Obesity-induced activation of JunD promotes myocardial lipid accumulation and metabolic cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: Metabolic cardiomyopathy (MC)-characterized by intra-myocardial triglyceride (TG) accumulation and lipotoxic damage-is an emerging cause of heart failure in obese patients. Yet, its mechanisms remain poorly understood. The Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) member JunD was recently identified as a key modulator of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice. The present study investigates the role of JunD in obesity-induced MC. METHODS AND RESULTS: JunD transcriptional activity was increased in hearts from diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and was associated with myocardial TG accumulation and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Obese mice lacking JunD were protected against MC. In DIO hearts, JunD directly binds PPARγ promoter thus enabling transcription of genes involved in TG synthesis, uptake, hydrolysis, and storage (i.e. Fas, Cd36, Lpl, Plin5). Cardiac-specific overexpression of JunD in lean mice led to PPARγ activation, cardiac steatosis, and dysfunction, thereby mimicking the MC phenotype. In DIO hearts as well as in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes exposed to palmitic acid, Ago2 immunoprecipitation, and luciferase assays revealed JunD as a direct target of miR-494-3p. Indeed, miR-494-3p was down-regulated in hearts from obese mice, while its overexpression prevented lipotoxic damage by suppressing JunD/PPARγ signalling. JunD and miR-494-3p were also dysregulated in myocardial specimens from obese patients as compared with non-obese controls, and correlated with myocardial TG content, expression of PPARγ-dependent genes, and echocardiographic indices of LV dysfunction. CONCLUSION: miR-494-3p/JunD is a novel molecular axis involved in obesity-related MC. These results pave the way for approaches to prevent or treat LV dysfunction in obese patients.

Clinical SYNTAX score predicts outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: The SYNTAX score (SS) is a determinant of outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. In addition, it has been recently shown that the clinical SYNTAX score (cSS), obtained by adding clinical variables to the SS, improves the predictive power of the resulting risk model. We assessed the hypothesis that the use of the cSS may predict outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We measured the SYNTAX score in 874 patients undergoing isolated first time on-pump CABG. The clinical SYNTAX score was calculated at the time of the study using age, creatinine clearance and ejection fraction, the modified ACEF score, and analyses performed for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and all-cause mortality at 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 70.9 ± 8.1 years, and the median cSS 14.2 (range 2.1-286.5). The ROC curve analysis showed that a cSS >14.5 (81.4% sensitivity and 67.8% specificity) was a reliable tool in discrimination of patients for the occurrence of MACCE (AUC 0.78) and all-cause mortality (AUC 0.74). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis confirmed that patients belonging to higher cSS quartiles have poorer 3-year survival (P = .0001) and MACCE-free survival (P = .0001), with respect to those with lower cSS. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study has shown that the clinical SYNTAX score, incorporating the lesion-based SS and clinical-based ACEF score, predicted mid-term adverse outcomes of patients undergoing CABG and may play an important role in the risk stratification of this population. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Lack of protective role of HDL-C in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting.

AIMS: Primary prevention studies have confirmed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are strongly associated with reduced cardiovascular events. However, recent evidence suggests that HDL-C functionality may be impaired under certain conditions. In the present study, we hypothesize that HDL-C may lose their protective role in the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: A consecutive series of 1548 patients undergoing isolated first-time elective CABG at one institution between 2004 and 2009 was studied. According to the ATPIII criteria, pre-operative HDL-C values were used to identify patients with high (Group A) vs. low HDL-C (Group B). To eliminate biased estimates, a propensity score model was built and two cohorts of 1:1 optimally matched patients were obtained. Cumulative survival and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were analysed by means of Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to identify independent predictors of MACE and death. Propensity matching identified two cohorts of 502 patients each. At a median follow-up time of 32 months, there were 44 out of 502 (8.8%) deaths in Group A and 36 out of 502 deaths in Group B (7.2%, HR 1.19; P = 0.42). MACE occurred in 165 out of 502 (32.9%) in Group A and 120 out of 502 (23.9%) in Group B (P = 0.04). Regression analysis showed that pre-operative HDL-C levels were not associated with reduced but rather increased MACE occurrence during follow-up (HR 1.43, P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Higher HDL-C levels are not associated with reduced risk of vascular events in CAD patients undergoing CABG. Our findings may support efforts to improve HDL-C functionality instead of increasing their levels.

