is a uniquely meaningful phenotype, beyond the effects of BMI, to identify risk for the negative consequences of COVID-19. Individuals with food addiction, particularly those who are older, may benefit from support with weight management and addictive-like eating as the COVID-19 pandemic persists and resolves.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Adicción a la Comida , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
3.
Eat Weight Disord ; 27(1): 273-284, 2022 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33779965

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (C-mYFAS 2.0) and to analyze the prevalence of food addiction among Chinese college students and its relationship with resilience and social support. METHODS: A total of 1132 Chinese college students completed the C-mYFAS 2.0, BES, EAT-26, PHQ-9, GAD-7, TFEQ-18, CD-RISC-10, and PSSS. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure of the C-mYFAS 2.0 and psychometric properties were assessed. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a sub-sample (n = 62). Spearman correlation and logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between resilience, social support, and food addiction. RESULTS: The prevalence of food addiction according to the C-mYFAS 2.0 was 6.2%. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a single-factor structure (comparative fit index = 0.961). The C-mYFAS 2.0 had good test-retest reliability and internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson's α = 0.824). Good convergent validity was indicated by correlations with binge eating, eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety symptoms, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and BMI (ps < 0.001). Appropriate divergent validity was reflected by no association with cognitive restraint. Finally, binge eating was significantly predicted by C-mYFAS 2.0, depressive symptoms, and eating disorder symptoms (ps < 0.001), confirming incremental validity. In addition, our study found that poorer resilience and social support were related to food addiction (ps < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The C-mYFAS 2.0 is a brief but reliable and valid screening instrument for food addiction among Chinese college students. In addition, we found that resilience and social support were negatively associated with food addiction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.


Asunto(s)
Adicción a la Comida , China/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Humanos , Prevalencia , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Apoyo Social , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
4.
Eat Weight Disord ; 26(6): 2043-2049, 2021 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33128719

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated overlapping behavioral features between substance-use disorders and food addiction, the latter of which is particularly prevalent among individuals with overweight or obesity. However, the unique attributes of food addiction as a possible phenotype within overweight and obesity are not fully understood. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited participants (n = 46) with overweight or obesity, nearly half (n = 20) of whom met the criteria for food addiction based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and examined responses to self-report questionnaires that indexed behavioral characteristics relevant to addictive disorders. RESULTS: Individuals with food addiction exhibited significantly higher scores on the Palatable Eating Motives Scale overall score (p < .001) and subscales for coping (p < .001) and enhancement (p < .001) of emotions, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire Emotional Eating subscale (p < .001), UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale negative urgency (p < .001) and lack of perseverance (p = .01) subscales, and the Food Craving Inventory overall score (p = .02) and subscales of cravings for sweets (p < .01) and fast food fats (p = .02). CONCLUSION: Food addiction appears to represent a distinct phenotype within overweight and obesity, marked by greater emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, and cravings, which have been observed in prior studies examining features of individuals with addictive disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva , Adicción a la Comida , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Alimentaria , Humanos , Obesidad , Sobrepeso , Fenotipo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
5.
Eat Weight Disord ; 26(7): 2393-2399, 2021 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33389719

