ExpoNano: A Strategy Based on Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers Achieves Urinary Exposome Assessment for Biomonitoring.

Urinary analysis of exogenous and endogenous molecules constitutes an efficient, noninvasive approach to evaluate human health status. However, the exposome characterization of urinary molecules remains extremely challenging with current techniques. Herein, we develop an ExpoNano strategy based on hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) to achieve ultrahigh-throughput measurement of exo/endogenous molecules in urine. The strategy includes a simple trapping-detrapping procedure (15 min) with HCPs in enzymatically treated urine, followed by mass spectrometer determination. Molecules that can be determined by ExpoNano have a wide range of molecular weight (75-837 Da) and Log Kow (octanol-water partition coefficient; -9.86 to 10.56). The HCPs can be repeatedly used five times without decreasing the trapping efficiency. Application of ExpoNano in a biomonitoring study revealed a total of 63 environmental chemicals detected in >50% of the urine pools collected from Chinese adults living in 13 cities, with a median concentration of 0.026-47 ng/mL, while nontargeted analysis detected an additional 243 exogenous molecules. Targeted and nontargeted analysis also detected 926 endogenous molecules in pooled urine. Collectively, the ExpoNano strategy demonstrates unique advantages over traditional urine analysis approaches, including a wide range of analytes, satisfactory trapping efficiency, high simplicity and reusability, and extremely reduced time demand and financial cost.

MiR-221-3p and miR-92a-3p enhances smoking-induced inflammation in COPD.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is likely to facilitate airway inflammation and finally contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This investigation was intended to elucidate miRNAs that were involved in smoking-induced COPD. METHODS: Altogether 155 COPD patients and 77 healthy volunteers were recruited, and their serum levels of miR-221-3p and miR-92a-3p were determined. Besides, human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBECs) were purchased, and they were treated by varying concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The 16HBECs were, additionally, transfected by miR-221-3p mimic, miR-92a-3p mimic, miR-221-3p inhibitor or miR-92a-3p inhibitor, and cytokines released by them, including TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1ß, and TGF-ß1, were monitored using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients possessed higher serum levels of miR-221-3p and miR-92a-3p than healthy volunteers (p < 0.05), and both miR-221-3p and miR-92a-3p were effective biomarkers in diagnosing stable COPD from acute exacerbation COPD. Moreover, viability of 16HBECs was undermined by CSE treatment (p < 0.05), and exposure to CSE facilitated 16HBECs' release of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1ß, and TGF-ß1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, miR-221-3p/miR-92a-3p expression in 16HBECs was significantly suppressed after transfection of miR-221-3p/miR-92a-3p inhibitor (p < 0.05), which abated CSE-triggered increase in cytokine production and decline in viability of 16HBECs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MiR-221-3p and miR-92a-3p were involved in CSE-induced hyperinflammation of COPD, suggesting that they were favorable alternatives in diagnosing COPD patients with smoking history.

MicroRNA-122 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via targeting FoxO3.

OBJECTIVE: -microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel regulators for cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-122 is well recognized as a promising therapeutic target in liver disease, whereas recently plays important roles in cardiovascular diseases. The current study aimed to explore the effect of miR-122 on the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS: -The cardiomyocytes isolated from the neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) were collected and performed to Angiotensin II (Ang II) administration. We observed a dramatically increased miR-122 expression in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. The NRVMs transfected with miR-122 mimic or negative control were utilized for the functional analysis. Overexpression of miR-122 increased the morphology size of cardiomyocytes and promoted the pro-hypertrophic genes expression, whereas downregulated the anti-hypertrophic genes upon Ang II stimulation. The bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays exhibited that miR-122 directly targeted FoxO3 and attenuated its gene level in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Moreover, miR-122 negatively regulated FoxO3 but promoted calcineurin signaling pathway activation. Importantly, FoxO3 overexpression significantly reversed the effect of miR-122 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: -Collected, our finding demonstrated that miR-122 accelerated the development of cardiomyocytes hypertrophy partially via directly regulation of FoxO3-calcineurin pathway.

Tunable Synthesis of 2-Ene-1,4-diones, 4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones, and 2-(Furan-3-yl)acetamides via Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Allenols.