Prolonged Periods of Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion Are Safe During Elective Arch Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral circulatory arrest times >40 minutes during aortic surgery have previously been shown to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to redefine what would constitute a safe period of circulatory arrest for patients who underwent elective proximal aortic operations requiring antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP). METHODS: The ARCH International aortic database was queried, and 2008 patients undergoing elective arch operations with circulatory arrest using ACP were identified. Circulatory arrest time was categorized a priori in 10-minute intervals. To further determine the impact of this variable on outcomes, hierarchical multivariable regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Unadjusted mortality increased with increasing circulatory arrest time from 4.8% (<40 minutes) to 13.5% (>90 minutes; P < .001), but risk of stroke was not impacted (P = .4). When treated as a continuous variable, mortality increased significantly with increasing circulatory arrest time, whereas the risk of permanent stroke did not. Using <40 minutes as the reference, multivariable analysis showed no statistical increase in mortality for ranges up to 80 minutes of circulatory arrest. The risk of permanent stroke was not significantly higher for any time interval >40 minutes up to 90 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of patients who underwent elective proximal aortic surgery using ACP, periods of circulatory arrest up to at least 80 minutes were not associated with significant increases in mortality or permanent stroke. Modern perfusion strategies have allowed for increased safety during elective arch cases requiring prolonged periods of circulatory arrest.

Relationship between prosthesis-patient mismatch and pro-brain natriuretic peptides after aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: It has been shown previously that elevated plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its N-terminal fragment (NT-pro-BNP) are related to the degree and progression of native aortic valve disease. In addition, NT-pro-BNP levels have been shown to decrease after successful aortic valve replacement (AVR). The presence of a valve prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) may affect the beneficial effects of AVR, however. The study aim was to investigate the relationship between PPM and NT-pro-BNP plasma levels late after AVR. METHODS: A series of consecutive patients (42 males, 31 females; mean age 66 +/- 13 years) who had undergone isolated AVR between May 2004 and July 2007 was enrolled into the study. Patients with preoperative moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, coronary artery disease, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection fraction <45%) and serum creatinine >150 mmol/l were excluded. PPM was defined severe as an indexed effective orifice area (EOAi) < or = 0.65 cm2/m2, or moderate when the EOAi was 0.66-0.85 cm2/m2. Plasma NT-pro-BNP levels and echocardiographic assessments were performed in all patients during routine follow up after surgery. RESULTS: The patients received either a biological (n = 42) or mechanical (n = 31) prosthesis. Among the patients, 21 had no PPM, 27 moderate PPM, and 25 severe PPM. At a median follow up of 18 months, the mean NT-pro-BNP plasma level was 532 pg/ml (95% CI: 393.1-671.6), and the mean LV mass index (LVMI) 120 +/- 4 g/m2, the LVEF 60 +/- 1%, the peak aortic prosthesis gradient 28 +/- 2 mmHg, and the EOAi 0.74 +/- 0.02 cm2/m2. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that NT-pro-BNP level correlated with age (beta = 0.57, p<0.0001), LVMI (beta = 0.32, p = 0.02), NYHA class (beta = 0.50, p = 0.003) and EOAi (beta = -0.38, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The study results showed that NT-pro-BNP levels were independently related to PPM late after isolated AVR in patients with preserved LV function. However, further investigations are required to confirm these findings and to identify their clinical implications.

Left Main Coronary Artery Stent Misadventure.

Coronary artery bypass grafting has long been the standard of care for patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. Lately, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become a suitable alternative for these patients, but the procedure may be challenging. We describe 2 cases of LMCA PCI failure requiring surgical intervention. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Modified Bentall procedure: Mechanical vs biological valved conduits in patients older than 65 years.