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Understanding the complexities of obesity is important for developing effective interventions. Evidence is growing that addictive-like tendencies toward foods may contribute to obesity in some individuals. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS, YFAS 2.0) was developed to identify individuals with addictive-like eating behaviors. Diagnosing food addiction (FA) requires meeting a symptom threshold plus clinically significant impairment/distress (self-perceived), but the utility of the impairment/distress criteria remains controversial. This secondary analysis compared individuals who did not meet the FA symptom criteria, met the symptom, but not the impairment/distress criteria, and met both criteria. METHODS: This secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled pilot study involving 83 adults with overweight/obesity used descriptive statistics and Univariate ANOVAS to compare YFAS 2.0 and Weight and Lifestyle Inventory responses among the groups. RESULTS: Twenty-eight individuals did not meet the FA symptom criteria, 20 met the symptom, but not the impairment/distress criteria, and 35 met both criteria. Of the latter, 80.0% had severe, 8.6% had moderate, and 11.4% had mild FA. Age at onset of overweight was lower with severe than with mild FA (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: The YFAS 2.0 identified a distinct group with severe FA and a group who met the FA symptom threshold, but not the impairment/distress criteria. Few participants perceived impairment/distress unless they endorsed ≥ 6 symptoms. Adding clinical interviews may aid in assessing impairment/distress and addictive-like eating behaviors, particularly in those meeting the FA symptom, but not the impairment/distress criteria. Better characterization of these groups may help targeting obesity interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03431831, 1/30/2018. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, case-control analytic study.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva , Adicción a la Comida , Adulto , Conducta Alimentaria , Humanos , Obesidad , Sobrepeso , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
6.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 44(5): 990-998, 2020 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31949295

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: A WW (formerly Weight Watchers) program adapted for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) previously was found to be more effective than standard care (SC) intervention for weight loss, improved glycemic control, and weight- and diabetes-related quality of life measures. With data from the same national trial, this study examined whether WW adapted for persons with T2DM also increased engagement in weight control behaviors and decreased hedonic hunger, each of which could contribute to improved diabetes management. INTERVENTION AND METHODS: Individuals with T2DM (n = 563) and overweight or obesity participated in a 12-month, 16-site, randomized trial of WW with diabetes counseling or SC. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) evaluated whether 12-month changes in weight control behaviors (Eating Behavior Inventory; EBI) and hedonic hunger (Power of Food Scale; PFS) differed by treatment condition. If a significant treatment effect was found, 12-month changes in EBI/PFS were regressed on 12-month changes in HbA1c and percent weight loss to explore potential treatment differences in these associations. RESULTS: EBI scores increased significantly over the 12-months (p < 0.001), with greater improvements in WW than SC (p < 0.001). PFS decreased significantly in the 12-months (p < 0.001), with no differences between treatment groups (p = 0.15). HLM analyses that followed up on the significant treatment effect for 12-month change in EBI revealed no significant differences by treatment condition for the relationship between change in EBI scores and change in HbA1c (p = 0.14) or percent weight loss (p = 0.32). Across all participants, 12-month improvements in EBI and PFS were related to improved HbA1c (r = 0.22; -0.13, respectively) and greater percent weight loss (r = 0.41; -0.18, respectively) (ps < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: WW with diabetes counseling produced greater engagement in weight control behaviors in those with T2DM than did SC. Across both groups, improved weight control behaviors and hedonic hunger were related to improved glycemic control and weight loss.


Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Hambre/fisiología , Obesidad/terapia , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología , Programas de Reducción de Peso/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sobrepeso/terapia , Estudios Prospectivos
7.
Int J Eat Disord ; 53(10): 1610-1622, 2020 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32725769

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the state of the literature for whether food addiction may warrant consideration as a distinct psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) using Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) five criteria. This framework was utilized because it has recently been applied to examine the diagnostic utility of several eating disorder phenotypes. The criteria are: (a) at least 50 journal articles published on the proposed syndrome in the past 10 years; (b) proposal of diagnostic criteria and assessment measures; (c) clinician reliability in diagnosis; (d) cohesiveness of the proposed diagnostic criteria; and (e) differentiation from similar, existing diagnostic categories. METHOD: For each criterion, a literature review was conducted to examine if the minimum qualification had been met, and key findings were discussed. RESULTS: Two of the criteria (literature and differentiation) have been empirically supported to extent specified. Two criteria (diagnostic criteria and syndrome) have been partially fulfilled, due to only having self-report assessment measures and no examination of the odds ratios for meeting more than one symptom, respectively. Clinician reliability has not yet been evaluated. DISCUSSION: The existing literature suggests that food addiction may warrant consideration as a proposed diagnostic category in the DSM, though future research is needed to fulfill Blashfield et al.'s (1990; Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31(1), 15-19) criteria. The development of a semi-structured interview would be an impactful contribution for addressing these gaps.


