Evaluation of the University of California Diabetes Prevention Program (UC DPP) Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes can negatively impact long term health outcomes, healthcare costs and quality of life. However, intensive lifestyle interventions, including the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), can significantly lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes among overweight adults with prediabetes. Unfortunately, the majority of adults in the US who are at risk of developing diabetes do not engage in DPP-based lifestyle change programs. Increased adoption of evidence-based obesity and diabetes prevention interventions, such as the DPP, may help large employers reduce health risks and improve health outcomes among employees. In 2018, the University of California Office of thePresident (UCOP) implemented the UC DPP Initiative, a novel, multi-component program to address diabetes and obesity prevention across the UC system. METHODS: The goal of our study is to conduct a multifaceted evaluation of the UC DPP Initiative using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Our evaluation will integrate unique and diverse UC data sources, including electronic health record (EHR) data, administrative claims, campus-based DPP cohort data, qualitative interviews and site visits. Our primary outcome of interest is the mean percent weight change among three groups of overweight/obese UC beneficiaries at risk for diabetes at 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes include mean percent weight change at 24-month follow-up, barriers and facilitators associated with implementatio, as well as  the degree of program adoption and maintenance. DISCUSSION: Our study will help inform diabetes and obesity prevention efforts across the UC system. Findings from this evaluation will also be highly applicable to universities and large employers, as well as community organizers, healthcare organizations and insurers implementing the DPP and/or other health promotion interventions.

Parent, Teacher, and Student Perspectives on How Corrective Lenses Improve Child Wellbeing and School Function.

OBJECTIVES: Up to 20 % of school-age children have a vision problem identifiable by screening, over 80 % of which can be corrected with glasses. While vision problems are associated with poor school performance, few studies describe whether and how corrective lenses affect academic achievement and health. Further, there are virtually no studies exploring how children with correctable visual deficits, their parents, and teachers perceive the connection between vision care and school function. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of Vision to Learn (VTL), a school-based program providing free corrective lenses to low-income students in Los Angeles. Nine focus groups with students, parents, and teachers from three schools served by VTL explored the relationships between poor vision, receipt of corrective lenses, and school performance and health. RESULTS: Twenty parents, 25 teachers, and 21 students from three elementary schools participated. Participants described how uncorrected visual deficits reduced students' focus, perseverance, and class participation, affecting academic functioning and psychosocial stress; how receiving corrective lenses improved classroom attention, task persistence, and willingness to practice academic skills; and how serving students in school rather than in clinics increased both access to and use of corrective lenses. CONCLUSIONS: for Practice Corrective lenses may positively impact families, teachers, and students coping with visual deficits by improving school function and psychosocial wellbeing. Practices that increase ownership and use of glasses, such as serving students in school, may significantly improve both child health and academic performance.

Anchor universities as leaders in the well-being movement: lessons learned from the University of California Healthy Campus Network & pandemic.

The University of California (UC) Healthy Campus Network (HCN) is a robust network of diverse coalitions across 10 UC campuses, 5 UC teaching hospitals, and UC Agriculture & Natural Resources working to promote individual campus and systemwide changes toward a culture of health and equity. The success of this work has been evident in the HCN's ability to quickly pivot to meet emergent needs during the COVID-19 pandemic, including social support through the UC Diabetes Prevention Program, tap water access for essential workers through the UC Healthy Beverage Initiative, and food security efforts through the UC Global Food Initiative. Building a culture of health and equity across a large public university system generated valuable lessons learned which enhanced the UC's preparedness and resilience in the face of the pandemic, and other institutions may benefit from these best practices to respond effectively to emergencies and thrive in states of relative normalcy.

Increasing the Consumption of Environmentally Friendly Foods in a University Dining Hall Using Menu Item Placement.

Creating a decision-making environment that promotes sustainable food choices is a priority for both the individual and society. This study aimed at encouraging plant-based menu choices by re-ordering the menu according to the carbon footprint values. The project was conducted in a grab-and-go eatery at a large United States public university, where students could order their meals choosing among different menu options that were customizable with various ingredients. The order of menu ingredients was changed twice: for five weeks, from the most to the least impactful in terms of carbon footprint; subsequently, for another five weeks the order was reversed. At both times, all sales data were recorded. A total of 279,219 and 288,527 items were selected, respectively, during the first and the second intervention. A significant association was found between menu re-ordering and customers' choices for almost all food categories considered. Overall, despite beef choices not changing, results showed that students were more likely to choose low-carbon options when these were placed at the beginning, emphasizing that food selections were impacted by ingredient placement on the menu list. These findings highlight the need for a multi-level strategy focused on raising students' awareness of the environmental impact of animal-based foods, particularly beef.

Nutrition Education in Medical Schools: What do Medical Students Think?

Objective: To examine medical students' perceptions of the nutrition education received and their ability to apply that knowledge in clinical settings. Methods: This is a qualitative study using a structured survey with free responses to solicit the perspective of US medical students regarding their nutrition education. A national online survey was distributed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Pediatric Trainees. An expert committee in nutrition education evaluated and conducted a thematic analysis of the survey responses. Results: Twenty-four surveys were completed (10 medical students and 14 pediatric interns). The survey revealed students were not satisfied with the nutrition education they received in several areas including nutritional recommendations for obesity and prediabetes/diabetes; nutritional needs during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescent age-related dietary recommendations; cultural influences on diet and eating habits; and food insecurity. Students also reported a lack of confidence in providing healthful nutrition counseling to adolescent patients and delivering culturally appropriate nutrition advice. Conclusions: Survey responses revealed the need for improvements in several areas of nutrition curricula related to health and chronic disease management and suggest broader social determinants of health such as cultural influences on nutrition practices and food insecurity. The results of this survey provide unique insight into the medical student perspective on nutrition education and can inform the development of future medical school nutrition curriculums.

Impact of a Teaching Kitchen Curriculum for Health Professional Trainees in Nutrition Knowledge, Confidence, and Skills to Advance Obesity Prevention and Management in Clinical Practice.

Nutrition knowledge, confidence, and skills are thought to be important elements in the role of healthcare professionals in obesity prevention and management. The Upstream Obesity Solutions curriculum goes upstream with a multidisciplinary approach to supplement nutrition education among health professional trainees. Educational strategies of didactics, teaching kitchens, and service-based learning were employed for medical, dental, and nursing students and resident physicians. Pre/post participation surveys assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices; lifestyle habits; and culinary skills among 75 trainees in this cross-sectional descriptive study. There was variability in statistically significant improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and practices about obesity management and nutrition education, lifestyle habits, and culinary skills among learner groups.

Challenges to parent nutrition education: a qualitative study of parents of urban children attending low-income schools.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to learn more about parents' (i) knowledge regarding healthy foods, factors associated with food purchasing and preparation, and current nutrition education resources, (ii) barriers to and promoters for establishing healthy eating habits for children and families, and (iii) interest in participating in nutrition interventions. DESIGN: Focus group interviews were conducted with parents of low-income children from the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). SETTING: LAUSD Title 1 elementary schools where 50 % or more of students are eligible for free/reduced-price meals. SUBJECTS: Sixty-four parents (93 % female; 84 % Hispanic/Latino) of elementary-school students. RESULTS: The most common barriers to eating healthy foods were cost, difficulty in getting children to eat healthier foods and easy access to fast food. Parents had a basic knowledge about what foods are healthy and received most of their nutrition education through the media. Parents expressed a desire for nutrition classes and almost all of them said they would attend a nutrition programme at their child's school. Topic areas of interest included what to purchase, how to cook healthier foods, how to encourage their children to eat healthier and how to read food labels. Parents also requested classes that engage the whole family, especially fathers. CONCLUSIONS: Parents in our study were interested in participating in nutrition education programmes. The information from these focus groups was used to design a parent nutrition education programme especially designed to respond to the needs of the LAUSD parents, the majority of whom are low-income and Hispanic/Latino.

Latina mothers' perceptions of healthcare professional weight assessments of preschool-aged children.

To understand Latina mothers' definitions of health and obesity in their children and perceptions of physician weight assessments. 24 low-income Spanish speaking Mexican mothers of children ages 2-5 years were recruited to participate in 4 focus groups. Half of the mothers had overweight or obese children and half had healthy weight children. Focus group comments were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory. Themes and supporting comments were identified independently by 3 reviewers for triangulation. A fourth reader independently confirmed common themes. Mothers define health as a function of their child's ability to play and engage in all aspects of life. Obesity was defined with declining physical abilities. Mothers state health care provider assessments help determine a child's overweight status. Causative factors of obesity included family role-modeling and psycho-social stress, physical inactivity, and high-fat foods consumed outside the home. Controlling food intake was the primary approach to preventing and managing obesity but mothers described family conflict related to children's eating habits. These findings held constant with mothers regardless of whether their children were overweight, obese, or at a healthy weight. Mothers utilize physical limitations and health care professional's assessment of their child's weight as indicators of an overweight status. These results highlight the importance of calculating and communicating body mass indices (BMI) for Latino children. Eliminating non-nutritive foods from the home, increasing physical activity, and involving family members in the discussion of health and weight maintenance are important strategies for the prevention and management of childhood obesity.

Introduction of solid food to young infants.

Timing of the first introduction of solid food during infancy may have potential effects on life-long health. To understand the characteristics that are associated with the timing of infants' initial exposure to solid foods. The 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH) was a nationally representative telephone survey of 2,068 parents of children aged 4-35 months, which profiled content and quality of health care for young children. African-American and Latino families were over-sampled. Analyses in this report include bivariate tests and logistic regressions. 62% of parents reported introducing solids to their child between 4-6 months of age. African-American mothers (OR=0.5 [0.3, 0.9]), English-speaking Latino mothers (OR=0.4 [0.2, 0.7]), White mothers with more than high school education (OR=0.5 [0.2, 1.0]), and mothers who breastfed for 4 months or longer (OR=0.4 [0.3, 0.7]) were less likely to introduce solids early. Most parents (92%) of children 4-9 months of age reported that their pediatric provider had discussed introduction of solids with them since the child's birth, and provider discussion of feeding was not associated with the timing of introduction of solids. Although most parents recall discussing the introduction of solid foods with their child's physician, several subgroups of mothers introduce solid foods earlier than the AAP recommendation of 4-6 months. More effective discussion of solid food introduction linked to counseling and support of breastfeeding by the primary health care provider may reduce early introduction of solids.

Get up, stand up, stand up for your health! Faculty and student perspectives on addressing prolonged sitting in university settings.

Objective: To assess awareness about prolonged sitting and acceptance of interventions to reduce bouts of prolonged sitting. Participants: Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students and faculty from a large public university. Methods: Eight focus groups were conducted with 4 groups of undergraduate students and 4 groups of graduate/professional students. Eight key informant interviews were conducted with faculty. Content analyses were performed using inductive and deductive techniques to elicit common themes. Results: Many students and faculty were not aware of the detrimental effects associated with prolonged sitting. Barriers to movement in university settings included social acceptability, environmental constraints, and academic requirements. Acceptable interventions included: faculty prompts, changes to pedagogy, educational campaigns, and structural changes to classroom designs. Conclusions: University settings represent an opportunity to address issues related to prolonged sitting that may address immediate health implications, as well as establish behaviors and practices that can be continued in work-based settings.

Promoting an interdisciplinary food literacy framework to cultivate critical citizenship.

The goal of this viewpoint is to promote an integrated and holistic framework for food literacy on college campuses. We propose that a framework to promote an effective understanding of food should encompass social, political, scientific, and personal dimensions; integrating these elements into university curricula and campus culture can empower students to become more engaged food citizens, with implications for their own food choices, and also for the broader food system. Emerging findings show that curricular interventions designed to educate about food system-environment connections can motivate students to reduce red meat and increase vegetable consumption. This viewpoint also lays the foundation for future studies to quantify the impact of increased knowledge on food choices, which can ultimately impact the health and wellbeing of both people and the planet.

The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Weight-Related Health Behaviors in a National Sample of Children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to healthy weight behaviors in children. METHODS: We examined data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. ACE scores were calculated from 6 measures of household dysfunction. Outcome measures included 5 healthy weight behaviors. Logistic regression models assessed associations between ACEs and healthy weight behaviors controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Children 6 to 17 years of age (n = 32,528) with 0 ACEs had increased odds of: watching 2 hours or less of television daily (6-12 years: odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.80, 13-17 years: OR 1.64; 95% CI, 1.39-1.94), using electronics for 2 hours or less daily (6-12 years: OR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.15-1.80, 13-17 years: OR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.60-2.16), sharing 4 or more family meals per week (6-12 years: OR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.17-1.66, 13-17 years: OR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.44-1.95), and getting adequate age-specific sleep (6-12 years: OR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26-1.79, 13-17 years: OR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) when compared to children with one or more ACEs. Children 13 to 17 years of age with 0 ACEs had increased odds of exercising for 60 minutes daily (OR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02-1.58) when compared to children with one or more ACEs. There was an overall gradient dose pattern; the odds of engaging in a healthy weight behavior decreased as the number of ACEs increased, with mixed significance levels. CONCLUSIONS: In children, ACE exposure is associated with decreased healthy weight behaviors and behavior counseling alone may be insufficient. Trauma-informed care to address intra-familial adversity may be necessary.

