Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications.

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.

Magnetic nanocomposite based on chitosan-gelatin hydrogel embedded with copper oxide nanoparticles: A novel and promising catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives.

Nanocatalysts are vital in several domains, such as chemical processes, energy generation, energy preservation, and environmental pollution mitigation. An experimental study was conducted at room temperature to evaluate the catalytic activity of the new gelatin-chitosan hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite in the asymmetric Hantzsch reaction. All components of the nanocomposite exhibit a synergistic effect as a Lewis acid, promote the reaction. Dimedone, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and other substituted aldehydes were used to synthesize diverse polyhydroquinoline derivatives. The nanocomposite exhibited exceptional efficacy (over 90 %) and durability (retaining 80 % of its original capacity after 5 cycles) as a catalyst in the one-pot asymmetric synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Also, turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) have been checked for catalyst (TON and TOF = 50,261 and 100,524 h-1) and products. The experiment demonstrated several benefits, such as exceptional product efficacy, rapid reaction time, functioning at ambient temperature without specific requirements, and effortless separation by the use of an external magnet after the reaction is finished. The results suggest the development of a magnetic nanocatalyst with exceptional performance. The composition of the Ge-CS hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was thoroughly analyzed using several methods including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, VSM, BET, and TGA. These analyses yielded useful information into the composition and characteristics of the nanocomposite, hence further enhancing the knowledge of its possible uses.

Biological investigation of a novel nanocomposite based on xanthan gum-alginate hydrogel/PVA, incorporated with ZnMnFe2O4 nanoparticles.

In light of the need to create new materials that are safe for use in biomedical applications like wound healing and tissue engineering, a unique nanocomposite was formulated and produced in the current investigation. A biocompatible hydrogel was created using natural polymers xanthan gum (XG) and alginate (Alg). In order to enhance the mechanical characteristics of the natural polymer-based hydrogels, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was added to the hydrogel matrix. Subsequently, the XG-Alg hydrogel/PVA structure was combined with ZnMnFe2O4 nanoparticles in order to augment the antibacterial efficacy of the biomaterial. The XG-Alg hydrogel/PVA/ZnMnFe2O4 nanocomposite was analyzed using XRD, EDX, FT-IR, TGA, and FE-SEM techniques to determine its properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of the pure hydrogel were compared to those of the XG-Alg hydrogel/PVA/ZnMnFe2O4 nanocomposite. The nanocomposite exhibited a biocompatibility of 96.45 % and 94.32 % with HEK293T cell lines after 24 h and 48 h of incubation, respectively, in biological evaluations. Furthermore, a significant antibacterial efficacy was demonstrated against both gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli bacteria. The findings suggest that the developed XG-Alg hydrogel/PVA/ZnMnFe2O4 nanocomposite has promising qualities for use in biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering.