Microbiome composition recovery after liver transplantation correlates with initial liver disease severity and antibiotics treatment.

Liver transplantation (LT) is crucial for end-stage liver disease, but it is linked to infection risks. Pathobionts, microorganisms potentially harmful under specific conditions, can cause complications posttransplant. Monitoring such pathogens in fecal samples can be challenging and therefore remains underexplored post-LT. This study aimed to analyze the gut microbiome before and after LT, tracking pathobionts and correlating clinical data. The study involved 17 liver transplant recipients, 17 healthy relatives (spouses), and 13 donors. Gut samples collected pretranplantation and posttransplantation underwent bacterial and fungal profiling through DNA sequencing. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess microbial load. Statistical analyses included alpha and beta diversity measures, differential abundance analysis, and correlation tests between microbiome and clinical parameters. Microbiome analysis revealed dynamic changes in diversity posttransplant. Notably, high-severity patients showed persistent and greater dysbiosis during the first months post-LT compared with low-severity patients, partly due to an antibiotic treatment pre-LT. The analysis identified a higher proportion of pathogens such as Escherichia coli/Shigella flexneri in high-severity cases posttransplant. Furthermore, butyrate producers including Roseburia intestinalis, Anaerostipes hadrus, and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were positively correlated with levels of albumin. This study offers valuable insights into post-LT microbiome changes, shedding light on the need for tailored prophylactic treatment post-LT.

Cervical pessary and cerclage placement for preterm birth prevention and cervicovaginal microbiome changes.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to compare the vaginal microbiome in low-risk and high-risk pregnant women and to explore a potential association between vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A pilot, consecutive, longitudinal, multicenter study was conducted in pregnant women at 18-22 weeks of gestation. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: control (normal cervix), pessary (cervical length ≤25 mm) and cerclage (cervical length ≤25 mm or history of preterm birth). Analysis and comparison of vaginal microbiota as a primary outcome was performed at inclusion and at 30 weeks of gestation, along with a follow-up of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. We assessed the vaginal microbiome of pregnant women presenting a short cervix with that of pregnant women having a normal cervix, and compared the vaginal microbiome of women with a short cervix before and after placement of a cervical pessary or a cervical cerclage. RESULTS: The microbiome of our control cohort was dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus and inners. Five community state types were identified and microbiome diversity did not change significantly over 10 weeks in controls. On the other hand, a short cervix was associated with a lower microbial load and higher microbial richness, and was not correlated with Lactobacillus relative abundance. After intervention, the cerclage group (n = 19) had a significant increase in microbial richness and a shift towards community state types driven by various bacterial species, including Lactobacillus mulieris, unidentified Bifidobacterium or Enterococcus. These changes were not significantly observed in the pessary (n = 26) and control (n = 35) groups. The cerclage group had more threatened preterm labor episodes and poorer outcomes than the control and pessary groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that a short cervix is associated with an altered vaginal microbiome community structure. The use of a cerclage for preterm birth prevention, as compared with a pessary, was associated with a microbial community harboring a relatively low abundance of Lactobacillus, with more threatened preterm labor episodes, and with poorer clinical outcomes.

Dysbiosis: An Indicator of COVID-19 Severity in Critically Ill Patients.