Participatory prevention research model promotes environmental change for healthier schools.

Barriers exist to healthy eating and physical activity for children in the school environment. Modifiable school environmental factors have led to the development of the Nutrition Friendly Schools and Communities (NFSC) model to prevent the development of overweight in school children and adolescents. The design of the NFSC environmental intervention is to actively engage the school community to prevent overweight in school-aged children. This article presents data measuring the environmental changes achieved by the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) elementary schools participating in a 3-year participatory research pilot study funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). An objective of the pilot study is to determine whether any or all of the 15 steps developed for the NFSC model could be implemented. Further, researchers want to know if any of the study schools could implement the NFSC model as a whole during the allotted time of the pilot study.

Challenges, Opportunities, and Motivators for Developing and Applying Food Literacy in a University Setting: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Evolving norms and complex food environments may require new skill sets and mind-sets to maintain a healthy diet. Food literacy acknowledges the influence of external factors in shaping a person's development and application of the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required for healthy eating. Food literacy among college students is not well understood; however, higher education presents a unique opportunity for promoting food literacy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify a range of challenges, opportunities, and motivators for students to develop and apply food literacy in a university setting. DESIGN: Eleven focus groups were conducted with four student subpopulations: three with residential undergraduates, three with off-campus undergraduates, three with graduate students, and two with students using food security resources. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Eighty-two students enrolled at a large, diverse, public university in an urban setting in California. ANALYSIS: Guided by an ecological perspective, transcripts were analyzed using an integrated approach. This involved an inductive development of themes and deductive organization of themes according to research aims. RESULTS: We developed a novel model as a starting point for understanding and addressing the dynamic challenges, opportunities, and motivators for students to develop and apply food literacy. Challenges include the physical food environment, confusing information, capacity and resource constraints, and social tensions. Opportunities include media and the Internet, academic courses, peer learning, campus resources, and dining halls. Motivators include health, social responsibility, personal development, and enjoyment and bonding. CONCLUSIONS: Students view college as an appropriate time to develop food literacy and the university as a trusted partner. However, efforts to promote food literacy should acknowledge perceived challenges and varying motivations for engaging with food.

Receipt of Corrective Lenses and Academic Performance of Low-Income Students.

OBJECTIVE: Untreated vision problems are associated with poor school performance. Whether providing glasses alone improves performance, however, remains unknown. We sought to test whether receiving glasses was associated with improved school performance for low-income minority students in Los Angeles. METHODS: From 2017 to 2018, we analyzed achievement marks in mathematics and language arts from 406 first to fifth grade students attending 24 public elementary schools who received glasses through a free school-based vision program between February and May 2014, and 23,393 of their nonparticipating same-school, same-grade peers. We calculated students' percentile rank during each grading period in 1 year before and 2 years since they received glasses. Multilevel linear regressions tested whether percentile rank differed from baseline at each subsequent grading period. Models accounted for clustering at the school level and controlled for gender, grade level, and baseline class rank. Interaction terms tested whether associations differed by gender and class rank. RESULTS: Students increased 4.5 percentile points (P = .02) in language arts in the second year after receiving glasses. There was no change in math achievement overall; however, those with baseline performance in the bottom tercile had an immediate and sustained improvement of 10 to 24 percentile points from baseline (interaction term P < .001). Class rank for behavior marks decreased during the fourth grading period after receiving glasses but subsequently returned to baseline. There were no significant changes in work habits and no variation in results by gender. CONCLUSIONS: Ensuring access to vision care may be a simple, scalable strategy to improve language arts performance for low-income minority children.

Impact of a Scalable, Multi-Campus "Foodprint" Seminar on College Students' Dietary Intake and Dietary Carbon Footprint.