Asunto(s)
Adicción a la Comida/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados
8.
Appetite ; 147: 104553, 2020 04 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31836494

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Highly processed foods (with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates) may trigger an addictive-like process, including withdrawal when these foods are reduced. Withdrawal is marked by affective, cognitive, and physical symptoms that may hinder dietary change. A recently developed scale of highly processed food withdrawal in adults (ProWS) provides evidence for this construct. Children commonly consume highly processed foods, but no measures currently exist to examine highly processed food withdrawal in children. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure (ProWS-C) to assess for signs of highly processed food withdrawal in children. METHODS: Parents who had recently attempted to reduce their child's highly processed food consumption were recruited through an online crowdsourcing platform. 304 parents (56.9% mothers) reported on their 3-11-year-old children (63.8% male). The ProWS-C was designed to reflect parents' observations of child behavior. Internal consistency and validity were evaluated using the Dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 for Children (dYFAS-C 2.0.), Children's Food Neophobia Scale-Modified (CFNS), and body mass index (BMI) silhouettes. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure with 21 items (α = 0.94). The ProWS-C demonstrated convergent validity with more child food addiction symptoms (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and higher child BMI (r = 0.24, p < 0.001) and discriminant validity with child food neophobia (r = -0.10, p = 0.08). The ProWS-C was associated with less success in reducing child highly processed food intake independent of child addictive-like eating and BMI (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: The ProWS-C provides preliminary evidence for highly processed food withdrawal in children and appears to be a psychometrically sound tool for assessing parent-reported withdrawal symptoms in children. Illuminating specific challenges families face when reducing highly processed foods may improve parents' ability to help their children make sustainable dietary changes.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil/psicología , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Comida Rápida , Adicción a la Comida/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis Factorial , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados
9.
Appetite ; 131: 148-154, 2018 12 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30227182

RESUMEN

Food addiction posits that highly processed foods may be capable of triggering addictive-like symptoms in some individuals, including withdrawal. The current study developed and assessed the psychometric properties of the first self-report measure of highly processed food withdrawal. Individuals (n = 231) aged 19-68 (51.9% female) were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk and reported cutting down on highly processed foods in the past year. The Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (ProWS) was adapted from self-report measures of drug withdrawal and internal consistency and validity were evaluated. Paralleling the course of drug withdrawal, symptoms assessed by the ProWS were reported as most intense between days 2-5 during an attempt to cut down. The ProWS demonstrated convergent validity with addictive-like eating (r = 0.48, p < .001), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.16, p = .02), and weight cycling (r = 0.29, p < .001) and discriminant validity with dietary restraint: (r = -0.13, p = .04). The ProWS explained 11.2% of variance in self-reported success in last diet attempt beyond addictive-like eating and BMI. The ProWS seems to be a psychometrically sound tool for future research investigating highly processed food withdrawal in humans, and the present data may provide preliminary insight into the plausibility of withdrawal symptoms occurring in response to cutting down on highly processed foods.


Asunto(s)
Comida Rápida , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Autoinforme , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven
10.
Eur Eat Disord Rev ; 26(2): 112-119, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29266583

RESUMEN

The current study investigated the prevalence of food addiction and its associations with obesity and demographic factors in a sample recruited to be more nationally representative of the United States than previous research. Individuals (n = 1050) were recruited through Qualtrics' qBus, which sets demographic quotas developed using the United States census reference population. Participants (n = 986) self-reported food addiction, measured by the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, height, weight, age, gender, race and income. Food addiction was observed in 15% of participants, with greater prevalence in individuals who were younger, Hispanic and/or reported higher annual income. Food addiction prevalence was higher in persons who were underweight or obese, relative to normal weight or overweight. Food addiction was associated with higher body mass index in women and persons who were older, White and/or reported lower income. Identifying the scope of food addiction and individual risk groups may inform public policy initiatives and early intervention efforts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/complicaciones , Peso Corporal , Adicción a la Comida/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores Sexuales , Delgadez/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología
11.
Appetite ; 115: 9-15, 2017 08 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27984189