Here, we examined the dynamics of the gut and respiratory microbiomes in severe COVID-19 patients in need of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). We recruited 85 critically ill patients (53 with COVID-19 and 32 without COVID-19) and 17 healthy controls (HCs) and monitored them for up to 4 weeks. We analyzed the bacterial and fungal taxonomic profiles and loads of 232 gut and respiratory samples and we measured the blood levels of Interleukin 6, IgG, and IgM in COVID-19 patients. Upon ICU admission, the bacterial composition and load in the gut and respiratory samples were altered in critically ill patients compared with HCs. During their ICU stay, the patients experienced increased bacterial and fungal loads, drastic decreased bacterial richness, and progressive changes in bacterial and fungal taxonomic profiles. In the gut samples, six bacterial taxa could discriminate ICU-COV(+) from ICU-COV(-) cases upon ICU admission and the bacterial taxa were associated according to age, PaO2/FiO2, and CRP levels. In the respiratory samples of the ICU-COV(+) patients, bacterial signatures including Pseudomonas and Streptococcus were found to be correlated with the length of ICU stay. Our findings demonstrated that the gut and respiratory microbiome dysbiosis and bacterial signatures associated with critical illness emerged as biomarkers of COVID-19 severity and could be a potential predictor of ICU length of stay. We propose using a high-throughput sequencing approach as an alternative to traditional isolation techniques to monitor ICU patient infection.

Associated factors to urinary incontinence in women undergoing urodynamic testing.

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) among women submitted to urodynamic testing. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 150 women attended at a urological center. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: White women (79.3%), overweight (45.3%), menopausal (53.3%), who drink coffee (82.7%), sedentary (65.3%), who had vaginal birth (51.4%), with episiotomy (80%), and who underwent the Kristeller maneuver (69%). 60.7% had Urethral Hypermobility (UH). A statistical association was found between: weight change and UH (p = 0.024); menopause, Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency (ISD) and Detrusor Instability (DI) (p = 0.001); gynecological surgery, ISD and DI (p = 0.014); hysterectomy and all types of UI (p = 0.040); physical activity and mixed UI (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Interventions and guidance on preventing UI and strengthening pelvic muscles should be directed at women who present weight changes, who are sedentary menopausal women, and those who have undergone hysterectomy or other gynecological surgery. Studies on pelvic strengthening methods are needed in order to take into account the profile of the needs presented by women. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados à Incontinência Urinária (IU) entre mulheres submetidas a estudo urodinâmico. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado com 150 mulheres atendidas em um centro urológico. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística uni e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Mulheres brancas (79,3%), com sobrepeso (45,3%), na menopausa (53,3%), que ingeriam café (82,7%), sedentárias (65,3%), que fizeram parto normal (51,4%), com episiotomia (80%), que sofreram Manobra de Kristeller (69%). 60,7% apresentavam HipermobilidadeUretral (HU).Houve associação estatística entre: mudança de peso e HU (p=0,024); menopausa,Deficiência Esfincteriana Intrínseca (DEI) e Instabilidade Detrusora (ID) (p=0,001); cirurgia ginecológica, DEI e ID (p=0,014); histerectomia etodos os tipos de IU (p=0,040); realização de atividade física eIU mista (p=0,014). CONCLUSÃO: Intervenções e orientações quanto à prevenção da IU e ao fortalecimento da musculatura pélvica devem ser voltadas amulheres que apresentam mudança de peso, sedentárias, que se encontram na menopausa e àquelas que realizaram histerectomia ou outra cirurgia ginecológica. São necessários estudos sobre métodos de fortalecimento pélvico, de modo a contemplar o perfil dasnecessidades apresentadaspelas mulheres.

Integrating Dietary Data into Microbiome Studies: A Step Forward for Nutri-Metaomics.

Diet is recognised as the main driver of changes in gut microbiota. However, linking habitual dietary intake to microbiome composition and activity remains a challenge, leaving most microbiome studies with little or no dietary information. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted two consecutive studies (n = 84: a first pilot study (n = 40) to build a web-based, semi-quantitative simplified FFQ (sFFQ) based on three 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs); a second study (n = 44) served to validate the newly developed sFFQ using three 24HRs as reference method and to relate gut microbiome profiling (16S rRNA gene) with the extracted dietary and lifestyle data. Relative validation analysis provided acceptable classification and agreement for 13 out of 24 (54%) food groups and 20 out of 29 nutrients (69%) based on intraclass correlation coefficient, cross-classification, Spearman's correlation, Wilcoxon test, and Bland-Altman. Microbiome analysis showed that higher diversity was positively associated with age, vaginal birth, and intake of fruit. In contrast, microbial diversity was negatively associated with BMI, processed meats, ready-to-eat meals, sodium, and saturated fat. Our analysis also revealed a correlation between food groups or nutrients and microbial composition. Overall, we provide the first dietary assessment tool to be validated and correlated with microbiome data for population studies.