BACKGROUND: Dietary patterns affect both human health and environmental sustainability. Prior research found a ten-unit course on food systems and environmental sustainability shifted dietary intake and reduced dietary carbon footprint among college students. This research evaluated the impact of a similar, more scalable one-unit Foodprint seminar taught at multiple universities. METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental pre-post nonequivalent comparison group design (n = 176). As part of the Menus of Change University Research Collaborative, research was conducted at three university campuses in California over four academic terms. All campuses used the same curriculum, which incorporates academic readings, group discussions, and skills-based exercises to evaluate the environmental footprint of different foods. The comparison group comprised students taking unrelated one-unit courses at the same universities. A questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of each term. RESULTS: Students who took the Foodprint seminar significantly improved their reported vegetable intake by 4.7 weekly servings relative to the comparison group. They also reported significantly decreasing intake of ruminant meat and sugar-sweetened beverages. As a result of dietary shifts, Foodprint seminar students were estimated to have significantly decreased their dietary carbon footprint by 14%. CONCLUSIONS: A scalable, one-unit Foodprint seminar may simultaneously promote environmental sustainability and human health.

Use of Mind-Body Therapies Among Young Adults Aged 18-24 Years: Findings From the 2012 National Health Interview Survey.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence, patterns, and satisfaction of use of mind-body therapies (MBTs) in a nationally representative sample of young adults (ages 18-24 years). METHODS: Young adults interviewed in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed (n = 3,286). Individual types (e.g., mindfulness) and a combined measure of use of any MBT were assessed. Reasons for and satisfaction with use was also investigated. Design-based F tests and logistic regression were used; all analyses were weighted and stratified by gender. RESULTS: Overall, 14.6% of young adults used MBT in the past year (9.6% of men and 19.1% of women, p < .001). Among men, higher levels of education, greater numbers of health conditions, and healthy behaviors were associated with greater odds of MBT use. Among women, Latina and black women had lower odds of use (vs. white). Higher education, greater mental distress, and greater numbers of health conditions and healthy behaviors were associated with greater odds of use. While both men and women reported stress reduction and general wellness as top reasons for use, men also reported the use to improve athletic performance. CONCLUSIONS: Young adulthood is a critical period in the life course when individuals are establishing lifestyle and health behaviors that can be enduring. Because stress is a persistent problem, and many MBTs can be helpful with management of stress and anxiety, young adult may be underutilizing these modalities. Public health and educational strategies for greater engagement in MBT among young adults are warranted.

Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity.

The stigmatization of people with obesity is widespread and causes harm. Weight stigma is often propagated and tolerated in society because of beliefs that stigma and shame will motivate people to lose weight. However, rather than motivating positive change, this stigma contributes to behaviors such as binge eating, social isolation, avoidance of health care services, decreased physical activity, and increased weight gain, which worsen obesity and create additional barriers to healthy behavior change. Furthermore, experiences of weight stigma also dramatically impair quality of life, especially for youth. Health care professionals continue to seek effective strategies and resources to address the obesity epidemic; however, they also frequently exhibit weight bias and stigmatizing behaviors. This policy statement seeks to raise awareness regarding the prevalence and negative effects of weight stigma on pediatric patients and their families and provides 6 clinical practice and 4 advocacy recommendations regarding the role of pediatricians in addressing weight stigma. In summary, these recommendations include improving the clinical setting by modeling best practices for nonbiased behaviors and language; using empathetic and empowering counseling techniques, such as motivational interviewing, and addressing weight stigma and bullying in the clinic visit; advocating for inclusion of training and education about weight stigma in medical schools, residency programs, and continuing medical education programs; and empowering families to be advocates to address weight stigma in the home environment and school setting.

Breast milk expression in the workplace: a look at frequency and time.

The objective of this article is to study a barrier for breastfeeding women working full-time outside the home: breast milk expression in the workplace. Data are from a large corporation that provides employee benefits. Mothers express breast milk about twice a day when infants are 4 months old (x = 2.2 +/- 0.8) and 6 months old (x = 1.9 +/- 0.6), with a significant decline in frequency (P <.05) comparing the 2 age groups. Most mothers spend 1 hour or less expressing breast milk when infants are 3 (82%) or 6 months old (96%), with a significant difference (P <.05) between the 2 age groups. Mothers of younger infants were no more likely to work fewer days per week than were mothers of older infants. Most women can express breast milk for 3- and 6-month-old infants in less than an hour, distributed in about 2 separate portions, in an employment environment supportive of breastfeeding.