The influence of immunodeficiency, disease features, and patient characteristics on survival in plasmablastic lymphoma.

ABSTRACT: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with immunodeficiency, characterized by uncertain treatment approaches and an unfavorable prognosis. We conducted a multicenter, international, retrospective cohort study, aiming to characterize the clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with PBL. Data were collected from 22 institutions across 4 countries regarding patients diagnosed with PBL between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2020. Survival risk factors were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate regression models. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier statistics. First-line treatment regimens were stratified into standard- and higher-intensity regimens, and based on whether they incorporated a proteasome inhibitor (PI). A total of 281 patients (median age, 55 years) were included. Immunodeficiency of any kind was identified in 144 patients (51%), and 99 patients (35%) had HIV-positive results. The 5-year OS for the entire cohort was 36% (95% confidence interval, 30%-42%). In multivariate analysis, inferior OS was associated with Epstein-Barr virus-negative lymphoma, poor performance status, advanced stage, and bone marrow involvement. In an independent univariate analysis, the international prognostic index was associated with OS outcomes. Neither immunosuppression nor HIV infection, specifically, influenced OS. Among patients treated with curative intent (n = 234), the overall response rate was 72%. Neither the intensity of the treatment regimen nor the inclusion of PIs in first-line therapy was associated with OS. In this large retrospective study of patients with PBL, we identified novel risk factors for survival. PBL remains a challenging disease with poor long-term outcomes.

Motive and Opportunity: MYC rearrangements in high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements-an LLMPP study.

Rearrangements that place the oncogenes MYC, BCL2, or BCL6 adjacent to superenhancers are common in mature B-cell lymphomas. Lymphomas with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or high-grade morphology with both MYC and BCL2 rearrangements are classified as high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements ("double hit": HGBCL-DH-BCL2) and are associated with aggressive disease and poor outcomes. Although it is established that MYC rearrangements involving immunoglobulin (IG) loci are associated with inferior outcomes relative to those involving other non-IG superenhancers, the frequency of, and mechanisms driving, IG vs non-IG MYC rearrangements have not been elucidated. Here we used custom targeted capture and/or whole genome sequencing to characterize oncogene rearrangements across 883 mature B-cell lymphomas including Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, DLBCL, and HGBCL-DH-BCL2 tumors. We demonstrate that, while BCL2 rearrangement topology is consistent across entities, HGBCL-DH-BCL2 have distinct MYC rearrangement architecture relative to tumors with single MYC rearrangements or with both MYC and BCL6 rearrangements (HGBCL-DH-BCL6), including both a higher frequency of non-IG rearrangements and different architecture of MYC::IGH rearrangements. The distinct MYC rearrangement patterns in HGBCL-DH-BCL2 occur on the background of high levels of somatic hypermutation across MYC partner loci in HGBCL-DH-BCL2, creating more opportunity to form these rearrangements. Furthermore, because one IGH allele is already disrupted by the existing BCL2 rearrangement, the MYC rearrangement architecture in HGBCL-DH-BCL2 likely reflects selective pressure to preserve both BCL2 and B cell receptor expression. These data provide new mechanistic explanations for the distinct patterns of MYC rearrangements observed across different lymphoma entities.

Polatuzumab Vedotin in Previously Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is typically treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). However, only 60% of patients are cured with R-CHOP. Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD79b, which is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of malignant B cells. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, international phase 3 trial to evaluate a modified regimen of R-CHOP (pola-R-CHP), in which vincristine was replaced with polatuzumab vedotin, as compared with standard R-CHOP, in patients with previously untreated intermediate-risk or high-risk DLBCL. Patients 18 to 80 years of age were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive six cycles of either pola-R-CHP or R-CHOP, plus two cycles of rituximab alone. The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival. Secondary end points included overall survival and safety. RESULTS: Overall, 879 patients underwent randomization: 440 were assigned to the pola-R-CHP group and 439 to the R-CHOP group. After a median follow-up of 28.2 months, the percentage of patients surviving without progression was significantly higher in the pola-R-CHP group than in the R-CHOP group (76.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 72.7 to 80.8] vs. 70.2% [95% CI, 65.8 to 74.6] at 2 years; stratified hazard ratio for progression, relapse, or death, 0.73 by Cox regression; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.95; P = 0.02). Overall survival at 2 years did not differ significantly between the groups (88.7% [95% CI, 85.7 to 91.6] in the pola-R-CHP group and 88.6% [95% CI, 85.6 to 91.6] in the R-CHOP group; hazard ratio for death, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.37; P = 0.75). The safety profile was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with previously untreated intermediate-risk or high-risk DLBCL, the risk of disease progression, relapse, or death was lower among those who received pola-R-CHP than among those who received R-CHOP. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech; POLARIX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03274492.).

