The G7 presidency and universal health coverage, Japan's contribution.

PROBLEM: If universal health coverage (UHC) is to be achieved globally, it needs sustained promotion and political awareness and support. APPROACH: During its presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations in 2016, Japan aimed to raise the issue of UHC to the top of the global health agenda. LOCAL SETTING: Japan has promoted a health agenda at all of the G7 summits since 2000 that it has hosted. Human security has been the core foundation of Japan's foreign diplomacy for several decades and, consequently, there was no apparent opposition within Japan to the inclusion of UHC on the agenda of the summit in 2016. Other G7 governments appeared keen to promote such coverage. RELEVANT CHANGES: Since the 2016 summit, UHC has remained a central agenda item for the United Nations and World Health Organization, even though the leaders of both these global organizations have changed. In 2017, Japan hosted the UHC Forum in Tokyo. The participants, who were the heads of United Nations agencies, politicians and other decision-makers from all over the world, showed their continued commitment towards UHC. LESSONS LEARNT: In the raising of awareness of an item on the global health agenda, high-level champions are critical. Although they may be very diverse, all relevant stakeholders need to be connected and allowed to discuss policies with each other. Having too many allies can, however, lead to policy fragmentation, especially when there is commitment from the highest echelons within each country.

Quantitation of sulfur-containing amino acids, homocysteine, methionine and cysteine in dried blood spot from newborn baby by HPLC-fluorescence detection.

Sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs), homocysteine (Hcy), methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) in blood are related to homocystinuria, an inborn error of metabolism. In this study, an assay method with HPLC-fluorescence detection to quantify the SAAs in a dried blood spot was established and applied to samples from newborn babies (n=200). Sample pretreatment involving reduction, derivatization with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate gave the separation of the derivatives with retention times within 12 min. The method was enough sensitive to determine the SAAs in a dried blood spot with 0.04-0.14 µm as the limit of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. However, the absolute recoveries were very low (5.7% for Hcy, 4.6% for Cys) except for Met (105.4%) owing to inefficient recovery of Hcy and Cys from the blood matrix. Other validation parameters such as accuracy (93.5-106.2%) and intra- (≤ 9.0%) and inter-day precisions (≤ 8.7%) were acceptable. The reliability of a dried blood spot as an analytical sample was estimated. Furthermore, the proposed method was successfully applied to dried blood spots prepared from newborn babies.

Urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women in Ukraine.

BACKGROUND: Iodine requirements increase during pregnancy and previous studies have reported the inadequate iodine status of pregnant women in areas that have achieved iodine sufficiency in the general population. We examined the urinary iodine (UI) concentrations of pregnant women in Ukraine, where the iodine status is showing improvement among the general population. METHODS: We enrolled 148 pregnant women<16 weeks pregnant and 80 healthy women as a control group living in Zhitomir, Ukraine. UI concentration, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), antithyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb), and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) were measured. RESULTS: The median UI concentrations were significantly lower in pregnant women than in control women [13.0 (ND­51.0) µg/L vs. 62.0 (35.3­108.5) µg/L, p<0.001]. TSH concentrations were significantly lower in pregnant women than in control women [1.7 (1.2­2.7) IU/L vs. 2.2 (1.4­3.1) IU/L, p=0.011], but this difference disappeared when adjusted for age (2.1±0.1 IU/L vs. 2.4±0.2 IU/L, p=0.097). The frequency of TSH over 6.2 IU/L and the frequency of positive TGAb and/or TPOAb were not statistically different between groups (p=0.70 and p=0.48, respectively). The UI concentrations of 142 pregnant women (95.9%) were <150 µg/L indicating insufficient iodine intake. CONCLUSIONS: The UI concentration of pregnant women in Ukraine revealed severe iodine deficiency. Regular monitoring and appropriate nutrition education are essential because iodine deficiency can be easily prevented by adequate iodine intake. The risk of iodine deprivation during pregnancy needs to be assessed locally over time because it may occur in areas that are not globally recognized as being iodine-deficient.