BACKGROUND: The modified Bentall procedure is still the treatment of choice for patients requiring combined replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve. We compared the long-term outcome of patients >65 years of age undergoing Bentall procedure with biological vs mechanical valved conduits in a multi institutional study. METHODS: A total of 282 patients, undergoing a Bentall operation (January 1994-May 2015), with a biological (Group 1, 173 patients) or a mechanical (Group 2, 109 patients) conduit were reviewed, the primary outcome being analysis of late survival and freedom from major adverse events. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 5% (9 patients) and 2% (2 patients) for Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.2). Median follow-up was 77 months (range Q1-Q3: 49-111) for Group 1 vs 107 months (range Q1-Q3: 63-145) for Group 2 (p < 0.001). A not statistically significant advantage in late survival was found in patients receiving mechanical valved conduits (36% for Group 1 vs 58% for Group 2 at 12 years; p = 0.09), although freedom from major adverse events was similar between the 2 groups (33% in Group 1 vs 50% in Group 2 at 12 years; p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, mechanical-valved conduits employed for the modified Bentall procedure show a trend towards an improved late survival in patients ≥65 years of age and particularly in those between 65 and 75 years, despite a higher incidence of major adverse events. Our results indicate the need for specific guidelines to better define the ideal age limit for each type of valved conduit.

Preliminary results of the Multicenter Observational Study with Enoximone in Cardiac surgery (MOSEC).

BACKGROUND: Perioperative administration of Enoximone has been shown to improve hemodynamics, organ function, and inflammatory response. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Enoximone after on-pump cardiac surgery. METHODS: A protocol for a multicenter observational study was reviewed and approved by local ethic committee. This preliminary report involves the first 29 patients enrolled, in whom Enoximone was perioperatively administered in the context of on-pump cardiac surgery. All patients enrolled were propensity-matched 1:1 with controls not receiving Enoximone, renal function was evaluated in terms of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the CKD-EPI equation. RESULTS: After propensity matching, the two cohorts of patients receiving Enoximone or not did not show any significant differences among baseline characteristics. Patients receiving Enoximone showed a progressive improvement of eGFR at each time-point of follow-up: roughly +4.3, +10.0, and +12.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 on postoperative days 2, 7, and 30; respectively. Consistently, maximum difference versus baseline was +12.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (or +19.3%) among Enoximone patients vs +3.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (or +4.4%) among controls (p = 0.02). Multivariable regression analysis (R2-adjusted 0.47) showed only age (ß -0.53; p = 0.01), preoperative eGFR (ß -0.39; p = 0.02), diabetes (ß 2.1; p = 0.01), cardio-pulmonary bypass duration (ß 0.08; p = 0.05), and Enoximone administration (ß -0.74; p = 0.05) to be independently correlated with delta eGFR variation on day 30. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results show that perioperative Enoximone administration improved renal function in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Mild and moderate renal dysfunction: impact on short-term outcome.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative renal dysfunction is an important risk factor in cardiac surgery. Thus, the association between creatinine clearance (ClCr) and mechanical ventilation time and ICU length of stay, independent of other established preoperative risk indicators, was analyzed. METHODS: In our study, 156 consecutive patients underwent open-heart surgery at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital St. Andrea, Rome, and were prospectively studied for the relation between the ClCr, using the formula develop by Cockroft and Gault, and ICU length of stay and mechanical ventilation time. The 156 patients were divided into two groups in relation of ClCr: group A (n=78) ClCr<70 ml/min; group B (n=78) ClCr>70 ml/min. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, ICU length of stay was influenced by ClCr<70 ml/min, hypertension and COPD. ICU stay was median 48 h (range 24-72) in group A versus 24h (range 20.7-44) in group B (p=0.0001). In multivariate analysis, only ClCr<70 ml/min and EuroScore were associated with increasing VAM. VAM was median 8h (range 5.7-13.2) in group A versus 6h (range 4-10) in group B (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that after short-term outcome follow-up, preoperative mild renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of ICU length of stay and mechanical ventilation time.

