Serum Cell-Free DNA-based Detection of Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection.

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease (PD), which exhibits increasing global incidence. Current microbiologic methods routinely used in clinical practice lack sensitivity and have long latencies, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation and evaluation. A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based assay that measures MAC cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations in serum could provide a rapid means to detect MAC infection and monitor response to antimicrobial treatment. Objectives: To develop and optimize a CRISPR MAC assay for MAC infection detection and to evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic performance in two MAC disease cohorts. Methods: MAC cfDNA serum concentrations were measured in individuals with diagnoses of MAC disease or who had bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnoses without histories of NTM PD or NTM-positive sputum cultures. Diagnostic performance was analyzed using pretreatment serum from two cohorts. Serum MAC cfDNA changes during MAC PD treatment were evaluated in a subset of patients with MAC PD who received macrolide-based multidrug regimens. Measurements and Main Results: The CRISPR MAC assay detected MAC cfDNA in MAC PD with 97.6% (91.6-99.7%) sensitivity and 97.6% (91.5-99.7%) specificity overall. Serum MAC cfDNA concentrations markedly decreased after MAC-directed treatment initiation in patients with MAC PD who demonstrated MAC culture conversion. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the utility of a serum-based CRISPR MAC assay to rapidly detect MAC infection and monitor the response to treatment.

Evaluation of the Genetic Diversity, Haplotype, and Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Field Isolates from Alabama.

The United States is the third largest producer of cotton and the largest exporter of cotton globally. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), was estimated to cause a $21 million cotton yield loss in 2022. Historically, Alabama was an important producer of cotton in the Southeastern United States and was the first state in which Fusarium wilt on cotton was described. To assess the genetic diversity of Fov field isolates in Alabama, 118 field isolates were collected from six counties across the state from 2014 to 2016. Phylogenetic analysis using TEF1 and RPB2 placed the Fov field isolates into 18 haplotypes. Upon profiling the Tfo1 transposon insertion in the NAT gene, it was determined that no race 4 isolates were recovered in Alabama. Representatives of all field isolate haplotypes caused disease on Upland cotton variety Rowden in a hydroponic test tube assay. Two haplotype A isolates were the most aggressive isolates recovered, and haplotype A isolate TF1 was more aggressive than the race 4 isolate 89-1A on Upland cotton and had similar symptom severity on Pima cotton. Karyotype profiling indicted an abundance of small chromosomes characteristic of karyotypes that include accessory chromosomes, with considerable variability between isolates. Collectively, our study indicates that Fov isolates from Alabama are genetically diverse, which may have been promoted by its persistence in cotton fields.

The Genome Sequence of Five Genotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum: A Resource for Studies on Fusarium Wilt of Cotton.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum is an important plant pathogen responsible for vascular wilt disease on cotton. Members of this group are known to carry supernumerary chromosomes that encode virulence factors. We sequenced the genomes of five F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolates, including the genome of a representative of the highly virulent genotype race 4, at a high coverage to assemble reference-quality genomes. These genomes provide a necessary resource for comparative genomic analyses to identify genes or genome features that are involved in pathogenicity on cotton and may ultimately be used to identify improved management strategies.

Treatment Response With Potassium-competitive Acid Blockers Based on Clinical Phenotypes of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.

Background/Aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is typically managed based on the clinical phenotype. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of potassium-competitive acid blockers (PCABs) in patients with various clinical GERD phenotypes. Methods: Core databases were searched for studies comparing PCABs and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in clinical GERD phenotypes of erosive reflux disease (ERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), PPI-resistant GERD and night-time heartburn. Additional analysis was performed based on disease severity and drug dosage, and pooled efficacy was calculated. Results: In 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the initial treatment of ERD, the risk ratio for healing with PCABs versus PPIs was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.04-1.13) at 2 weeks and 1.03 (95% CI, 1.00-1.07) at 8 weeks, respectively. PCABs exhibited a significant increase in both initial and sustained healing of ERD compared to PPIs in RCTs, driven particularly in severe ERD (Los Angeles grade C/D). In 3 NERD RCTs, PCAB was superior to placebo in proportion of days without heartburn. Observational studies on PPI-resistant symptomatic GERD reported symptom frequency improvement in 86.3% of patients, while 90.7% showed improvement in PPIresistant ERD across 5 observational studies. Two RCTs for night-time heartburn had different endpoints, limiting meta-analysis. Pronounced hypergastrinemia was observed in patients treated with PCABs. Conclusions: Compared to PPIs, PCABs have superior efficacy and faster therapeutic effect in the initial and maintenance therapy of ERD, particularly severe ERD. While PCABs may be an alternative treatment option in NERD and PPI-resistant GERD, findings were inconclusive in patients with night-time heartburn.

Targeted Gene Disruption Via CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complexes in Fusarium oxysporum.

Characterization of a gene of interest frequently relies on generation of a mutant as a critical component. Transformation to disrupt a gene has been previously accomplished by several methods in Fusarium oxysporum. Here we provide a detailed method to generate a gene mutation mediated by a CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The Cas9 RNP cleaves the DNA at the target site, and during DNA repair integration of a dominant selectable marker is incorporated via homologous recombination generating the desired gene disruption.

Assessment of Electrocardiogram Rhythms by GoogLeNet Deep Neural Network Architecture.

The aim of this study is to design GoogLeNet deep neural network architecture by expanding the kernel size of the inception layer and combining the convolution layers to classify the electrocardiogram (ECG) beats into a normal sinus rhythm, premature ventricular contraction, atrial premature contraction, and right/left bundle branch block arrhythmia. Based on testing MIT-BIH arrhythmia benchmark databases, the scope of training/test ECG data was configured by covering at least three and seven R-peak features, and the proposed extended-GoogLeNet architecture can classify five distinct heartbeats; normal sinus rhythm (NSR), premature ventricular contraction (PVC), atrial premature contraction (APC), right bundle branch block (RBBB), and left bundle brunch block(LBBB), with an accuracy of 95.94%, an error rate of 4.06%, a maximum sensitivity of 96.9%, and a maximum positive predictive value of 95.7% for judging a normal or an abnormal beat with considering three ECG segments; an accuracy of 98.31%, a sensitivity of 88.75%, a specificity of 99.4%, and a positive predictive value of 94.4% for classifying APC from NSR, PVC, APC beats, whereas the error rate for misclassifying APC beat was relative low at 6.32%, compared with previous research efforts.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NIb) of the potyviruses is an avirulence factor for the broad-spectrum resistance gene Pvr4 in Capsicum annuum cv. CM334.

Potyviruses are one of the most destructive viral pathogens of Solanaceae plants. In Capsicum annuum landrace CM334, a broad-spectrum gene, Pvr4 is known to be involved in resistance against multiple potyviruses, including Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV), and Potato virus Y (PVY). However, a potyvirus avirulence factor against Pvr4 has not been identified. To identify the avirulence factor corresponding to Pvr4 in potyviruses, we performed Agrobacterium-mediated transient expressions of potyvirus protein coding regions in potyvirus-resistant (Pvr4) and -susceptible (pvr4) pepper plants. Hypersensitive response (HR) was observed only when a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NIb) of PepMoV, PepSMV, or PVY was expressed in Pvr4-bearing pepper leaves in a genotype-specific manner. In contrast, HR was not observed when the NIb of Tobacco etch virus (TEV), a virulent potyvirus, was expressed in Pvr4-bearing pepper leaves. Our results clearly demonstrate that NIbs of PepMoV, PepSMV, and PVY serve as avirulence factors for Pvr4 in pepper plants.