Molecular determinants of clinical outcomes in a real-world diffuse large B-cell lymphoma population.

Molecular heterogeneity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) underlies the variable outcomes achieved with immunochemotherapy. However, outcomes of gene expression profiling (GEP)-defined molecular subgroups in a real-world DLBCL population remain unknown. Here we examined the prevalence and outcomes of molecular subgroups in an unselected population of 1149 patients with de novo DLBCL in British Columbia, Canada. Evaluable biopsies were profiled by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry, and digital GEP to assign cell-of-origin and the so-called "double-hit signature" (DHITsig)-a signature originally described as being characteristic for high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBCL-DH-BCL2). DHITsig was expressed in 21% of 431 germinal center B-cell-like (GCB)-DLBCL and all 55 Burkitt lymphomas examined. Reflecting this latter finding, DHITsig has been renamed the "dark zone signature" (DZsig). DZsigpos-DLBCL, non-DZsigpos GCB-DLBCL and activated B-cell-like (ABC)-DLBCL were associated with a 2 year overall survival of 57%, 89%, and 71%, respectively. 62% of DZsigpos tumors were negative for HGBCL-DH-BCL2 by FISH, but were associated with outcomes similar to HGBCL-DH-BCL2. A small group of HGBCL-DH-BCL2 that lacked DZsig expression had different molecular features compared with DZsig-expressing HGBCL-DH-BCL2 and were associated with favorable outcomes comparable to DLBCL, not otherwise specified. DZsigpos and ABC-DLBCL had a shorter diagnosis-to-treatment interval (DTI) than GCB-DLBCL, with this metric being associated with outcome. In conclusion, DZsig expression extends beyond HGBCL-DH-BCL2 and captures a poor-prognosis DLBCL subgroup with short DTI, including patients unidentifiable by routine FISH testing, that should be considered for treatment intensification or novel therapies in prospective trials.

Polatuzumab vedotin in previously untreated DLBCL: an Asia subpopulation analysis from the phase 3 POLARIX trial.

In the phase 3 POLARIX study in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, polatuzumab vedotin combined with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (Pola-R-CHP) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) with similar safety. Patients were randomized 1:1 to 6 cycles of Pola-R-CHP or R-CHOP plus 2 cycles of rituximab alone. For registration of POLARIX in China, consistency of PFS in an Asia subpopulation (defined as ≥50% of the risk reduction in PFS expected in the global population) was evaluated. Overall, 281 patients were analyzed: 160 patients from Asia in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population of the global study and 121 from an ITT China extension cohort. Of these, 141 were randomized to Pola-R-CHP and 140 to R-CHOP. At data cutoff (28 June 2021; median follow-up 24.2 months), PFS met the consistency definition with the global population, and was superior with Pola-R-CHP vs R-CHOP (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-1.03). Two-year PFS was 74.2% (95% CI, 65.7-82.7) and 66.5% (95% CI, 57.3-75.6) with Pola-R-CHP and R-CHOP, respectively. Safety was comparable between Pola-R-CHP and R-CHOP, including rates of grade 3 to 4 adverse events (AEs; 72.9% vs 66.2%, respectively), serious AEs (32.9% vs 32.4%), grade 5 AEs (1.4% vs 0.7%), AEs leading to study treatment discontinuation (5.0% vs 7.2%), and any-grade peripheral neuropathy (44.3% vs 50.4%). These findings demonstrate consistent efficacy and safety of Pola-R-CHP vs R-CHOP in the Asia and global populations in POLARIX. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home as # NCT03274492.

CAR T cells as a second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: a paradigm shift?

The standard of care treatment strategy for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) has been high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) if chemotherapy sensitive in suitable patients. Because of treatment intensity, this approach has only been feasible in half of patients and because of chemotherapy resistance has only been successful in a quarter of transplant-eligible patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, using genetically modified autologous T cells targeting CD19, has been approved for third-line therapy of LBCL and has been associated with durable remissions in a proportion of patients. In this review, we interpret the design and results of 3 randomized phase 3 trials comparing CAR T-cell therapy and ASCT and their implications for CAR T-cell therapy as a potential new standard of care for second-line treatment in appropriate patients with refractory or early relapsing LBCL.