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in healthy pregnant Brazilian women.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Physiological and anatomical changes of pregnancy are risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) in healthy pregnant women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in pregnant Brazilian women who enrolled in the primary health-care system in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil. Face-to-face interview and completion of two-part questionnaire were administered and done which evaluated the presence of LUTS pre- and during pregnancy. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Five hundred pregnant women were enrolled ranging from first to third trimester. LUTS present in 63.8% in these women; the main associated risk factors were multiparity and prepregnancy LUTS as well as smoking, constipation, and daily coffee intake. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UI during pregnancy is high, highlighting the presence of the risk factors associated with UI during pregnancy.

[Health and quality of life of medical residents]. / Saúde e qualidade de vida de médicos residentes.

OBJECTIVE: This article highlights the relationship between health and quality of life among the resident medical staff. METHODS: A review was carried out to analyze the content of the relationship under study. Sources for this search were the Virtual Health Library (VHL), by BIREME (Centro Latino-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information), the Electronic databases Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System On-Line) Lilacs (Literatura Latino-American and Caribbean Health Sciences), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and the email address scholar.google.com.br. Descriptors used were: Quality of life, Burnout, Internship and Residency. Planning and analysis of scientific literature, was performed to evaluate and discuss issues presented in the studies related to the subject, considering the distribution of publications according to country of origin, date of publication, source and title, focus of study and main conclusions. RESULTS: Studies published point to high rates of burnout, stress, depression, fatigue and insomnia among medical residents; moreover a lack of coping strategies, the relationship between workload and quality of life, require a change of medical legislation regarding work-based learning. CONCLUSION: Studies have shown that an adequate training program is needed not only to increase professional qualification and personal quality of life, but also to provide safety during patient treatment. It is known that residency training is stressful; it is nevertheless a process required to prepare for a solid career and personal growth of the young medical staff.

Clean intermittent catheterization: educational booklet directed to caregivers of children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to propose a systematic teaching and learning strategy for Brazilian caregivers of children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction(NBD), by using an illustrated booklet written in Portuguese. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Caregivers of children requiring clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) were approached when attending the pediatric urology outpatient clinic of Hospital de Base in Sao Jose do Rio Preto city, Brazil. METHODS: After educational sessions, a supervised procedure was done, with the child's caregiver observing the technique. RESULTS: Twenty-three caregivers of children with NBD provided feedback on a CIC teaching booklet. The children were all cared for at the pediatric urology outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital in Sao Jose do Rio Preto city, Brazil. The booklet was evaluated as "excellent" concerning organization and the quality of the illustrations by the majority of the caregivers. All caregivers stated that they had developed the ability to perform CIC successfully; 61% evaluated their learning process as "excellent," whereas 39% evaluated it as "good." CONCLUSION: The booklet successfully reached the goals and now is implemented in orientations about CIC.

[Comparative study of two classification criteria used in the Family Health Program to prioritize treatment of dental caries in 5-to-12 year-old children]. / Estudo comparativo de dois critérios utilizados no Programa Saúde da Família na priorização do tratamento da cárie entre crianças de 5 a 12 anos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate two classification criteria used to prioritize treatment of dental caries under the Brazilian Family Health Program. The study was held in Ipiguá, São Paulo State, and included 538 five-to-twelve-year-old children. The children underwent an oral examination and assessment of two classification criteria in order to prioritize restorative dental treatment. Based on caries activity, 236 children (75.4%) were prioritized for dental care, while the criterion based on amount and size of the cavity included 73 children (23.4%). Using the two criteria, 186 children (59.4%) were not classified with the same priority for restorative treatment. Determining the precedence for restorative dental treatment must be based on the caries activity, number of cavities, need for treatment, and type of dentition involved (deciduous or permanent). Subjective measures can also be used as a supplement for more rational planning.