RESUMEN

The food addiction construct posits that vulnerable individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods, such as those high in fat and refined carbohydrates. Recently, an alternative model to food addiction was proposed, suggesting that the act of eating may be a behavioral addiction that can trigger an addictive-like response in susceptible individuals. One major rationale for the eating addiction framework is that the assessment of food addiction is based on behavioral indicators, such as consuming greater quantities of food than intended and eating certain foods despite negative consequences. It is also suggested that the lack of investigation into which foods and food attributes (e.g., sugar) may have an addictive potential is evidence that food addiction does not parallel a substance-based addiction and more closely resembles a behavioral addiction. The present paper provides a commentary suggesting that the substance-based, food-addiction framework is more appropriate than the behavioral-addiction, eating-addiction perspective to conceptualize addictive-like food consumption. In order to illustrate this point, this manuscript will discuss behavioral components characteristic of all substance-use disorders, preliminary evidence to suggest that all foods are not equally associated with addictive-like eating, and key differences between the hypothesized eating addiction phenotype and the only existing behavioral addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), gambling disorder. Further, this paper will consider implications of applying an addiction label to food versus eating and suggest future research directions to evaluate whether food addiction is a valid and clinically useful construct.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/psicología , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Alimentos , Humanos
12.
Appetite ; 115: 45-53, 2017 08 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27840087

RESUMEN

Some individuals may have an addictive-like response to certain foods, possibly contributing to problematic eating. Highly processed foods, with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, are suggested to be most associated with addictive-like eating. The incentive sensitization theory suggests that wanting (e.g. craving) may drive compulsive drug use rather than liking (e.g. enjoyment), but it is unknown whether highly processed foods elicit similar wanting and liking patterns as drugs of abuse, or whether individual differences exist. The current study examines the association of highly processed foods with craving and liking, and whether these relationships differ by food addiction symptomology, cognitive restraint, or body mass index (BMI). Participants (n = 216) reported craving and liking for 35 foods and completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Highly processed foods were craved more overall. Craving of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by YFAS score. Liking of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by BMI. In conclusion, craving and liking appear distinct with respect to highly processed foods, and may be influenced by addictive-like eating, cognitive restraint, and BMI. This suggests that the incentive sensitization framework may also be relevant for problematic food consumption, especially for individuals reporting food addiction symptoms.


Asunto(s)
Ansia , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Comida Rápida , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven
13.
Eur Eat Disord Rev ; 25(4): 302-308, 2017 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28370722

RESUMEN

The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) operationalizes indicators of addictive-like eating, originally based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for substance-use disorders. The YFAS has multiple adaptations, including a briefer scale (mYFAS). Recently, the YFAS 2.0 was developed to reflect changes to diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. The current study developed a briefer version of the YFAS 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) using the participant sample from the YFAS 2.0 validation paper (n = 536). Then, in an independent sample recruited from Mechanical Turk, 213 participants completed the mYFAS 2.0, YFAS 2.0, and measures of eating-related constructs in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the mYFAS 2.0, relative to the YFAS 2.0. The mYFAS 2.0 and YFAS 2.0 performed similarly on indexes of reliability, convergent validity with related constructs (e.g. weight cycling), discriminant validity with distinct measures (e.g. dietary restraint) and incremental validity evidenced by associations with frequency of binge eating beyond a measure of disinhibited eating. The mYFAS 2.0 may be an appropriate choice for studies prioritizing specificity when assessing for addictive-like eating or when a briefer measurement of food addiction is needed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva/diagnóstico , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adulto Joven
14.
Curr Psychiatry Rep ; 17(4): 563, 2015 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25749750

