Low-titer group O whole blood in military ground ambulances: Lessons from the Israel Defense Forces initial experience.

BACKGROUND: Cold-stored low-titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) has become increasingly utilised in both prehospital and in-hospital settings for resuscitation of traumatic haemorrhage. However, implementing the use of LTOWB to ground medical teams has been limited due to logistic challenges. METHODS: In 2022, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) started using LTOWB in ambulances for the first time in Israel. This report details the initial experience of this rollout and presents a case-series of the first patients treated with LTOWB. RESULTS: Between January-December 2022, seven trauma patients received LTOWB administered by ground IDF intensive care ambulances after presenting with profound shock. Median time from injury to administration of LTOWB was 35 min. All patients had evidence of severe bleeding upon hospital arrival with six undergoing damage control laparotomy and all but one surviving to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of LTOWB in ground medical units is in its early stages, but continued experience may demonstrate its feasibility, safety, and effectiveness in the prehospital setting. Further research is necessary to fully understand the indications, methodology, and benefits of LTOWB in resuscitating severely injured trauma patients in this setting.

A large population study reveals a novel association between congenital color vision deficiency and environmental factors.

PURPOSE: To assess the associations between the prevalence of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) and genetics and environment, represented by place of origin (ethnic background) and place of birth, respectively. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of the computerized database of the northern recruitment center of Israel of 53,895 consecutive male Jewish conscripts 16-19 years old, who completed the medical profiling process between 1988 and 2011. CVD was diagnosed using the 24-pseudo-isochromatic plate Ishihara test. Associations of CVD prevalence with sociodemographic variables, anthropometric indices, refractive errors, and mainly place of origin and place of birth were tested by both univariate analysis and multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Elevated BMI (obesity) and blood pressure (hypertension), as well as myopia, were all positively associated with congenital CVD. The composition of the study population provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and environment. The prevalence of CVD significantly differs among subpopulations of different ethnic background as well as among those who were born in different geographical locations. Additionally, differences in the prevalence of CVD (1.2-1.6%) were observed among conscripts from the same origin, who were born in Israel, compared to those who were born elsewhere. Both place of origin (p < 0.01) and place of birth (p < 0.05) were associated with the prevalence of CVD in a multivariable regression model. CONCLUSION: This study affirms previously established associations of CVD with certain variables and reveals a possible novel association of CVD with environmental factors.

Macrophage activation by heparanase is mediated by TLR-2 and TLR-4 and associates with plaque progression.

OBJECTIVE: Factors and mechanisms that activate macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques are incompletely understood. We examined the capacity of heparanase to activate macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Highly purified heparanase was added to mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-like J774 cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interlukin-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were evaluated by ELISA. Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. Cells collected from Toll-like receptor-2 and Toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice were evaluated similarly. Heparanase levels in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction, stable angina, and healthy subjects were determined by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression of heparanase in control specimens and specimens of patients with stable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Addition or overexpression of heparanase variants resulted in marked increase in tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interlukin-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels. Mouse peritoneal macrophages harvested from Toll-like receptor-2 or Toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice were not activated by heparanase. Plasma heparanase level was higher in patients with acute myocardial infarction, compared with patients with stable angina and healthy subjects. Pathologic coronary specimens obtained from vulnerable plaques showed increased heparanase staining compared with specimens of stable plaque and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Heparanase activates macrophages, resulting in marked induction of cytokine expression associated with plaque progression toward vulnerability.

Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination - A case series.

There have been reports of myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination. We surveyed all hospitalized military personnel in the Isareli Defense Forces during the period of the COVID-19 vaccination operation (12/28/2021-3/7/2021) for diagnosed myocarditis. We identified 7 cases of myocarditis with symptoms starting in the first week after the second dose of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. One case of myocarditis diagnosed 10 days after the second dose of the vaccine was not included. These 8 cases comprise of all events of myocarditis diagnosed in military personnel during this time period. All patients were young and generally healthy. All had mild disease with no sequalae. The incidence of myocarditis in the week following a second dose of the vaccine was 5.07/100,000 people vaccinated. Due to the nature of this report no causality could be established. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of myocarditis following Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination. True incidence rates should be further investigated.

Rheumatic Fever in Large Cohort of Adolescents in Israel.

Background: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains a major worldwide healthcare problem, despite its progressive decline in developed countries. The aims of our study were to estimate the prevalence of ARF among adolescents in Israel and to investigate risk factors. Methods: The study population consisted of 113,671 consecutive conscripts 16-19 years old, born during 1971-1993, who completed the medical profiling as part of the recruitment process to the IDF. ARF was diagnosed according to Jones criteria at time of illness, with confirmation relying on medical documentation and cardiologist evaluation including echocardiography. Results: The general prevalence rate of ARF was 0.12%. A downward trend was observed, from 0.19% among those born during 1971-1980 to 0.07% among those born during 1981-1993. Differences in prevalence of ARF were noted in sub-populations based on country of birth and origin-Israel, Ethiopia and the former soviet union (FUSSR). The prevalence rates of valvar disease among ARF+ and ARF- recruits were 15.7% and 0.95%, respectively. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, 4 variables were negatively associated with ARF: later birth year group, female gender, rural residence, youngest child; and 3 were positively associated with ARF: young parents, above normal BMI and valvar disease. Conclusion: Our study provides support for the documented decline in ARF prevalence and describes socio-demographic and anthropometric risk factors including the association with valvar disease and novel risk factors including above normal BMI and young parents, both warranting further investigation which might help in developing societal level prevention strategies.