Developing a classification of hematologic neoplasms in the era of precision medicine.

The recently developed International Consensus (IC) classification of hematologic neoplasms is primarily based on input from clinical advisory committees composed of pathologists, hematologists, oncologists, and genomic scientists. Morphology continues to represent a fundamental element in the definition of hematologic neoplasms. Acknowledging that the abnormal morphology is a result of dysregulated hematopoiesis driven by somatic gene mutations or altered expression, the IC classification considers genomic features more extensively. Defining nosologic entities based on underlying molecular mechanism(s) of disease is fundamental for enabling the development of precision treatments. Because translational and clinical research continuously advance the field, the classification of hematologic neoplasms will need to be regularly refined and updated; the basic question is what mechanism should be used for this purpose. Scientific hematopathology societies, in collaboration with hematology societies, should be primarily responsible for establishing a standing International Working Group, which would in turn collaborate with the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to realize and disseminate the classification. The current classification, with its strong morphology component, represents a basis for refinement. Through data sharing, the creation of large comprehensive patient data sets will allow the use of methods of inference, including statistical analyses and machine learning models, aimed at further identifying distinct disease subgroups. A collaborative clinico-pathologic review process will provide a mechanism for updating pathologic and genomic criteria within a clinical context. An interactive Web-based portal would make the classification more immediately available to the scientific community, while providing accessory features that enable the practical application of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information.

Limited-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoma subtype, is localized in 25% to 30% of patients. Prognosis in patients with limited-stage DLBCL (LS-DLBCL) is excellent with 10-year overall survival of at least 70% to 80%. Improved insights into the disease biology, the availability of positron-emission tomography (PET) scans, and recent dedicated clinical trials within this unique population have led to evolving treatment paradigms. However, no standard definition of LS-DLBCL exists, and although generally defined as Ann Arbor stages I to II disease with largest mass size <10 cm in diameter, variations across studies cause challenges in interpretation. Similar to advanced-stage disease, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP) immunochemotherapy forms the basis of treatment, with combined modality therapy including 3 cycles of systemic treatment and involved-site radiation therapy being a predominant historical standard. Yet the well-described continuous risk of relapse beyond 5 years and established late complications of radiotherapy have challenged previous strategies. More rigorous baseline staging and response assessment with PET may improve decision making. Recent clinical studies have focused on minimizing toxicities while maximizing disease outcomes using strategies such as abbreviated immunochemotherapy alone and PET-adapted radiotherapy delivery. This comprehensive review provides an update of recent literature with recommendations for integration into clinical practice for LS-DLBCL patients.

A first-in-human phase I trial of daily oral zelenirstat, a N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors and relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas.

Myristoylation, the N-terminal addition of the fatty acid myristate to proteins, regulates membrane-bound signal transduction pathways important in cancer cell biology. This modification is catalyzed by two N-myristoyltransferases, NMT1 and NMT2. Zelenirstat is a first-in-class potent oral small molecule inhibitor of both NMT1 and NMT2 proteins. Patients with advanced solid tumors and relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell lymphomas were enrolled in an open label, phase I dose escalation trial of oral daily zelenirstat, administered in 28-day cycles until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The endpoints were to evaluate dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) to establish a maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetic parameters, and anticancer activity. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled (25 advanced solid tumor; 4 R/R B-cell lymphoma) and 24 were DLT-evaluable. Dosing ranged from 20 mg once daily (OD) to 210 mg OD without DLT, but gastrointestinal DLTS were seen in the 280 mg cohort. MTD and recommended phase 2 dose were 210 mg OD. Common adverse events were predominantly Gr ≤ 2 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Plasma concentrations peaked at 2 h with terminal half-lives averaging 10 h. Steady state was achieved by day 15, and higher doses achieved trough concentrations predicted to be therapeutic. Stable disease as best response was seen in eight (28%) patients. Progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly better in patients receiving 210 mg OD compared to those receiving lower doses. Zelenirstat is well-tolerated, achieves plasma exposures expected for efficacy, and shows early signs of anticancer activity. Further clinical development of zelenirstat is warranted.