RESUMEN

"Food addiction" is an emerging area, and behavioral and biological overlaps have been observed between eating and addictive disorders. Potential misconceptions about applying an addiction framework to problematic eating behavior may inhibit scientific progress. Critiques of "food addiction" that focus on descriptive differences between overeating and illicit drugs are similar to early criticisms of the addictiveness of tobacco. Although food is necessary for survival, the highly processed foods associated with addictive-like eating may provide little health benefit. Individual differences are important in determining who develops an addiction. If certain foods are addictive, the identification of possible risk factors for "food addiction" is an important next step. Not all treatments for addiction require abstinence. Addiction interventions that focus on moderation or controlled use may lead to novel approaches to treating eating-related problems. Finally, addiction-related policies that focus on environmental (instead of educational) targets may have a larger public health impact in reducing overeating.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Adictiva , Conducta Alimentaria , Hiperfagia , Salud Pública , Alimentos , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo
16.
Front Psychiatry ; 13: 824234, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35615452

RESUMEN

Background: The association between food addiction (FA) and weight status in children and adolescents remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the association between FA and weight status using the validated Chinese version of the dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0). Methods: Participants were enrolled from clinic visitors for regular physical check in a children's hospital. The dYFAS-C 2.0 was translated into Chinese and validated using reliability and validity tests. The participants' body mass index Z score (BMIZ) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were used to characterize weight status. The FA severity was assessed using the translated dYFAS-C 2.0. Results: Among the 903 children and adolescents enrolled, 426 (47.2%) completed the survey [277 (65%) females and 149 (35%) males]. The Cronbach α of translated dYFAS-C 2.0 was 0.934, and confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable model fit. FA correlated positively with BMIZ and WHtR in the whole sample after adjusting for the effect of gender (p < 0.001). Further analyses showed that the correlation remained significant in participants with BMIZ > 1 (p = 0.006) but not in those with BMIZ ≤ 1 (p = 0.220). However, the correlations between FA and WHtR were statistically significant in both participants with or without abdominal obesity (p < 0.05). The FA could explain 12.1 and 15.8% of variance in BMIZ and WHtR, respectively. The corresponding cutoff points of FA for excessive weight risk were 0.7 (BMIZ) and 0.4 (WHtR). Conclusion: The dYFAS-C 2.0 has good reliability and validity in the Chinese population. FA is associated with weight status characterized by BMIZ and WHtR, especially in participants with BMIZ > 1 and in those with abdominal obesity. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2100052239].

17.
Curr Obes Rep ; 10(2): 181-190, 2021 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33738699

RESUMEN

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review explores potential sources of weight bias and stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, including "quarantine-15" messages and discussion of obesity in media and public health campaigns. We examine evidence of the effects of weight bias on well-being during the pandemic and highlight unanswered questions to be addressed in future research. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies that have investigated weight change during stay-at-home orders have yielded mixed findings and relied predominantly on self-reported retrospective recall, thus providing weak evidence of a widespread "quarantine-15" effect. No studies to date have evaluated the effects on weight stigma and health of obesity-focused COVID-19 media and public health messages. Individuals with a history of experiencing weight bias may be more vulnerable to binge eating and psychological distress during the pandemic. Weight bias and stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, and their effects on health and well-being, warrant greater investigation and consideration in public health efforts.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Comunicación , Obesidad , Pandemias , Salud Pública , Estigma Social , Prejuicio de Peso , Peso Corporal , Bulimia/etiología , Humanos , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/psicología , Distanciamiento Físico , Distrés Psicológico , Aislamiento Social , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Aumento de Peso , Prejuicio de Peso/psicología
18.
Stigma Health ; 6(4): 408-418, 2021 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34926807