An efficient and regioselective synthesis of 2-ene-1,4-diones, 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones, or 2-(furan-3-yl)acetamides is successfully realized through palladium-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions of allenols with aryl iodides and carbon monoxide in the presence of tertiary amines. Interestingly, the selectivity depends on the substitution patterns of the allenol substrates. To be specific, from the reaction of allenols with no substituent attached on the internal position of the allenic moiety, 2-ene-1,4-diones or 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones were formed selectively through carbonylation of aryl iodide followed by acylation of allenol with the in situ formed acyl palladium species, ß-hydride elimination of the in situ formed allyl palladium complex, and further tautomerization or intramolecular aldol reaction. From the reaction of allenols bearing a substituent at the internal position of the allenic unit, on the other hand, diversely substituted 2-(furan-3-yl)acetamides were formed through a cascade process combining carbonylation of aryl iodide, acylation, and carbonylation of allenol followed by intramolecular condensation and amination by tertiary amine featuring an oxidant-free C-N bond cleavage.

Peptidomics Analysis of Transient Regeneration in the Neonatal Mouse Heart.

Neonatal mouse hearts have completely regenerative capability after birth, but the ability to regenerate rapidly lost after 7 days, the mechanism has not been clarified. Previous studies have shown that mRNA profile of adult mouse changed greatly compared to neonatal mouse. So far, there is no research of peptidomics related to heart regeneration. In order to explore the changes of proteins, enzymes, and peptides related to the transient regeneration, we used comparative petidomics technique to compare the endogenous peptides in the mouse heart of postnatal 1 and 7 days. In final, we identified 236 differentially expressed peptides, 169 of which were upregulated and 67 were downregulated in the postnatal 1 day heart, and also predicted 36 functional peptides associated with transient regeneration. The predicted 36 candidate peptides are located in the important domains of precursor proteins and/or contain the post-transcriptional modification (PTM) sites, which are involved in the biological processes of cardiac development, cardiac muscle disease, cell proliferation, necrosis, and apoptosis. In conclusion, for the first time, we compared the peptidomics profiles of neonatal heart between postnatal 1 day and postnatal 7 day. This study provides a new direction and an important basis for the mechanism research of transient regeneration in neonatal heart. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2828-2840, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Peptidomic Analysis of Cultured Cardiomyocytes Exposed to Acute Ischemic-Hypoxia.

BACKGROUND: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease involving disruption of blood flow to the heart, consequent tissue damage, and sometimes death. Peptidomics, an emerging branch of proteomics, has attracted wide attention. METHODS: A comparative peptidomic profiling was used to explore changes induced by acute ischemic-hypoxia in primary cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells. Analysis of six-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labelled peptides was performed using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled online with an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. RESULTS: A total of 220 differentially expressed peptides originating from 119 proteins were identified, of which 37 were upregulated and 183 were downregulated in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/ischemia conditions. Many of the identified peptides were derived from functional domains of proteins closely associated with cardiomyocyte structure or AMI. CONCLUSION: Numerous peptides may be involved in process of AMI. These results pave the way for future functional studies of the identified peptides.

Synthesis of Different Shapes ZnFe2O4­BiOCl Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in Cyclohexanol.

Nanosheet and hierarchical microsphere nanostructures of ZnFe2O4­BiOCl nanocomposites with various ZnFe2O4 contents were prepared through hydrothermal deposition method. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared samples were systematically characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmert-Teller method, and photoluminescence spectra. The photocatalytic activities of the two different shapes of ZnFe2O4­BiOCl composites have been evaluated by photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in cyclohexanol under UV light irradiation. The results showed that cyclohexanol was oxidized to cyclohexanone (CH), and CO2 was reduced and then reacted with cyclohexanol to produce cyclohexyl formate (CF). The ZnFe2O4­BiOCl composites with different shapes showed much higher CF and CH yields than those of pristine BiOCl and mechanically mixed samples, respectively. When the ZnFe2O4 content in the composites reached 9%, two different shapes of ZnFe2O­BiOCl composites both achieved the highest photocatalytic activities. In contrast, the activities for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in cyclohexanol over hierarchical microsphere ZnFe2O4­BiOCl composites were higher than those of nanosheet structure samples. The higher activities over hierarchical microsphere composites could be attributed to its unique hierarchical structure, large illumination area, and low Photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity, which were beneficial for the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. This work provided a novel approach for the design and construction of highly efficient photocatalyst and reaction system for photoreduction of CO2.

Effect of LYRM1 knockdown on proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and mitochondrial function in the P19 cell model of cardiac differentiation in vitro.