Polatuzumab vedotin plus bendamustine and rituximab or obinutuzumab in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: a phase Ib/II study.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Despite treatment advances that have improved outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) FL, many patients still die from progressive disease or treatment-related toxicities. In the phase Ib/II GO29365 study (clinicaltrials.gov 02257567), the safety and efficacy of polatuzumab vedotin plus bendamustine and rituximab (Pola-BR) versus bendamustine and rituximab (BR) alone, and polatuzumab vedotin plus bendamustine and obinutuzumab (Pola-BG) as a single-arm cohort were evaluated in patients with R/R FL. Following the phase Ib safety run-in, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive Pola-BR or BR alone in the phase II stage; a separate non-randomized Pola-BG cohort was examined in the phase Ib/II expansion stage. Primary endpoints included safety and tolerability (phase Ib) and positron emission tomography complete response (PET-CR) rate by independent review committee (phase II). Overall, 112 patients were enrolled (phase Ib safety run-in: Pola-BR, N=6; phase II randomized cohort: Pola-BR, N=39; BR, N=41; phase Ib/II expansion cohort: Pola-BG, N=26). PET-CR rates were 66.7% (phase Ib safety run-in, Pola-BR); 69.2% (phase II randomized, Pola-BR); 63.4% (phase II randomized, BR); and 65.4% (phase Ib/II expansion Pola-BG). There was a higher occurrence of cytopenias with Pola-BR and Pola-BG than with BR; serious adverse events were more frequent with Pola-BR (61.4%) and Pola-BG (46.2%) than with BR (29.3%). Overall, this analysis does not demonstrate a benefit of adding Pola to BR or BG regimens for patients with R/R FL.

TMTV-Net: fully automated total metabolic tumor volume segmentation in lymphoma PET/CT images - a multi-center generalizability analysis.

PURPOSE: Total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) segmentation has significant value enabling quantitative imaging biomarkers for lymphoma management. In this work, we tackle the challenging task of automated tumor delineation in lymphoma from PET/CT scans using a cascaded approach. METHODS: Our study included 1418 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT scans from four different centers. The dataset was divided into 900 scans for development/validation/testing phases and 518 for multi-center external testing. The former consisted of 450 lymphoma, lung cancer, and melanoma scans, along with 450 negative scans, while the latter consisted of lymphoma patients from different centers with diffuse large B cell, primary mediastinal large B cell, and classic Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Our approach involves resampling PET/CT images into different voxel sizes in the first step, followed by training multi-resolution 3D U-Nets on each resampled dataset using a fivefold cross-validation scheme. The models trained on different data splits were ensemble. After applying soft voting to the predicted masks, in the second step, we input the probability-averaged predictions, along with the input imaging data, into another 3D U-Net. Models were trained with semi-supervised loss. We additionally considered the effectiveness of using test time augmentation (TTA) to improve the segmentation performance after training. In addition to quantitative analysis including Dice score (DSC) and TMTV comparisons, the qualitative evaluation was also conducted by nuclear medicine physicians. RESULTS: Our cascaded soft-voting guided approach resulted in performance with an average DSC of 0.68 ± 0.12 for the internal test data from developmental dataset, and an average DSC of 0.66 ± 0.18 on the multi-site external data (n = 518), significantly outperforming (p < 0.001) state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches including nnU-Net and SWIN UNETR. While TTA yielded enhanced performance gains for some of the comparator methods, its impact on our cascaded approach was found to be negligible (DSC: 0.66 ± 0.16). Our approach reliably quantified TMTV, with a correlation of 0.89 with the ground truth (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in terms of visual assessment, concordance between quantitative evaluations and clinician feedback was observed in the majority of cases. The average relative error (ARE) and the absolute error (AE) in TMTV prediction on external multi-centric dataset were ARE = 0.43 ± 0.54 and AE = 157.32 ± 378.12 (mL) for all the external test data (n = 518), and ARE = 0.30 ± 0.22 and AE = 82.05 ± 99.78 (mL) when the 10% outliers (n = 53) were excluded. CONCLUSION: TMTV-Net demonstrates strong performance and generalizability in TMTV segmentation across multi-site external datasets, encompassing various lymphoma subtypes. A negligible reduction of 2% in overall performance during testing on external data highlights robust model generalizability across different centers and cancer types, likely attributable to its training with resampled inputs. Our model is publicly available, allowing easy multi-site evaluation and generalizability analysis on datasets from different institutions.

