Covid19, beyond just the lungs: A review of multisystemic involvement by Covid19.

With the commencement of the COVID19 pandemic, following its 1st case reported in Wuhan in China, the knowledge about the virus as well as the symptoms produced by the disease have drastically increased to this day. The manifestations of COVID19 is now known to affect multiple organ systems of the body, which have shown to have acute as well as chronic complications. Histopathological analysis of the biopsies from the affected organs have implied a direct cytopathic effect of the virus but at the same time not ruling out other causes like hypoxia metabolic changes etc., occurring during the course of the disease. In this review article, we have highlighted the histopathological changes in various organs as reported by various studies throughout the world for a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of COVID19.

Incidental Finding of Microfilariae in Cervicovaginal Smears on Liquid-based Cytology - A Case Report of two Cases with Review of Literature.

Filariasis is a vector-borne disease, which is quite common in tropical countries such as India. In India, it is most commonly caused either by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi. It can present in any possible site, possibly, because of their ability to migrate along the lymphatics. Very few cases have been reported in the literature where microfilariae have been found in cervicovaginal smears. Most of the cases have been reported on conventional Pap smears. Here, we present two such cases where microfilaria was found as an incidental finding in liquid-based cytology preparation.

Role of platelet aggregation in metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the world. Although early detection and systematic adjuvant therapy has improved survival, distant metastasis remains the leading cause of breast related mortality. The relationship between tumor and the hemostatic system is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of breast cancer progression. Tumors have the ability to induce platelet aggregation which is referred as tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA). This study highlights that increased platelet aggregation plays an important role in metastasis of breast cancer. The aim here is to study the role of platelet aggregation in metastatic breast cancer patients using: • ADP • Thrombin. METHODS: 30 cases (n = 30) of metastatic breast cancer and 30 controls (n = 30) of non-metastatic breast cancer which were clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed were included in this study. Platelet aggregation studies in vitro using ADP and Thrombin were performed using an optical aggregometer in both cases and controls. Other parameters like platelet count, histological grade and surrogate molecular classification was also correlated with platelet aggregation. RESULTS: In this study, increased aggregation was seen with ADP and thrombin in the metastatic cases and none showed increased aggregation in the non-metastatic breast cancer patients. Also, high platelet count and higher histological grade correlated with increased aggregation. However, no correlation was seen between platelet aggregation and the surrogate molecular classification. CONCLUSION: It was concluded from this study that platelet aggregation has an important part to play in the tumor metastasis of breast cancer patients.