Residual SYNTAX score following coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objectives: To quantify residual coronary artery disease measured using the SYNTAX score (SS) and its relation to outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on a consecutive series of 1608 patients [mean age 68 years, standard deviation (SD): 7, F:M, 242:1366] undergoing first-time isolated CABG from 2004 to 2015. The baseline SS was retrospectively determined from preoperative angiograms, and the residual SS (rSS) was measured during assessment of the actual operative report for each patient after CABG. Patients were then stratified according to tercile cut points of low (rSS low 0-11, N = 537), intermediate (rSS mid >11-18.5, N = 539) and high residual SS (rSS high >18.5, N = 532). The Cox regression model was used to investigate the impact of rSS on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) at 1 year. Results: The mean preoperative SS was 26.6 (SD: 9.4) (range 10.1-53), and the residual SS after CABG was 15.3 (SD: 8.4) (range 0-34) ( P < 0.001 versus preoperative). At 1 year, cumulative incidence of MACCE in the low rSS was 1.5% ( N = 8/537), 4.5% ( N = 24/539) in the intermediate and 8.8% ( N = 47/532) in the high rSS group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a statistically significant difference of MACCE-free survival between the three groups (log-rank test, P < 0.001). The estimated MACCE-free survival rate at 1 year was 98.1% [standard error (SE): 1.6] for the rSS low , 95.5% (SE: 1.9) for the rSS mid , and 90.5% (SE: 1.3) for the rSS high group, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the rSS high group was independently associated with a higher incidence of MACCE at 1 year (hazard ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.21-3.23) compared to the rSS low group. Conclusions: These unanticipated findings suggest that a residual SS may be a useful tool for risk stratification of patients undergoing isolated first-time CABG. Our study may set the stage for further investigations addressing this important clinical question.

Indexed effective orifice area after mechanical aortic valve replacement does not affect left ventricular mass regression in elderly.

OBJECTIVE: After aortic valve replacement, the effects of a small functional prosthesis on the extent and pattern of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and on clinical outcomes may be less significant in older patients with low cardiac output requirements. The objective of this study was therefore to determine whether patient-prosthesis mismatch affects left ventricular mass regression in the elderly. METHODS: The population studied was made up of 88 patients over 65 years of age with pure aortic stenosis who underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement. The effective orifice area index was calculated for each patient on the basis of the projected prosthesis in vivo effective orifice area. It was considered a continuous variable and influence of its entire range of values on the extent of left ventricular mass regression was analyzed in a multivariate prediction model. RESULTS: Even though, in the group with prosthesis-patient mismatch there was a trend for lower postoperative left ventricular mass index (115+/-24 g/m(2) vs 102+/-27 g/m(2), p=0.24) and postoperative peak trans-prosthetic gradients (32+/-9.8 mmHg vs 28.9+/-7.79 mmHg, p=0.35) these differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of residual left ventricular hypertrophy at follow-up was 50% in the group with patient-prosthesis mismatch and 50% in the group without patient-prosthesis mismatch (p=0.83). In multivariate analysis the only factors associated with indexed left ventricular mass were the follow-up time (p=0.015, r(2)=0.22) and preoperative indexed left ventricular mass (p=0.0012, r(2)=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: The major finding of our study is that patient-prosthesis mismatch does not affect left ventricular mass regression in patients older than 65 with pure aortic stenosis who underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement. In older patients with low cardiac output requirements, even a small change in the valve effective orifice area after aortic valve replacement with modern efficient mechanical prosthesis, will result in a marked reduction of pressure gradient and this will be associated with a significant regression of left ventricular mass.

Myocardial bridging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a plea for surgical correction.