Long-term results of PET-guided radiation in patients with advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP.

Consolidative radiation therapy (RT) for advanced-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains controversial, with routine practice continuing to include RT in patients with initial bulky disease or residual masses. Positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography is a sensitive modality for detecting the presence of residual disease at the end of treatment (EOT). A PET-guided approach to selectively administering RT has been the policy in British Columbia since 2005. Patients with advanced-stage DLBCL diagnosed from 1 January 2005 to 1 March 2017 and treated with at least 6 cycles of R-CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone plus rituximab), who underwent EOT PET, were included in this analysis. Those with complete metabolic response (PET-negative [PET-NEG]) were observed; those with PET-positive (PET-POS) scans were offered consolidative RT, when feasible. Of the patient records reviewed, 723 were identified, with median follow-up of 4.3 years: 517 (72%) were PET-NEG; 206 (28%) were PET-POS. Time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years were 83% vs 56% and 87% vs 64%, in patients with PET-NEG and PET-POS scans, respectively. PET-POS patients with nonprogressing disease treated with consolidative RT (109 and 206; 53%) had outcomes approaching those of PET-NEG patients, with 3-year estimates of 76% and 80% for TTP and OS. PET-NEG patients who had bulky disease (≥10 cm) at diagnosis had outcomes indistinguishable from those without bulk, despite the omission of RT. These data suggest that patients with advanced-stage DLBCL who are PET-NEG at EOT and receive no RT have excellent outcomes. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET can reliably guide selective administration of consolidative RT, even in patients with initially bulky disease.

The impact of MYC and BCL2 structural variants in tumors of DLBCL morphology and mechanisms of false-negative MYC IHC.

When the World Health Organization defined high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH) as a clinical category, rearrangements were the only structural variant (SV) incorporated. An "atypical double-hit" category has been proposed, encompassing tumors with concurrent MYC and BCL2 SVs other than cooccurring translocations (ie, copy number variations [CNVs]). Although the identification of a gene expression signature (DHITsig) shared among tumors harboring MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2) has confirmed a common underlying biology, the biological implication of MYC and BCL2 CNVs requires further elucidation. We performed a comprehensive analysis of MYC and BCL2 SVs, as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), in a cohort of 802 de novo tumors with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma morphology. Although BCL2 CNVs were associated with increased expression, MYC CNVs were not. Furthermore, MYC and BCL2 CNVs, in the context of atypical double-hit, did not confer a similar gene expression profile as HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2. Finally, although MYC immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been proposed as a screening tool for FISH testing, 2 mechanisms were observed that uncoupled MYC rearrangement from IHC positivity: (1) low MYC messenger RNA expression; and (2) false-negative IHC staining mediated by a single-nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an asparagine-to-serine substitution at the 11th amino acid residue of MYC (MYC-N11S). Taken together, these results support the current exclusion of MYC and BCL2 CNVs from HGBL-DH/TH and highlight the ability of a molecular-based classification system to identify tumors with shared biology that FISH and IHC fail to fully capture.

Lack of reproducibility of histopathological features in MYC-rearranged large B cell lymphoma using digital whole slide images: a study from the Lunenburg lymphoma biomarker consortium.