Simultaneous determination of homocysteine, methionine and cysteine in maternal plasma after delivery by HPLC-fluorescence detection with DBD-F as a label.

An HPLC-fluorescence (FL) method for determination of sulfur-containing amino acids such as homocysteine (Hcy), methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) in human plasma was developed. The sulfur-containing amino acids were labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F). Calibration curves in the range of 1-100 µm (Hcy and Met) and 5-500 µm (Cys) indicated good linearities (r ≥ 0.998). The limits of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 0.13 (Hcy), 0.02 (Met) and 0.11 µm (Cys), respectively. Acceptable results for accuracy and precision of intra- and inter-day measurements were obtained. The results of Hcy and Cys obtained by the proposed method indicated good correlations with the conventional method (r > 0.911, n = 20). Furthermore, the method was applied to determination of the sulfur-containing amino acids in maternal plasma (n = 200) after delivery. The concentrations of Hcy, Met and Cys as a median (inter quartile range, Q1 and Q3 ) were 5.37 (3.32-7.79) µm, 25.20 (20.10-31.06) µm and 147.25 (102.81-189.31) µm, respectively.

Good stress management capability is associated with lower body mass index and restful sleep in the elderly.

Psychosocial stress is generally associated with adverse health behaviors and has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently, an individual's sense of coherence (SOC), which is a concept that reflects the ability to cope with psychosocial stress, has been recognized as an essential component of long-term health and stress management. The association between SOC and traditional and alternative atherosclerotic markers in a community sample, however, has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated stress management capability and psychological conditions using the Japanese version of the Sense of Coherence-13 (SOC-13) Scale, supplemented by the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) that screens for minor psychiatric disorders. The study subjects were 511 adults, median age 64 years (range 48-70), who participated in a regular medical screening program in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. We then correlated our findings with atherosclerotic risk factors in the same community sample, such as body mass index (BMI) and proper and regular sleeping habits. We found that close association between good stress management capability and lower BMI and/or regular sleeping habits in elderly Japanese. This provides strong evidence that BMI and sleep management are contributory to SOC. If the ability to cope with psychosocial stress is important to the prevention of CVD, then weight control and proper sleep habits must be emphasized from a psychosocial stress-management perspective as well as a physical one.

Suitability of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b as a screening marker for bone mineral density in community-dwelling elderly individuals.

Osteoporosis is a common disorder in aging populations that imposes considerable health problems. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b (TRAP-5b) is derived from osteoclasts, and is involved in normal bone homeostasis. Recently, a novel assay system for TRAP-5b, the fragments absorbed immunocapture enzymatic assay method, has been developed. To evaluate the suitability of TRAP-5b as a screening marker for bone mineral density (BMD), we explored the correlations between serum TRAP-5b concentrations and laboratory findings, body mass index, or BMD in 462 community-dwelling elderly individuals (249 men and 213 women, age 73.4±6.5 years) who participated in a regular medical screening program. By multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors, TRAP-5b was significantly correlated with body mass index (ß=-0.005, p=0.043), alkaline phosphatase, a marker for osteoid formation and calcification (ß=0.001, p<0.001), and triglyceride (ß=-0.097, p=0.016) in men, and with body mass index (ß=-0.009, p=0.025), alkaline phosphatase (ß=0.001, p<0.001), calcium (ß=-0.059, p=0.039), and bone trabecular area ratio (ß=-0.47, p=0.025) in women. In conclusion, the elevated serum level of TRAP-5b is independently correlated with the decreased BMD in women, but not in men. Because measurement of TRAP-5b is not affected by food intake, and blood samples can be collected at any time of the day, we suggest the suitability of serum TRAP-5b as a simple marker for the evaluation of BMD in women.