[Access to diagnosis of tuberculosis in Brazilian medium-sized municipality]. / Acesso ao diagnóstico da tuberculose em município brasileiro de médio porte.

OBJETIVO: Evaluating access to tuberculosis diagnosis, from the perspective of patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 108 tuberculosis patients. Data were collected using the brazilian instrument Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT-Brazil, adapted for attention to tuberculosis, including socio-economic and demographic indicators, location of diagnosis and diagnostic access tuberculosis. The analysis of the data was of frequency, average, standard deviation, confidence interval and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Most cases were diagnosed in hospitals (52.8%). The patient sought the Health Unit on average three times until receiving medical care. The indicators of difficulty of displacement, expenditure on motorized transport and consultation within 24 hours to discover the disease were not satisfactory and regular. The chi-square test showed a statistical association between diagnosis location and seeking the nearest health unit from home. CONCLUSIONS: There are weaknesses in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary care. There are many challenges to be faced to strengthen this level of health care, with organizational capacity to overcome the shortcomings related to the patient and the service that make it difficult to access the diagnosis of the disease.

Recurrent pneumonia caused by genetic immunodeficiency: a prophylactic and rehabilitative approach.

Recurrent infections are a consequence of a series of genetic diseases characterized by deficiency in the immunological response. One of these diseases is the agammaglobulinemia, which is characterized by the basic defect in the maturation of lymphocytes B. The carrier of this kind of immunodeficiency, which is linked to the X (XLA) chromosome, has had primary pneumonias that have evolved into secondary pneumonias (chronic lungs with sequelae) after the third or fourth year of life. The clinical and rehabilitative quest for prophylaxis against the XLA immunodeficiency is accomplished in order to avoid the evolution of the bacterial infection into sequelae and loss of pulmonary function, which propitiates the recurrence of the disease and deteriorates the life quality of the patient. Forty cases of recurrent respiratory infections were studied. Some of them were associated with primary respiratory diseases without investigation of serum immunoglobulins and some were not. Casuistics was performed according to data from medical records with pertinent treatments collected from January 1997 to September 2004 at the Specialized Physiotherapy Center. Age average was 2.7 years of life. It is statistically impossible to precise results concerning only the immunosuppressed patients due to the lack of specific diagnosis. That is explained by the fact that recurrent XLA pneumonias may be attributed to the gastroesophageal reflux disease or to bronchial asthma. However, the improved results showed by the pulmonary function as preventive strategy were attributed to the respiratory physiotherapy, since intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapies were not performed. Respiratory physiotherapy acts as a supportive factor in the healing process and occupies a fundamental role in the prophylaxis against recurrent respiratory clinical features, especially those of obstructive and secretionary characteristics.

Puerperae bonding with their children and labor experiences.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the degree of bonding of puerperae with their babies, both in isolation and associated with experiences during and after labor. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out among 200 puerperae in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. To evaluate the mother-child bond, we used the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS). RESULTS: The mean age of puerperae was 26.4 years; most women were white (60.0%), were married (87.5%), and had an elementary education (51.5%). Most deliveries were cesarean (80.0% of cases); 68.0% of women had no pain during labor, and only 54% had skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery. Type of labor and pain did not significantly change the maternal bond, and the lack of skin-to-skin contact negatively influenced the bond. CONCLUSIONS: Pueperae participants had a high degree of bonding with their babies that is mainly related to history of skin-to-skin contact. Nurses must promote strategies that encourage skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn in the delivery room.