RESUMEN

Prior research has demonstrated that individuals with a higher body weight (i.e., obesity) have a relatively high incidence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (e.g., abuse, neglect). Individuals with obesity are also susceptible to experiencing and internalizing weight stigma. Negative physical and mental health consequences have been associated with both ACEs and weight stigma, yet the interplay between these factors has not been explored. The current study examined ACEs in a sample of 105 treatment-seeking adults with obesity who all reported having experienced and internalized weight stigma (90.5% women, 70.5% non-Hispanic White, mean age=49.1 years). The study aimed to 1) provide a descriptive overview of rates of ACEs in this unique sample of adults with potentially high psychological vulnerability and 2) assess associations between ACEs, weight stigma, and psychological well-being. Over three-fourths of participants (76.2%) reported experiencing at least one ACE. The total number of ACEs was significantly associated with more frequent experiences of and greater distress about weight stigma during childhood, as well as higher current perceived stress. Experiencing weight stigma for the first time in childhood was also associated with more reported ACEs. ACEs of abuse were associated with more lifetime reported experiences of weight stigma and greater internalization, use of eating as a strategy to cope with weight stigma, and higher perceived stress. These findings have implications for early identification of and tailored interventions for individuals who have experienced adverse events and weight stigma at a young age.

19.
Transl Behav Med ; 11(12): 2091-2098, 2021 12 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34479369

RESUMEN

WW is a validated behavioral weight management program that encourages healthy habits. WW developed a method of personalizing the SmartPoints® budget depending on dietary and lifestyle preferences, and participants were placed into one of three plans as a pilot evaluation of this new program. In this 6-month, single-arm pilot study, participants attended weekly workshops and used an app to monitor eating and physical activity. Baseline and 6-month assessments included weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, energy intake, cravings, happiness, health-related quality of life, hunger, and fullness. Of 145 adults assessed at baseline, 126 (87%) provided follow-up data. Pre-post changes showed significant reductions in body weight (7.39% ± 5.93%), calories consumed (24.79% ± 32.35%) and significant improvements in cravings, happiness, all SF-36 scales and hunger but not in fullness. Greater % weight loss was related to greater improvements in happiness (r = .38, p < .001), general health perceptions (r = .29, p = .001), and health change (r = .31, p = .001), and greater reduction in role limitations due to personal or emotional problems (r = .24, p = .01). Greater % reduction in caloric intake was associated with greater reductions in cravings (r = .23, p = .01), as well as with greater improvements in happiness (r = .23, p = .01), physical functioning (r = .23, p = .01), and general health perceptions (r = .23, p = .01). Participants in this modified program achieved significant weight loss, regardless of dietary plan, as well as improvements in a variety of other physical and psychological constructs. Those who achieved greater reductions in weight also reported greater improvements in cravings, happiness and some quality of life measures.


Asunto(s)
Calidad de Vida , Pérdida de Peso , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Ingestión de Energía , Humanos , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Proyectos Piloto , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología
20.
Assessment ; 27(2): 356-364, 2020 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29973060

RESUMEN

Objective: Food addiction reflects a substance use disorder framework, suggesting certain foods (e.g., high-fat, high-sugar foods) may trigger an addictive-like eating response in vulnerable individuals. This study explored whether the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0), a newly validated and shortened measure of food addiction, is appropriate for use in heterogeneous samples. Assessment of mYFAS 2.0 invariance is essential, as this measure was developed for use as a brief screener in large epidemiological samples that are likely demographically diverse. Method: Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis examined measurement invariance across racial/ethnic (White, Black, and Hispanic) and gender (male, female) groups. Participants were recruited through Qualtrics qBus, which uses demographic quotas to recruit a sample representative of the U.S. census reference population. Individuals were included in analyses if they identified their race/ethnicity as White, Black, or Hispanic (N = 923). Results: Results supported full and partial measurement invariance across racial and gender groups, respectively. Discussion: Results increase confidence in the generalizability of findings using the mYFAS 2.0 and indicate that observed differences in prevalence rates, such as the higher rates of food addiction observed for women and Hispanic individuals, are likely due to true differences in the population rather than due to measurement bias.


Asunto(s)
Adicción a la Comida/diagnóstico , Adicción a la Comida/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Adulto , Anciano , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Adicción a la Comida/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto Joven
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