AIMS: Subclassification of large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) is challenging due to the overlap in histopathological, immunophenotypical and genetic data. In particular, the criteria to separate diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and high-grade B cell lymphoma (HGBL) are difficult to apply in practice. The Lunenburg Lymphoma Biomarker Consortium previously reported a cohort of over 5000 LBCL that included fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) data. This cohort contained 209 cases with MYC rearrangement that were available for a validation study by a panel of eight expert haematopathologists of how various histopathological features are used. METHODS AND RESULTS: Digital whole slide images of haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections allowed the pathologists to visually score cases independently as well as participate in virtual joint review conferences. Standardised consensus guidelines were formulated for scoring histopathological features and included overall architecture/growth pattern, presence or absence of a starry-sky pattern, cell size, nuclear pleomorphism, nucleolar prominence and a range of cytological characteristics. Despite the use of consensus guidelines, the results show a high degree of discordance among the eight expert pathologists. Approximately 50% of the cases lacked a majority score, and this discordance spanned all six histopathological features. Moreover, none of the histological variables aided in prediction of MYC single versus double/triple-hit or immunoglobulin-partner FISH-based designations or clinical outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that there are no specific conventional morphological parameters that help to subclassify MYC-rearranged LBCL or select cases for FISH analysis, and that incorporation of FISH data is essential for accurate classification and prognostication.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Large B-cell lymphoma, the prototype of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, is both the most common lymphoma and accounts for the highest global burden of lymphoma-related deaths. For nearly 4 decades, the goal of treatment has been "cure", first based on CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone), and subsequently with rituximab plus CHOP. However, there is significant clinical, pathologic, and biologic heterogeneity, and not all patients are cured. Understanding and incorporating this biologic heterogeneity into treatment decisions unfortunately is not yet standard of care. Despite this gap, we now have significant advances in frontline, relapsed, and refractory settings. The POLARIX trial shows, for the first time, improved progression-free survival in a prospective randomized phase 3 setting. In the relapsed and refractory settings, there are now many approved agents/regimens, and several bispecific antibodies poised to join the arsenal of options. While chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is discussed in detail elsewhere, it has quickly become an excellent option in the second-line setting and beyond. Unfortunately, special populations such as older adults continue to have poor outcomes and be underrepresented in trials, although a new generation of trials aim to address this disparity. This brief review will highlight the key issues and advances that offer improved outcomes to an increasing portion of patients.

Utilization of real-world data in assessing treatment effectiveness for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Direct comparisons of the effectiveness of the numerous novel therapies in the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment landscape in a range of head-to-head randomized phase 3 trials would be time-consuming and costly. Comparative effectiveness studies using real-world data (RWD) represent a complementary approach. Recently, several studies of relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL have used RWD to create observational cohorts to compare patient outcomes with cohorts derived from single-arm phase 2 trials. Using propensity score methods to balance clinically and prognostically relevant baseline covariates, closely matched patient-level cohorts can be generated. By incorporating appropriate measures to assess covariate balance and address potential bias in comparative effectiveness study designs, robust comparative analyses can be performed. Results from such studies have been used to supplement regulatory approval of therapies assessed in single-arm trials. While RWD studies have a greater susceptibility to bias compared to randomized controlled trials, well-designed and appropriately analyzed studies can provide complementary real-world evidence on treatment effectiveness.

Safety and efficacy of mosunetuzumab, a bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: Mosunetuzumab is a CD20 × CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific monoclonal antibody that redirects T cells to eliminate malignant B cells. In a phase 1 study, mosunetuzumab was well tolerated and active in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoma. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the safety and anti-tumour activity of fixed-duration mosunetuzumab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma who had received two or more previous therapies. METHODS: We conducted a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study at 49 centres in seven countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, South Korea, Spain, UK, and USA). All patients were aged 18 years or older with histologically confirmed follicular lymphoma (grade 1-3a) and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1. Patients had disease that was relapsed or refractory to two or more previous lines of treatment, including an anti-CD20 therapy and an alkylating agent. Intravenous mosunetuzumab was administered in 21-day cycles with cycle 1 step-up dosing: 1 mg on cycle 1 day 1, 2 mg on cycle 1 day 8, 60 mg on cycle 1 day 15 and cycle 2 day 1, and 30 mg on day 1 of cycle 3 and onwards. Patients with a complete response by investigator assessment using the International Harmonisation Project criteria completed treatment after cycle 8, whereas patients with a partial response or stable disease continued treatment for up to 17 cycles. The primary endpoint was independent review committee-assessed complete response rate (as best response) in all enrolled patients; the primary efficacy analysis compared the observed IRC-assessed complete response rate with a 14% historical control complete response rate in a similar patient population receiving the pan class I PI3K inhibitor copanlisib. Safety was assessed in all enrolled patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02500407, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between May 2, 2019, and Sept 25, 2020, we enrolled 90 patients. As of the data cutoff date (Aug 27, 2021), the median follow-up was 18·3 months (IQR 13·8-23·3). According to independent review committee assessment, a complete response was recorded in 54 patients (60·0% [95% CI 49·1-70·2]). The observed complete response rate was significantly higher than the historical control complete response rate with copanlisib of 14% (p<0·0001), thereby meeting the primary study endpoint. Cytokine release syndrome was the most common adverse event (40 [44%] of 90 patients) and was predominantly grade 1 (23 [26%] of 90) and grade 2 (15 [17%]), and primarily confined to cycle 1. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia or neutrophil count decreased (24 [27%] of 90 patients), hypophosphataemia (15 [17%]), hyperglycaemia (seven [8%]), and anaemia (seven [8%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 42 (47%) of 90 patients. No treatment-related grade 5 (ie, fatal) adverse event occurred. INTERPRETATION: Fixed-duration mosunetuzumab has a favourable safety profile and induces high rates of complete remissions, allowing potential administration as an outpatient regimen, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma and two or more previous therapies. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche and Genentech.