Quality of working life of call-center workers. / Qualidade de vida profissional de atendentes de central de telecomunicações.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the profile and quality of working life (QWL) of call-center workers. METHOD: quantitative research, conducted in one call-center of the city of São José do Rio Preto - SP, using the QVP-35 questionnaire. RESULTS: profile was composed by: 80.2% women; 66.3% were single, with high school diploma and 6 hours of daily working hours; mean age of 28 years; 92.9% had only one job with mean working experience of 3 years. Positive aspects of QWL: intrinsic motivation, working ability, available resources and social support. Negative aspects of QWL: workload and organizational support. CONCLUSION: the data obtained indicate the need for better organization of call-center working processes in the company and suggests other researches in this context.

Análise de custos de um serviço de atenção domiciliar público e o perfil dos pacientes assistidos / Análisis de costes de un servicio de atención domiciliaria públicayel perfil de los pacientes asistidos / Patient profile and cost analysis of a public home care service

RESUMO Introdução: A Atenção Domiciliar Pública no Brasil, integrada à Rede de Atenção à Saúde, abrange ações prestadas em domicílio, tais como, a prevenção de agravos e a promoção à saúde. Visa principalmente a desospitalização, resultando em humanização da assistência ao usuário e a redução dos custos. Objetivos: Investigar junto a um Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar, o perfil de pacientes assistidos e os custos relacionados à assistência domiciliar e na ocorrência de internações hospitalares. Material e Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e de corte transversal, conduzida em um Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar público, em um município paulista. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se de três fontes de informações: prontuário do paciente, base de dados eletrônicos do centro de custos e do departamento de regulação e controle da secretaria municipal de saúde, dos pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar, no ano de 2014. O tratamento estatístico descritivo foi utilizado para a análise dos dados. Resultados: Um total de 856 pacientes constituíram a amostra; 791 apenas com Atenção Domiciliar e 95 (12,4%) foram hospitalizados.Houve predomínio de homens; usuários idosos; casados ou viúvos; analfabetos e com origem do setor primário de saúde. O custo médio paciente/dia do atendimento domiciliar foi de R$ 28,26-dp4,10 (US$ 12.03 - dp1.74), enquanto o custo médio paciente/dia de internação hospitalar foi de R$294,46 -dp308,69 (US$ 125.30 - dp131.36). Conclusões: Os idosos foram os maiores usuários do serviço; o componente que mais impactou o custo total foram as despesas com pessoal. O total dos custos muito menores do sistema domiciliar em relação ao hospitalar reitera a viabilidade e a importância do Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar vinculado ao Sistema Único de Saúde, sob a perspectiva para um melhor uso dos recursos públicos.