Cardiac troponin I elevation in hospitalized patients without acute coronary syndromes.

Increase of cardiac troponins occurs in a variety of clinical situations in the absence of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Few data exist regarding the incidence, clinical characteristics, and predictive value of various cardiac diagnostic tests and outcome of patients with a non-ACS-related troponin increase. We studied 883 consecutive hospitalized patients with increased cardiac troponin I levels. The discharge diagnosis was reclassified and troponin increase attributed to ACS or another process. Clinical data and results of cardiac diagnostic tests were collected. Patients were followed for a median of 30 months. Three hundred eleven patients were classified as having a non-ACS-related troponin increase (35.2%). An alternative explanation for troponin increase was found in 99% of these patients. Troponin level had poor accuracy in discriminating patients with and without ACS (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.63). Coronary angiography was frequently unhelpful in excluding a non-ACS-related troponin increase because 77% of patients in the non-ACS group had significant flow-limiting coronary artery disease. Patients with non-ACS-related troponin increase had significantly higher in-hospital (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 2.0 to 3.8) and long-term (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 2.5) mortalities compared with patients with ACS. In conclusion, cardiac troponin level is frequently increased in hospitalized patients in the absence of an ACS and portends poor short- and long-term outcomes. Most of these patients have an alternative explanation for cardiac troponin increase. Cardiac diagnostic procedures are frequently unhelpful in excluding a non-ACS-related troponin increase.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: patients and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The decision to perform primary percutaneous coronary intervention in unconscious patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is challenging because of uncertainty regarding the prognosis of recovery of anoxic brain damage and difficulties in interpreting ST segment deviations. In ST elevation myocardial infarction patients after OHCA, primary PCI is generally considered the only option for reperfusion. There are few published studies and no randomized trial has yet been performed in this specific group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To define the demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics, and the prognosis of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records and used the prospectively acquired information from the Rambam Primary Angioplasty Registry (PARR) and the Rambam Intensive Cardiac Care (RICCa) databases. RESULTS: During the period March 1998 to June 2006, 25 STEMI patients (21 men and 4 women, mean age 56 +/- 11years) after OHCA were treated with primary PCI. The location of myocardial infarction was anterior in 13 patients (52%) and non-anterior in 12 (48%). Cardiac arrest was witnessed in 23 patients (92%), but bystander resuscitation was performed in only 2 patients (8%). Eighteen patients (72%) were unconscious on admission, and Glasgow Coma Scale > 5 was noted in 2 patients (8%). Cardiogenic shock on admission was diagnosed in 4 patients (16%). PCI procedure was successful in 22 patients (88%). In-hospital, 30 day, 6 month and 1 year survival was 76%, 76%, 76% and 72%, respectively. In-hospital, 30 day, 6 month and 1 year survival without severe neurological disability was 68%, 68%, 68% and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a selected group of STEMI patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, primary PCI can be performed with a high success rate and provides reasonably good results in terms of short and longer term survival.

Multidetector computed tomography predictors of late ventricular remodeling and function after acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Despite advent of rapid arterial revascularization as 1st line treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), incomplete restoral of flow at the microvascular level remains a problem and is associated with adverse prognosis, including pathological ventricular remodeling. We aimed to study the association between multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) perfusion defects and ventricular remodeling post-AMI. METHODS: In a prospective study, 20 patients with ST-elevation AMI, treated by primary angioplasty, underwent arterial and late phase MDCT as well as radionuclide scans to study presence, size and severity of myocardial perfusion defects. Contrast echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 4 months follow-up to evaluate changes in myocardial function and remodeling. RESULTS: Early defects (ED), late defects (LD) and late enhancement (LE) were detected in 15, 7 and 16 patients, respectively and radionuclide defects in 15 patients. The ED area (r=0.74), and LD area (r=0.72), and to a lesser extent LE area (r=0.62) correlated moderately well with SPECT summed rest score. By univariate analysis, follow-up end-systolic volume index and ejection fraction were both significantly related to ED and LD size and severity, but not to LE size or severity. By multivariate analysis, end-systolic volume index was best predicted by LD area (p<0.05) and ejection fraction by LD enhancement ratio. CONCLUSIONS: LD size and severity on MDCT are most closely associated with pathological ventricular remodeling after AMI and may thus play a role in early identification and treatment of this condition.