To explore the effects of LYRM1 knockdown on proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and mitochondrial function in the embryonic carcinoma (P19) cell model of cardiac differentiation. Knockdown of LYRM1 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8) proliferation assays and cell cycle analysis demonstrated that LYRM1 gene silencing significantly inhibited P19 cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and measurement of their caspase-3 activities revealed that knockdown of LYRM1 increased P19 cell apoptosis. Observation of morphological changes using an inverted microscope and expression analysis of specific differentiation marker genes using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed that knockdown of LYRM1 significantly inhibited the differentiation of P19 cells into cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR applied to detect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number implied that there was no significant difference in the LYRM1 knockdown group compared with the control group. Cellular ATP production investigated by luciferase-based luminescence assay was dramatically decreased in differentiated cells transfected with LYRM1 RNAi. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometery were used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) showed that the level of ROS was dramatically increased and MMP was obviously decreased in differentiated cells transfected with LYRM1 RNAi. Collectively, knockdown of LYRM1 promoted apoptosis and suppressed proliferation and differentiation in P19 cells. In addition, knockdown of LYRM1 induced mitochondrial impairment in P19 cells during differentiation, which was reflected by decreased ATP synthesis, lower MMP and increased ROS levels.

Prediction of spontaneous closure of isolated ventricular septal defects in utero and postnatal life.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a highly prevalent fetal congenital heart defect, which can become spontaneously closed during infancy. The current study aims to characterize fetal VSDs that were subsequently spontaneously closed in the first 2 years of life in eastern China. METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2013, 257 fetal patients diagnosed with isolated VSD by fetal echocardiography at Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, China, were enrolled in the study. Subjects were divided into three groups: group 1 = persistent VSD; group 2 = closed after birth; group 3 = closed during gestation. Fetal echocardiography data, physical features at birth and follow-up outcomes for 2 years were compared to identify factors contributing to spontaneous closure (SC) of VSD. A predictive formula was applied to patients admitted to hospital in the first quarter of 2014 (n = 23) for validation. RESULTS: SC occurred in 42.8% patients. Birth weight (3.095 ± 0.774, 3.174 ± 0.535, 3.499 ± 0.532 kg in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and defect diameter (3.422 ± 0.972, 2.426 ± 0.599, 2.292 ± 0.479 mm, in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively) showed statistically significant differences between the three groups (P = 0.004 and P = 0.000, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves identified cut-off value for the defect diameter as 2.55 mm, and logistic regression analysis identified the SC probability = (1 + exp -[-2.151 - 0.716*birth weight + 1.393*diameter])-1. Results indicated that male fetuses, full-term birth, muscular VSD, and defects without blood flow crossing the septum, have higher incidence of SC. CONCLUSIONS: The major determinants of SC of isolated VSD are birth weight and diameter of the defect. In addition, VSD location may also affect the SC incidence.

Cardiac-specific PID1 overexpression enhances pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: PID1 was originally described as an insulin sensitivity relevance protein, which is also highly expressed in heart tissue. However, its function in the heart is still to be elucidated. Thus this study aimed to investigate the role of PID1 in the heart in response to hypertrophic stimuli. METHODS: Samples of human failing hearts from the left ventricles of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients undergoing heart transplants were collected. Transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of PID1 were generated, and cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). The extent of cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by echocardiography as well as pathological and molecular analyses of heart samples. RESULTS: A significant increase in PID1 expression was observed in failing human hearts and TAC-treated wild-type mouse hearts. When compared with TAC-treated wild-type mouse hearts, PID1-TG mouse showed a significant exacerbation of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. Further analysis of the signaling pathway in vivo suggested that these adverse effects of PID1 were associated with the inhibition of AKT, and activation of MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION: Under pathological conditions, over-expression of PID1 promotes cardiac hypertrophy by regulating the Akt and MAPK pathway.

[Interaction of Cucurbit[8]uril with ß-Indoleacetic Acid and Methylviologen].

The interaction between Q[8] with ß-indoleacetic acid and the methylviologen was studied in aqueous solution with electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in details. The authors explored the mode of action, action site and thermodynamic properties of the host-guest system. The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy data showed that the Q[8]/IAA system and Q[8]/MV²âº system informed 1:1 inclusion complexes in aqueous solution. ITC results showed that the changes of Gibbs free energy and enthalpy are all negative, it suggested that complex formation was spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Moreover, ITC results for the Q [8] and IAA with MV²âº indicate that the association constants of the Q[8]-IAA and Q[8]-MV²âº complexes were (3.22 ± 0.96) x 105 L · mol⁻¹ and (3.90 ± 0.91) x 106 L · mol⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, the interaction between Q[8] and IAA with the MV²âº was a competitive process. This likely occurs because the MV²âº and IAA molecules attempt to occupy the Q[8] cavity, which reduces the fluorescence and absorption spectra intensity of Q[8]-IAA because of the formation of a new inclusion complex between Q[8] and IAA with MV²âº. In addition, with the addition of MV²âº to a Q[8]/IAA complex, 1H NMR results showed that the indole moieties of ß-indoleacetic acid and bipyridyl group of methylviologen can be incorporated into Q[8] cavities because of electronic transfer MV²âº with PQ in a Q[8] cavity with ternary complexes. These results provides the potential applications for the supramolecular self-assembly in cucurbit[n]urils field.