resumen Introducción: la Atención Domiciliaria Pública en Brasil, integrada a la Red de Atención a la Salud, abarca acciones prestadas a domicilio, tales como, la prevención de agravios y la promoción a la salud. Pretende principalmente la "desospitalización", resultando una humanización de la asistencia al usuario y la reducción de los costes. Objetivos: investigar juntamente a un Servicio de Atención Domiciliaria, el perfil de pacientes asistidos y los costes relacionados a la asistencia domiciliaria y en la ocurrencia de internaciones hospitalarias. Material y Método: investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y de corte transversal, conducida enun Servicio público de Atención Domiciliaria, en un municipio de São Paulo-Brasil. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizaron tres fuentes de informaciones: registros médicos del paciente, base de datos electrónicos del centro de costes yel departamento de regulación y control de la secretaria municipal de salud, de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Atención Domiciliaria, en el año de 2014. El tratamiento estadístico descriptivo fue utilizado para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: un total de 856 pacientes constituyeron la muestra; 791 solo con Atención Domiciliaria y 95 (12,4%) fueron hospitalizados. Hubo el predominio de hombres; usuarios ancianos; casados o viudos; analfabetos y con origen del sector primario de salud. El coste medio paciente/día de atención domiciliaria fue de R$ 28,26 - dp 4,10(US$ 12.03 - dp 1.74), mientras que el coste medio paciente/día de internación hospitalaria fue de R$294,46 -dp 308,69 (US$ 125.30 - dp 131.36). Conclusiones: los ancianos fueron los mayores usuarios del servicio; el componente que más impactó en el coste total fueron los costes del personal. El total de los costes mucho menores del sistema domiciliaria en relación con el hospitalario reitera la viabilidad y la importancia del Servicio de Atención Domiciliaria vinculado al Sistema Único de Salud, bajo la perspectiva para un mejor uso de los recursos públicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Public Home Health Care in Brazil covers actions taken at home, for disease prevention and health promotion, in integration with the primary health care network. It mainly aims at de-hospitalization, resulting in the humanization of assistance to users, and cost reduction. Objective: To investigate, by means of a Home Care Service, the profile of assisted patients and the costs involved in home care and in the occurrence of hospital admissions. Method: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional research conducted at a public Home Care Service, in a city in São Paulo. For data collection, three sources of information were used: patient records, electronic database belonging to the cost center and to the regulation and control body of the municipal health department referring to patients cared for by the Home Care Service in 2014. Descriptive statistical treatment was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 856 patients composed the sample, 791 of which were provided with Home Care only, while 95 (12.4%) were hospitalized; there was a predominance of men, elderly, married or widowed individuals and illiterate users coming from the primary health sector; the average patient/day cost of the home care was R$ 28,26 - SD 4,10 (US$ 12.03 - SD 1.74), while the average patient/day cost of hospitalization was R$ 294,46 - SD 308,69 (US$ 125.30 - SD 131.36). Conclusion: The elderly were the main users of the service; the component that most impacted the total cost was personnel expenses, and the much lower costs of the home care system compared to hospital care reiterates the feasibility and importance of the Home Care Service linked to the Brazilian Unified Health System, with a view to better using public resources.

[Nursing absenteeism: experience with workers at a teaching hospital]. / Afastamentos do trabalho na enfermagem: ocorrências com trabalhadores de um hospital de ensino.

The nursing work conditions are surrounded by physical and chemical risks that result in a high number of absences as well as leaves. The purpose of this study was to characterize the absences of nursing workers from a University Hospital located in the city of São José do Rio Preto-SP during the year of 1999. This is a census epidemiological investigation. Data were collected from registries of the Hospital Workers' Attendance Center. Results showed that 333 workers were involved in 662 episodes of absences during this period. Sick leaves of nurses, nursing technicians and auxiliaries occurred mainly due to genitourinary tract disorders and other diseases. With respect to nursing aids, the causes of absences were: disturbances in sensory organs, infectious parasitic and respiratory diseases. These data enabled a better analysis of that hospital's environment as well as the improvement of these professionals' work conditions.

[The use of intravenous oxytocin in deliveries nursing assistance]. / ASSISTÊNCIA À PARTURIENTE SUBMETIDA À INFUSÃO ENDOVENOSA CONTÍNUA DE OCITOCINA.

This paper emphasizes the importance of specialized nursing assistance to the woman in labor when contractions are stimulated by infusion containing oxytocin. The author describes the procedures recommended in the litterature for the treatment and for control of mother and child conditions during the firts phase of delivery.

"Dual causation accident": a third type of work-related accident and its importance for occupational health surveillance.

The scope of this study is to contribute to the improvement of Occupational Health Surveillance in the Unified Health System (UHS), through the recognition and inclusion of a third type of work-related accident in the current Brazilian legislation classification: the dual causation accident. This classification aims at facilitating the establishment of a causal connection, thus broadening the understanding of the relationship between work process and the production of diseases. It also aims at improving legal rules to protect the health of workers. This approach, besides enabling the identification of sentinel events (starting point of surveillance activities), might contribute not only to a decrease in underreporting of work-related accidents, but also to the uniformity of concepts and the implementation of integrated actions of the National Social Security Institute (NISS), the UHS, the Ministry of Labor (MLE) and the Judiciary for the protection of workers. To propose a third type of occupational accident, a study of occupational accidents and causes of underreporting was conducted, with reference to the Brazilian labor legislation in the context of the National Policy on Occupational Health and the UHS.