Myocardial bridging may be associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We describe a case of a young symptomatic patient with myocardial bridging associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy successfully treated by surgical unroofing. Such a procedure should be strongly recommended in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Left ventricular aneurysm repair: early survival.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the early survival in patients submitted to left ventricular (LV) repair and concomitant myocardial revascularization. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 51 patients who were submitted to LV repair and concomitant myocardial revascularization between January 1998 and June 2003. Of 51 patients (44 males with a mean age of 60+/-9.2 years, and 7 females with a mean age of 61+/-6.5 years), 29 (56.9 %) were submitted to the McCarthy technique, 16 (31.3 %) to the technique that was described by Jatene and modified by Dor, and 6 (11.8%) to the Cooley technique (linear repair). The mean preoperative LV ejection fraction was 36.5+/-7.7 %, the mean preoperative LV end-diastolic diameter was 61.8+/-3.9 mm, the mean preoperative LV end-systolic diameter was 49.9+/-5.1 mm, the mean preoperative interventricular septal thickness was 9.7+/-1.7 mm, and finally, the mean posterior wall thickness was 8.9+/-1 mm. The mean follow-up was 30.7+/-23.4 months (range 11-82 months). RESULTS: One patient died during surgery (1.9%) and one early postoperatively (1.9%). The causes of death were respectively irreversible ventricular fibrillation and low cardiac output syndrome. The overall survival at follow-up was 98% (49 patients). One patient died during follow-up of myocardial infarction. At follow-up, all patients presented with improved clinical symptoms, and had a better mean NYHA functional class with respect to the preoperative value (3.3+/-0.3 vs 2.0+/-0.5, p < 0.05). Besides, the mean CCS angina class decreased in all patients (3.4+/-0.2 vs 1.9+/-0.3, p < 0.05). The average LV ejection fraction increased from 36.3+/-7.7 to 44.3+/-4.9% (p < 0.001), the average LV end-diastolic diameter decreased from 61.7+/-3.9 to 55.5+/-5.6 mm (p < 0.001), and the average LV end-systolic diameter decreased from 49.9+/-5.1 to 40.4+/-5.1 mm (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the preoperative and postoperative data regarding the interventricular septal thickness (9.7+/-1.7 vs 10.3+/-1.6 mm, p = NS), and the posterior wall thickness (9.7+/-1 vs 8.8+/-1.3 mm, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: LV aneurysm repair and concomitant myocardial revascularization may be performed with an acceptable surgical risk and a good early survival.

Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass: does number of grafts performed represent a selection bias in comparative studies? Results from a matched cohort comparison.

BACKGROUND: Several retrospective studies comparing off-pump and on-pump coronary surgery and the largest randomized studies published to date showed a lower number of grafts performed in patients submitted to off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). These findings bring about the question of the general applicability of the results. We eliminated the selection bias correlated with the number of grafts per patient by comparing the short-term outcomes of patients undergoing OPCAB and standard coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) matched for number of grafts. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients undergoing OPCAB (group A) were selected from the database of our Institution during a 2-year period. Matching was performed by iterative selection prioritizing, in the following sequence: number of grafts, EuroSCORE, and age. A total of 87 patients operated upon with the on-pump technique represented the control group (group B). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The number of grafts per patient was 2.2 +/- 0.5 in group A and 2.2 +/- 0.5 in group B. Early mortality did not differ between the two groups and it was 2.2% (2 patients) in group A and 3.4% (3 patients) in group B (p = NS). The incidence of myocardial infarction did not differ between the two groups. No patient in either group had stroke or coma. Five (5.7%) patients in group A and 7 (8.0%) patients in group B had atrial fibrillation (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to demonstrate any significant differences in short-term mortality or morbidity outcome between OPCAB and standard CABG patients Our findings suggest that excellent results can be obtained with both surgical approaches.