Outcomes of Hodgkin variant Richter transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma in British Columbia.

Hodgkin variant Richter transformation (HvRT) is a rare and challenging complication of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) for which information on prognostic factors and treatment approaches remain limited. We analysed characteristics and survival outcomes of a population-based cohort of 32 patients with HvRT identified in British Columbia over a 40-year period. Median interval from CLL diagnosis to HvRT was 5.6 years (range, 0-33.6), with five cases diagnosed concurrently. Most patients (80%) had treatment for CLL prior to HvRT. Median age at HvRT was 71 years (range, 51-86) and the majority of patients had high-risk disease, including stage 3-4 in 87% and International Prognostic Score (IPS) ≥ 4 in 65%. Two-year progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from HvRT were 47% (95% CI: 29%-64%) and 57% (95% CI: 38%-72%), respectively. OS from HvRT was significantly worse in those with anaemia (p = 0.02), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.04), high IPS (p = 0.04), and worse performance status (p = 0.001). For those treated with curative-intent ABVD/ABVD-like therapy, 2-year PFS and OS were 70% (95% CI: 45%-85%) and 74% (95% CI: 49%-89%), respectively. In this real-world population-based cohort, HvRT was associated with poor clinical outcomes overall; however, those able to tolerate curative-intent therapy had similar survival to older patients with de novo HL.

Clinicopathological characteristics and long-term outcomes of plasmablastic lymphoma in British Columbia.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive and rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with no standard-of-care therapy. We reviewed all patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed PBL in British Columbia, Canada between 1997 and 2019. Overall, 42 patients were identified, including 15 (36%) positive for HIV and nine (21%) on chronic immunosuppression. Curative-intent treatment consisting primarily of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone was administered to 31 patients, of which 74% achieved response, however 61% relapsed after a median of 7.5 months. At a median follow-up of eight years for the whole cohort, five-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 18% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6%, 30%] and 22% (95% CI: 8%, 36%) with median eight and 15 months respectively. There were no differences in relapse rate (p = 0.962), PFS (p = 0.228) or OS (p = 0.340) according to immune status. For those treated with curative intent, five-year PFS and OS were 24% (95% CI: 8%, 40%) and 31% (95% CI: 13%, 49%) with median 18 and 27 months respectively. In this population-based cohort of PBL patients spanning 20 years, survival outcomes were poor. Ultimately, further research is needed to develop more effective treatment strategies and to improve survival for patients.

Outcome of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma using R-CHOP: impact of a PET-adapted approach.

Cure rates for primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) have improved with the integration of rituximab. However, the type of primary therapy and role of radiotherapy (RT) remains ill-defined. Herein, we evaluated the outcome of PMBCL primarily treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) and the impact of an end-of-treatment (EOT) 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan to guide consolidative RT. Patients ≥18 years of age with PMBCL treated with curative intent rituximab-chemotherapy were identified. Prior to 2005, patients were recommended to receive R-CHOP + RT (RT era). Beginning in 2005, EOT PET was used to guide RT and only those with a PET-positive scan received RT (PET era). In total, 159 patients were identified, 94% were treated with R-CHOP and 44% received RT (78% in RT era, 28% in PET era). The 5-year time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort were 80% and 89%, respectively, similar across treatment eras. Overall, 10% had refractory disease. In total, 113 patients had an EOT PET scan: 63% negative and 37% positive with a 5-year TTP of 90% vs 71% and 5-year OS of 97% vs 88%, respectively. For those with Deauville (D)-scored PET scans (n = 103), the 5-year TTP for PET-negative cases by Deauville criteria (D1-D3, DX) was 91%, with inferior outcomes for D5 vs D4 (5-year TTP 33% vs 87%, P = .0002). Outcomes for PMBCL treated with RCHOP are favorable and use of a PET-adapted approach reduces RT in the majority of patients. A small proportion have refractory disease and may benefit from an alternate treatment.