Pluralidade do nexo causal em acidente de trabalho/doença ocupacional: estudo de base legal no Brasil / Plurality of the causal nexus in occupational accidents/diseases: a legal basis study in Brazil

Resumo Introdução: a determinação do nexo causal do acidente de trabalho/doença ocupacional é de suma importância, pois sua análise envolve fatores ideológicos, éticos, humanísticos e legais, sendo realizada nos âmbitos trabalhista, previdenciário e cível. Objetivo: identificar e sistematizar atos normativos legais para subsidiar a compreensão interpretativa do nexo causal entre o sinistro laboral e o trabalho, nos âmbitos trabalhista, previdenciário e cível. Métodos: ensaio crítico-reflexivo, com base em levantamento e sistematização da legislação trabalhista brasileira que dá suporte ao estabelecimento do nexo causal no acidente do trabalho pelos atores sociais legalmente responsáveis por sua determinação. Resultados: são identificadas três modalidades de nexo causal: trabalhista, pelos Serviços Especializados de Engenharia de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho (SESMT); previdenciário, pelo Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS); e cível, pela Justiça do Trabalho. A Lei nº 8.213/1991 é referência comum para as três instituições; outros atos legais normativos são específicos no âmbito de cada instituição: as Normas Regulamentadoras do Trabalho (SESMT); a Instrução Normativa 31 (INSS) e o Código Civil (Justiça do Trabalho). Conclusão: o uso correto da legislação facilita o estabelecimento do elo entre o acidente e o trabalho, auxiliando na sua compreensão, padronização, diminuição de conflitos e aumento da notificação.

Abstract Introduction: determining the causal nexus of occupational accidents/diseases is very important, because its analysis involves ideological, ethical, humanistic, and legal factors, and it takes place in the occupational, social security, and civil law spheres. Objective: to identify and systematize normative legal acts to support the interpretive understanding of the causal nexus between occupational accidents and work, in the occupational, social security, and civil law spheres. Methods: critical-reflective essay, based on gathering and systematization of the Brazilian labor law that gives support to the establishment of the occupational accidents causal nexus by the social actors who are legally responsible for its determination. Results: three types of legal causal nexus were identified: job-related, by the Specialized Services in Safety Engineering and Occupational Medicine (SESMT); social security, by the National Institute of Social Security (INSS); and civil law, by the Labor Court. Law No. 8,213/1991 is the common reference for the three mentioned institutions; other normative legal acts are specific within each institution: the Occupational Regulatory Standards (SESMT); the Normative Instruction 31 (INSS), and the Civil Code (Labor Court). Conclusion: the correct use of the law may help to establish the relationship between accident and work, assisting in its understanding, standardization, in reducing conflicts and increasing notifications.

Acesso ao diagnóstico da tuberculose em município brasileiro de médio porte / Access to diagnosis of tuberculosis in Brazilian medium-sized municipality / Acceso al diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en un municipio brasileño de mediano porte