White blood cell count and cardiovascular biomarkers of atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association with white blood cells (WBC) and atherosclerotic parameters including cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in the general population. METHODS: We investigated the relationship between WBC count and metabolic syndrome components, CAVI and CIMT in 3738 Japanese study participants. RESULTS: WBC count weakly correlated with CAVI in men (beta = 0.61, p = 0.043), but not in women (beta = 0.35, p = 0.17). On the other hand, WBC did not correlate with CIMT in either men or women (p = 0.41 and p = 0.71, respectively). CONCLUSION: WBC count was associated with lipids, blood pressure and body mass index, although the correlations with CAVI and CIMT were weak or absent.

Prognosis of thyroid nodules in individuals living in the Zhitomir region of Ukraine.

OBJECTIVE: After the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP), the incidence of thyroid cancer increased among children. Recently, a strong relationship between solid thyroid nodules and the incidence of thyroid cancer was shown in atomic bomb survivors. To assess the prognosis of benign thyroid nodules in individuals living in the Zhitomir region of Ukraine, around the CNPP, we conducted a follow-up investigation of screening data from 1991 to 2000 in the Ukraine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants of this study were 160 inhabitants with thyroid nodules (nodule group) and 160 inhabitants without thyroid nodules (normal control group) intially identified by ultrasonography from 1991 to 2000. All participants were aged 0 to 10 years old and lived in the same area at the time of the accident. We performed follow-up screening of participants and assessed thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration biopsy. RESULTS: Among the nodule group participants, the number and size of nodules were significantly increased at the follow-up screening compared with the initial screening. No thyroid nodules were observed among the normal control group participants. The prevalence of thyroid abnormality, especially nodules that could be cancerous (malignant or suspicious by fine needle aspiration biopsy), was 7.5% in the nodule group and 0% in the normal control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that a thyroid nodule in childhood is a prognostic factor associated with an increase in the number and size of nodules in individuals living in the Zhitomir region of Ukraine.

Screening for 137Cs body burden due to the Chernobyl accident in Korosten City, Zhitomir, Ukraine: 1996-2008.

During the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident on 26 April 1986, large amounts of radionuclides were released and spread to vast areas. Inhabitants residing around CNPP have been exposed to external and internal irradiation due to the long half-life of (137)Cs (30 years). In this study, we screened for internal whole-body (137)Cs concentration using a whole-body counter in the Zhitomir state of Ukraine. The total number of participants was 144,972 (96,149 females and 48,823 males). The median body burden of (137)Cs per body weight decreased from 1996 to 2008. In particular, after 2003, more than half of subjects had internal exposure doses below the detectable level. A weak seasonal effect was found in measurement data from 1997 to 1999, but no such effects were observed in later years. We also calculated annual dose for each year and confirmed that doses have been decreasing gradually. In particular, after 2003, the annual effective dose decreased to 0.1 mSv y(-1) for 95% of the participants. Only two persons were found to have received more than 5 mSv y(-1) since 2007. Although the health effects of (137)Cs body burden due to the Chernobyl accident remain uncertain, further screening is needed to monitor the health status and to allay the anxiety of inhabitants in the contaminated areas around CNPP.

Evaluation of (137)Cs body burden in inhabitants of Bryansk Oblast, Russian Federation, where a high incidence of thyroid cancer was observed after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

To determine the current risk of internal radiation exposure after the Chernobyl accident, the (137)Cs body burden of the inhabitants of Bryansk Oblast, Russian Federation was evaluated, from 1998 to 2008. The study population is composed of 84 666 people who visited Bryansk No. 2 Hospital. A whole-body counter was used for measurement of (137)Cs body burden. (137)Cs concentration was significantly higher in the late period during the study and showed seasonal variation, suggesting that inhabitants may have consumed contaminated forest products. However, people with high annual exposure doses were quite rare during all years of the study. In conclusion, although internal radiation exposure from (137)Cs continues to this day in Bryansk Oblast, the annual exposure dose is low in almost all inhabitants. Because of the long half-life of (137)Cs, the long-term follow-up is necessary to monitor the health status and relieve the anxiety of the inhabitants around Chernobyl.