A Bowman-Birk Inhibitor from the Seeds of Luetzelburgia auriculata Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Growth by Promoting Severe Cell Membrane Damage.

Staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug-resistant bacterium responsible for several cases of hospital-acquired infections, which constitute a global public health problem. The introduction of new healthcare strategies and/or the discovery of molecules capable of inhibiting the growth or killing S. aureus would have a huge impact on the treatment of S. aureus-mediated diseases. Herein, a Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor ( LzaBBI), with strong in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus, was purified to homogeneity from Luetzelburgia auriculata seeds. LzaBBI in its native form is a 14.3 kDa protein and has a pI of 4.54, and its NH2-terminal sequence has high identity with other Bowman-Birk inhibitors. LzaBBI showed a mixed-type inhibitory activity against both trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, and it remained stable after both boiling at 98 °C for 120 min and incubation at various pHs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that LzaBBI disrupted the S. aureus membrane integrity, leading to bacterial death. This study suggests that LzaBBI is a powerful candidate for developing a new antimicrobial to overcome drug resistance toward reducing hospital-acquired infections caused by S. aureus.

Serine carboxypeptidases from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes mirabilis: Partial characterization and heterologous expression.

This study aimed to partially characterize the three main serine carboxypeptidases (SCP3, SCP20, and SCP47) from Nepenthes mirabilis. Furthermore, one peptidase (SCP3) was chosen for further heterologous expression in Escherichia coli Shuffle®T7. SCP3 also was characterized in terms of its allergenic potential using bioinformatics tools. SCP3, SCP20, and SCP47 showed very similar 3D structures and mechanistic features to other plant serine peptidases belonging to clan SC and family S10. Although SCP3 was obtained in its soluble form, using 1% ethanol during induction with 0.5 mM IPTG at 16 °C for 18 h, it did not show proteolytic activity by zymography or in vitro analysis. SCP3 presented a few allergenic peptides and several cleavage sites for digestive enzymes. This work describes additional features of these enzymes, opening new perspectives for further studies for characterization and analysis of heterologous expression, as well as their potential biotechnological applications.

Gel-free/label-free proteomic, photosynthetic, and biochemical analysis of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) resistance against Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV).

Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) causes significant losses in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) production. In this present study biochemical, physiological, and proteomic analysis were done to identify pathways and defense proteins that are altered during the incompatible interaction between the cowpea genotype BRS-Marataoã and CPSMV. The leaf protein extracts from mock- (MI) and CPSMV-inoculated plantlets (V) were evaluated at 2 and 6days post-inoculation (DPI). Data support the assumptions that increases in biochemical (high hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant enzymes, and secondary compounds) and physiological responses (high photosynthesis index and chlorophyll content), confirmed by label-free comparative proteomic approach, in which quantitative changes in proteasome proteins, proteins related to photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, regulation factors/RNA processing proteins were observed may be implicated in the resistance of BRS-Marataoã to CPSMV. This pioneering study provides information for the selection of specific pathways and proteins, altered in this incompatible relationship, which could be chosen as targets for detailed studies to advance our understanding of the molecular, physiological, and biochemistry basis of the resistance mechanism of cowpea and design approachs to engineer plants that are more productive. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This is a pioneering study in which an incompatible relationship between a resistant cowpea and Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) was conducted to comparatively evaluate proteomic profiles by Gel-free/label-free methodology and some physiological and biochemical parameters to shed light on how a resistant cowpea cultivar deals with the virus attack. Specific proteins and associated pathways were altered in the cowpea plants challenged with CPSMV and will contribute to our knowledge on the biological process tailored by cowpea in response to CPSMV.

A novel peroxidase purified from Marsdenia megalantha latex inhibits phytopathogenic fungi mediated by cell membrane permeabilization.

An antifungal class III peroxidase was purified from Marsdenia megalantha latex (named Mo-POX) using DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on a Superose 12 HR 10/30 column. Mm-POX has an apparent molecular mass of 67.0kDa and a pI of 5.2, shares identity with other peroxidases, and follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It has a high affinity for guaiacol and hydrogen peroxide. The pH and temperature optima for Mm-POX were 5.0-7.0 and 60°C, respectively. The catalytic activity of Mm-POX was decreased in the presence of classic peroxidase inhibitors including azide, dithiothreitol, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and sodium metabisulfite and high concentrations of Na+, Mn+, and salicylic acid. In contrast, Ca+ and Mg+, even at low concentrations, enhanced the Mm-POX enzymatic activity. This protein inhibited the germination of the conidia of the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani by acting through a membrane permeabilization mechanism. Mm-POX also induced oxidative stress in F. solani. Mm-POX is the first enzyme to be isolated from the M. megalantha species and it has potential use in the control of plant disease caused by important phytopathogenic fungi. This adds biotechnological value to this enzyme.

Drought increases cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) susceptibility to cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) at early stage of infection.

The physiological and biochemical responses of a drought tolerant, virus-susceptible cowpea genotype exposed to drought stress (D), infected by Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) (V), and to these two combined stresses (DV), at 2 and 6 days post viral inoculation (DPI), were evaluated. Gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and internal CO2 partial pressure) were reduced in D and DV at 2 and 6 DPI compared to control plants (C). Photosynthesis was reduced by stomatal and biochemical limitations. Water use efficiency increased at 2 DPI in D, DV, and V, but at 6 DPI only in D and DV compared to C. Photochemical parameters (effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and electron transport rate) decreased in D and DV compared to C, especially at 6 DPI. The potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II did not change, indicating reversible photoinhibition of photosystem II. In DV, catalase decreased at 2 and 6 DPI, ascorbate peroxidase increased at 2 DPI, but decreased at 6 DPI. Hydrogen peroxide increased at 2 and 6 DPI. Peroxidase increased at 6 DPI and chitinase at 2 and 6 DPI. ß-1,3-glucanase decreased in DV at 6 DPI compared to V. Drought increased cowpea susceptibility to CPSMV at 2 DPI, as verified by RT-PCR. However, at 6 DPI, the cowpea plants overcome this effect. Likewise, CPSMV increased the negative effects of drought at 2 DPI, but not at 6 DPI. It was concluded that the responses to combined stresses are not additive and cannot be extrapolated from the study of individual stresses.