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose, na perspectiva dos doentes. Métodos Estudo transversal, com 108 doentes de tuberculose. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validado para o Brasil, adaptado para atenção a tuberculose, incluiu indicadores socioeconómicos e demográficos, local do diagnóstico e de acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose. A análise dos dados foi de frequência, média, desvio-padrão, intervalo de confiança e teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados A maioria dos casos foi diagnosticada em hospitais (52,8%). O doente procurou a Unidade de Saúde em média três vezes, para conseguir atendimento. Os indicadores dificuldade de deslocamento, gasto com transporte motorizado e consulta no prazo de 24 horas para descoberta da doença foram não satisfatórios e regulares. Conseguir consulta para descobrir a tuberculose em 24 horas, foi não satisfatório. O teste qui-quadrado mostrou associação estatística entre locais de diagnóstico e procura pela unidade de saúde mais próxima da casa. Conclusão O diagnóstico precoce da Tuberculose na Atenção Primária apresenta fragilidades. São muitos desafios a serem enfrentados para o fortalecimento deste nível de atenção a saúde, com capacidade organizacional para a superação das deficiências relacionadas ao doente e ao serviço que dificultam o acesso ao diagnóstico da doença.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetivo Evaluating access to tuberculosis diagnosis, from the perspective of patients. Methods Cross-sectional study with 108 tuberculosis patients. Data were collected using the brazilian instrument Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT-Brazil, adapted for attention to tuberculosis, including socio-economic and demographic indicators, location of diagnosis and diagnostic access tuberculosis. The analysis of the data was of frequency, average, standard deviation, confidence interval and Chi-square test. Results Most cases were diagnosed in hospitals (52.8%). The patient sought the Health Unit on average three times until receiving medical care. The indicators of difficulty of displacement, expenditure on motorized transport and consultation within 24 hours to discover the disease were not satisfactory and regular. The chi-square test showed a statistical association between diagnosis location and seeking the nearest health unit from home. Conclusions There are weaknesses in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary care. There are many challenges to be faced to strengthen this level of health care, with organizational capacity to overcome the shortcomings related to the patient and the service that make it difficult to access the diagnosis of the disease.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el acceso al diagnóstico de tuberculosis, desde la perspectiva de los enfermos. Métodos Estudio transversal con 108 pacientes de tuberculosis. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando el instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool -PCAT-Brasil- . El análisis de los datos incluyeron frecuencia, media, desviación estándar, intervalo de confianza y prueba Chi-cuadrado. Resultados La mayoría de los casos fueron diagnosticados en hospitales (52,8%). El paciente buscó la Unidad de Salud en promedio tres veces, para conseguir atención. Los indicadores dificultad de desplazamiento, gasto con transporte motorizado y consulta en el plazo de 24 horas para el descubrimiento de la enfermedad, no fueron satisfactorios o regulares. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado mostró una asociación estadística entre el lugar de diagnóstico y la búsqueda de la unidad de salud más cercana al hogar. Conclusión El diagnóstico precoz de la tuberculosis en la Atención Primaria presenta fallas. Son muchos los desafíos a enfrentar para mejorar la atención, la capacidad organizacional para superar las deficiencias relacionadas con el enfermo y el servicio, que dificultan el acceso al diagnóstico de la enfermedad.(AU)

Queixas de distúrbios osteomusculares em aprimorandos e aperfeiçoandos atuantes em um hospital de ensino / Complaints of osteomuscular problems in enhancement and improvements in a teaching hospital

Objetivo: verificar a ocorrência de problemas musculoesqueléticos e os principais fatores associados entre aprimorandos e aperfeiçoandos de diferentes profissões da área da saúde. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, de base populacional, entre 104 profissionais de diferentes áreas da saúde, de ambos os sexos, ligados ao Programa de Aperfeiçoamento e Aprimoramento de uma Faculdade de Medicina do interior paulista. Os dados foram obtidos pelo Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares QNSO. Resultados:41,4% tinham problemas na região lombar; 33,9% problemas no quadril e nos membros inferiores e 30,1%problemas na região dorsal. As associações mostraram que a maioria dos enfermeiros (63,6%) e fisioterapeutas(65,38%) costuma carregar peso e sentir dor lombar. Houve significância estatística entre queixas de sintomas e horas de trabalho. 90,9% relataram alguma queixa psíquica. Conclusão: a prática profissional exercida nos moldes de aperfeiçoamento e aprimoramento apresenta fatores de risco para agravos ósteo-músculoarticulares, em especial, entre enfermeiros e fisioterapeutas.