Transplantation of iPSc ameliorates neural remodeling and reduces ventricular arrhythmias in a post-infarcted swine model.

Neural remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) may cause malignant ventricular arrhythmia, which is the main cause of sudden cardiac death following MI. Herein, we aimed to examine whether induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) transplantation can ameliorate neural remodeling and reduce ventricular arrhythmias (VA) in a post-infarcted swine model. Left anterior descending coronary arteries were balloon-occluded to generate MI. Animals were then divided into Sham, PBS control, and iPS groups. Dynamic electrocardiography programmed electric stimulation were performed to evaluate VA. The spatial distribution of vascularization, Cx43 and autonomic nerve regeneration were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Associated protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Likewise, we measured the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and content of malondialdehyde. Six weeks later, the number of blood vessels increased significantly in the iPSc group. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and connexin 43 in the iPS group was significantly higher than the PBS group; however, the levels of nerve growth factor and tyrosine hydroxylase were lower. The oxidative stress was ameliorated by iPSc transplantation. Moreover, the number of sympathetic nerves in the iPSc group was reduced, while the parasympathetic nerve fibers had no obvious change. The transplantation of iPSc also significantly decreased the low-/high-frequency ratio and arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation-induced VA. In conclusion, iPSc intramyocardial transplantation reduces vulnerability to VAs, and the mechanism was related to the remodeling amelioration of autonomic nerves and gap junctions. Moreover, possible mechanisms of iPSc transplantation in improving neural remodeling may be related to attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

Differential expression profile of long non-coding RNAs during differentiation of cardiomyocytes.

Many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are species specific and seem to be less conserved than protein-coding genes. Some of them are involved in the development of the lateral mesoderm in the heart and in the differentiation of cardiomyocytes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression profiles of lncRNAs during the differentiation of P19 cells into cardiomyocytes, with a view to studying the biological function of lncRNAs and their involvement in the mechanism of heart development. First, we observed the morphology of P19 cells during differentiation using an inverted microscope. Then, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) expression was detected to validate that the cells had successfully differentiated into cardiac myocytes by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and western blotting. Lastly, the expression profile of lncRNA genes was obtained using an lncRNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses. The microarray results showed that 40 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 28 were upregulated and 12 were downregulated in differentiated cardiomyocytes. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were further validated. Our results illustrated a critical role of lncRNAs during the differentiation of P19 cells into cardiac myocytes, which will provide the foundation for further study of the biological functions of lncRNAs and the mechanism of heart development.

Association between haemoglobin, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets and mortality in patients with heart failure.

AIMS: The combination of haemoglobin, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets (HALP) is a new metric used to assess patient prognosis in many diseases. This study aimed to assess the relationship between HALP and short- and long-term mortality in patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with heart failure who were hospitalized between 2019 and 2021. The primary outcomes were 1-month mortality and 1-year mortality. The multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between HALP and the risk of mortality. Stratified analyses were conducted based on New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA) stage (II/III, IV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, <50%, ≥50%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the ability of HALP, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC-HF) risk score in predicting mortality in patients with heart failure. A total of 730 patients with heart failure were included, of whom 61 (8.36%) died within 1 month and 77 (10.55%) died within 1 year. High HALP scores were associated with a reduced risk of 1-month mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 0.978, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.963-0.992, P = 0.003) and 1-year mortality (OR = 0.987, 95% CI: 0.977-0.997, P = 0.009) in patients with heart failure. In patients with different NYHA stages or LVEF levels, high HALP scores were correlated with a reduced risk of 1-year mortality in patients with NYHA stage II/III (OR = 0.978, 95% CI: 0.957-1.000, P = 0.045) or LVEF ≥50% (OR = 0.970, 95% CI: 0.945-0.996, P = 0.024). The AUC for HALP, PNI, CRP, and MAGGIC-HF to predict 1-year mortality in patients with heart failure were 0.677 (95% CI: 0.619-0.735), 0.666 (95% CI: 0.608-0.723), 0.638 (95% CI: 0.572-0.704), and 0.654 (95% CI: 0.591-0.717), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HALP may be a potential marker for predicting mortality in patients with heart failure. Further exploration based on HALP may yield better clinical predictors of prognosis in patients with heart failure.