Unilateral Versus Bilateral Antegrade Cerebral Protection During Aortic Surgery: An Updated Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In the context of complex aortic surgery, despite the wide consensus about the use of moderate hypothermia in association with antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP), its bilateral administration is not always warranted. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to investigate outcomes of unilateral versus bilateral ASCP. METHODS: Outcomes investigated were postoperative mortality and neurologic permanent and temporary disease (PND and TND); separate analysis of heterogeneity using the Cochrane Q statistic was used to perform comparisons. Circulatory arrest (CA) time and temperature, and sample size were explored as potential causes for heterogeneity with meta-regression analysis. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 3,723 patients receiving bilateral ASCP and 3,065 patients receiving unilateral ASC. Pooled analysis showed similar rates of postoperative mortality: 9.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.8% to 12.3%) for bilateral ASCP versus 7.6% (95% CI, 5.7% to 10.2%) for unilateral ASCP; p = 0.19. Postoperative PND rates as well did not differ significantly: 6.9% (95% CI, 5.0% to 9.4%) for bilateral ASCP versus 5.8% (95% CI, 3.8% to 8.7%) for unilateral ASCP; p = 0.53. Similar results yielded from TND analysis: 9.3 % (95% CI, 7.0% to 12.2%) versus 6.5% (95% CI, 4.5% to 9.5%), respectively, p = 0.14. Meta-regression analysis showed that longer CA times were associated with significantly increased mortality only among patients administered with unilateral ASCP (model Q 65.8, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, higher CA temperatures were associated with significantly reduced rates of mortality (Q 64.1, p = 0.001), PND (Q 52.3, p = 0.01), and TND (Q 62.2, p = 0.002) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral versus bilateral ASCP administration did not result in different mortality and neurologic morbidity rates. Nevertheless, among prolonged CA times unilateral ASCP resulted in poorer outcomes with respect to bilateral ASCP. Furthermore, moderate hypothermia was associated with best outcomes in both groups.

Reoperations in patients with patent left internal mammary artery.

In the past decade the rate of reoperative coronary bypass grafting has averaged 8%. In these patients adequate myocardial protection is often difficult because delivery of cardioplegia is frequently suboptimal when the internal mammary artery graft is patent. We describe a simple technique for performing cardiac reoperation in patients with a patent left internal mammary artery graft through a balloon catheter used for angioplasty and positioned in the left internal mammary artery graft. Our study included 3 patients and there were no operative deaths and complications.

Occluding clamp technique during coronary artery bypass grafting: single or double-clamp technique?

BACKGROUND: External manipulation of the diseased aorta during cardiac surgery is the most important mechanism leading to the detachment of atherosclerotic debris due, especially, to the use of aortic clamping. The aim of the present study was to determine the best occluding clamp technique to minimize the risk of postoperative cerebrovascular accidents in patients who undergo isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): single-clamp technique (SCT) or double-clamp technique (DCT)? METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-one consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG in our center between January 2001 and December 2003 were enrolled. SCT was used in 145 cases and DCT was used in 136 cases. Postoperative adverse events were retrospectively compared between these two groups. RESULTS: The aortic cross-clamp times were longer for patients in the SCT group, whereas the mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was shorter in the DCT group. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative stroke (0.6% SCT vs 0.7% DCT, p = NS) and hospital mortality (1.3% SCT vs 1.4% DCT, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that, among patients who undergo CABG, there are no differences in neurologic outcome between those in whom DCT was used and those in whom SCT was employed.

Unilateral versus bilateral antegrade cerebral protection during circulatory arrest in aortic surgery: a meta-analysis of 5100 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether the use of unilateral (u-ACP) or bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (b-ACP) results in different mortality and neurologic outcomes after complex aortic surgery. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies reporting on postoperative mortality and permanent (PND) and temporary neurologic dysfunction (TND) in complex aortic surgery requiring circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral protection. Analysis of heterogeneity was performed with the Cochrane Q statistic. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies were analyzed for a total of 1894 patients receiving u-ACP versus 3206 receiving b-ACP. Pooled analysis showed similar rates of 30-day mortality (8.6% vs 9.2% for u-ACP and b-ACP, respectively; P = .78), PND (6.1% vs 6.5%; P = .80), and TND (7.1% vs 8.8%; P = .46). Age, sex, and cardiopulmonary bypass time did not influence effect size estimates. Higher rates of postoperative mortality and PND were among nonelective operations and for highest temperatures and duration of the circulatory arrest. The Egger test excluded publication bias for the outcomes investigated. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that b-ACP and u-ACP have similar postoperative mortality and both PND and TND rates after circulatory arrest for complex aortic surgery.