The Genus Cuphea P. Browne as a Source of Biologically Active Phytochemicals for Pharmaceutical Application and Beyond-A Review.

Cuphea P. Browne (Lythraceae) is a monophyletic taxon comprising some 240-260 species that grow wild in the warm, temperate, and tropical regions of South and Central America and the southern part of North America. They have been valued as traditional medicinal remedies for numerous indications, including treating wounds, parasitic infections, hypertension, digestive disorders, cough, rheumatism, and pain. Modern pharmacological research provides data that support many of these traditional uses. Such a wide array of medicinal applications may be due to the exceptionally rich phytochemical profile of these plants, which includes bioactive compounds classified into various metabolite groups, such as polyphenols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and coumarins. Furthermore, Cuphea seed oils, containing medium-chain fatty acids, are of increasing interest in various industries as potential substitutes for coconut and palm oils. This review aims to summarize the results of phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Cuphea plants, with a particular focus on the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of the action of polyphenolic compounds (especially flavonoids and tannins), which have been the subject of many recently published articles.

Steroidal saponins from the genus Allium.

Steroidal saponins are widely distributed among monocots, including the Amaryllidaceae family to which the Allium genus is currently classified. Apart from sulfur compounds, these are important biologically active molecules that are considered to be responsible for the observed activity of Allium species, including antifungal, cytotoxic, enzyme-inhibitory, and other. In this paper, literature data concerning chemistry and biological activity of steroidal saponins from the Allium genus has been reviewed.

Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview.

Ramson-Allium ursinum L. is a medicinal and dietary plant species with a long tradition of use. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of this valuable plant, with special emphasis on antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and cardio-protective effects.

In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl. extracts related to the oenothein B content.

Cuphea ingrata is a traditional medicinal plant species of the Lythraceae family. This work reports on the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of C. ingrata and the n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions against human skin and prostate cancer cells. The selectivity of action was tested in normal skin keratinocytes HaCaT and prostate epithelial cells PNT2. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity in all three human skin cancer cell lines: A375, HTB-140, WM793, with IC50 = 15.90; 3.40; 18.75 µg/mL, respectively. To obtain comparative information on the chemical composition, a quantitative analysis of oenothein B was performed using the UHPLC-PDA method. An analysis of its cytotoxic activity was also carried out.

A Flavonoid on the Brain: Quercetin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Central Nervous System Disorders.

Quercetin is one of the most common, naturally occurring flavonoids, structurally classified to the flavonol subfamily. This compound, found in many edible and medicinal plants either as a free or glycosidated form, has been scientifically exploited for many years, and one could hardly expect it could be a hero of some additional story. Commonly recognized as an anti-inflammatory agent, quercetin not only limits capillary vessel permeability by inhibiting hyaluronidase but also blocks cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. As a typical flavonoid, it is also known for its antioxidant effect, which was confirmed by many in vitro and in vivo studies. Throughout the years, numerous other activities were reported for quercetin, including antidiabetic, anti-proliferative, or anti-viral. Of note, recent data have revealed its potential role as a therapeutic agent for several central nervous system disorders. This review provides an overview of available experimental data on quercetin and its complexes with respect to central nervous system diseases, with a main focus on some aspects that were not discussed previously, such as anti-anxiolytic effects, anti-Huntington's disease activity, or therapeutic potential in brain cancer. Moreover, quercetin's protective role in some of these diseases is discussed, especially as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent. Bearing in mind the poor bioavailability of this compound, possible options that would enhance its delivery to the site of action are also presented.

UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS profile of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata Cham. & Schltdl.

The purpose of the current study was a qualitative UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Cuphea ingrata, which led to detection of over sixty constituents: tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives. The presence of oenothein B-type macrocyclic dimeric ellagitannins seems to be of particular importance. Quercetin sulfate, that has been previously identified as characteristic chemotaxonomic marker in Cuphea carthagenensis, was found in C. ingrata, as well.

Saponins as cytotoxic agents: a review.

Saponins are natural glycosides which possess a wide range of pharmacological properties including cytotoxic activity. In this review, the recent studies (2005-2009) concerning the cytotoxic activity of saponins have been summarized. The correlations between the structure and the cytotoxicity of both steroid and triterpenoid saponins have been described as well as the most common mechanisms of action.

Anti-melanoma potential of two benzoquinone homologues embelin and rapanone - a comparative in vitro study.

Rapanone and embelin are simple alkyl benzoquinone derivatives, mainly distributed in the Primulaceae. They have an interesting scope of biological activities including cytotoxicity. As melanoma is one of the most common types of cancer, in many cases resistant to current treatment regimens, the aim of this study was to assess and compare anti-melanoma activity of the two benzoquinones. Cytotoxicity of both compounds towards different melanoma cell lines (A375, HTB140, WM793) and selectivity with respect to normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) were investigated. Furthermore, interactions with a reference chemotherapeutic, doxorubicine, were assessed. Finally, analysis of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of both benzoquinones was conducted as well. Rapanone showed selective and higher than doxorubicine cytotoxic potential against primary melanoma cell line, WM793. Although embelin was also highly cytotoxic, its selectivity was much poorer. Interestingly, in case of HTB140 and HaCaT cell lines a combination of each benzoquinone with doxorubicine potentiated the cytotoxic potential in a synergistic manner. Embelin revealed higher albumin anti-denaturation potential than rapanone but lower than diclofenac sodium. Anti-hyaluronidase effect of both benzoquinones was higher than quercetin. Both compounds showed antioxidant potential although significantly lower as compared to vitamin C. Finally, neither embelin nor rapanone had any inhibitory effect on tyrosinase.

Steroidal glycosides from the underground parts of Allium ursinum L. and their cytostatic and antimicrobial activity.

The aim of this study was the isolation and structural elucidation of steroidal glycosides from the underground parts of ramson Allium ursinum L. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based upon chromatographic methods and 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS and IR analyses. The mixture of two steroidal saponins: (25R)-spirost-5-en-3b-ol tetrasaccharide and (25R)-spirost-5, 25(27)-dien-3b-ol tetrasaccharide, along with a 3-hydroxypregna-5,16-dien-20-one glycoside were identified. The results of in vitro cytotoxic activity of the mixture of spirostanol saponins against cell lines melanoma B16 and sarcoma XC and human fibroblasts HSF are also reported. The spirostanol saponins mixture was investigated to determine its in vitro antimicrobal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis.

In vitro anti-denaturation and anti-hyaluronidase activities of extracts and galactolipids from leaves of Impatiens parviflora DC.

The in vitro anti-denaturation and anti-hyaluronidase activities of Impatiens parviflora extracts and isolated galactolipids (MGDG-1, DGDG-1) were investigated. This is the first report on these compounds in I. parviflora. All extracts showed anti-hyaluronidase activity, but only methanolic extract from fresh leaves exhibited significant activity against heat-induced denaturation of BSA in a dose-dependent manner. At 500 µg/mL, the extract and the reference drug showed 79.05% and 99.81% inhibition of protein denaturation, respectively. These results indicate that fresh leaves of I. parviflora may be beneficial in inflammatory conditions, especially those associated with protein denaturation, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The study revealed that only MGDG-1 showed weak activity in anti-denaturation assay but both galactolipids were potent inhibitors of hyaluronidase. MGDG-1 completely inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentration of 127.9 µg/mL. These results indicate the potential of galactolipids in the treatment of diseases associated with the loss of hyaluronic acid.