Compared analysis of LncRNA expression profiling in pdk1 gene knockout mice at two time points.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are related to the occurrence and development of many human diseases, such as cancer and the HELLP and the brachydactyly syndromes. However, studies of LncRNA in heart failure have not yet been reported. Here, we investigated cardiac lncRNA expression profiles in the myocardial-specific knockout pdk1 gene (KO) mouse model of heart failure. METHODS: Cardiac samples were obtained from PDK1 KO and WT mice on postnatal (P) day 8 (P8) and day 40 (P40), and lncRNA expression profiles were analyzed by sequencing and screening using the Arraystar mouse lncRNA microarray. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of these lncRNAs confirmed the identity of some genes. RESULTS: Comparisons of the KO and control groups showed fold changes of >1.5 in the expression levels of 2,024 lncRNAs at P8, while fold changes of >2 in the expression levels of 4,095 lncRNAs were detected at P40. Nineteen lncRNAs were validated by RT-PCR. Bioinformatic and pathway analyses indicated that mkk7, a sense overlap lncRNA, may be involved in the pathological processes of heart failure through the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: These data reveal differentially expressed lncRNA in mice with a myocardial-specific deletion of the pdk1 gene, which may provide new insights into the mechanism of heart failure in PDK1 knockout mice.

α-Lipoic acid ameliorates mitochondrial impairment and reverses apoptosis in FABP3-overexpressing embryonic cancer cells.

Fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) is a low molecular weight protein with distinct tissue distribution, which may play an important role in fatty acid transport, cell growth, cellular signaling, and gene transcription. We have previously shown FABP3 was more highly expressed in myocardium with ventricular septal defects than in normal myocardium and furthermore, that overexpression of FABP3 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces apoptosis in the P19 mouse teratocarcinoma cell line (P19), which is a suitable model for the investigation of cardiac differentiation at the molecular and functional levels. α-Lipoic acid (α-LA), a natural dithiol compound with antioxidant properties, has been reported to protect mitochondrial function in cells. In this study, we established an FABP3-overexpressing P19 cell line for the investigation of the impact of α-LA on mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis in these cells. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, while the effects of α-LA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ATP content and the amount of mitochondrial DNA were analyzed by flow cytometry, a commercially available assay and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. The results revealed that α-LA ameliorated mitochondrial deformation and decreased intracellular ROS production. Furthermore, the MMP, intracellular ATP synthesis and the amount of mitochondrial DNA were also increased. Most significantly, α-LA was shown to reverse apoptosis. Collectively, our results indicate that abnormalities in FABP3 expression contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, and that α-LA represents a suitable candidate for development as a treatment for apoptosis-related congenital cardiac malformations.

Knockdown of FABP3 impairs cardiac development in Zebrafish through the retinoic acid signaling pathway.

Fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) is a member of the intracellular lipid-binding protein family, and is primarily expressed in cardiac muscle tissue. Previously, we found that FABP3 is highly expressed in patients with ventricular-septal defects and is often used as a plasma biomarker in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and may play a significant role in the development of these defects in humans. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of FABP3 in the embryonic development of the zebrafish heart, and specifically how morpholino (MO) mediated knockdown of FABP3 would affect heart development in this species. Our results revealed that knockdown of FABP3 caused significant impairment of cardiac development observed, including developmental delay, pericardial edema, a linear heart tube phenotype, incomplete cardiac loop formation, abnormal positioning of the ventricles and atria, downregulated expression of cardiac-specific markers and decreased heart rate. Mechanistically, our data showed that the retinoic acid (RA) catabolizing enzyme Cyp26a1 was upregulated in FABP3-MO zebrafish, as indicated by in situ hybridization and real-time PCR. On the other hand, the expression level of the RA synthesizing enzyme Raldh2 did not significantly change in FABP3-MO injected zebrafish. Collectively, our results indicated that FABP3 knockdown had significant effects on cardiac development, and that dysregulated RA signaling was one of the mechanisms underlying this effect. As a result, these studies identify FABP3 as a candidate gene underlying the etiology of congenital heart defects.

Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and the prevalence of abdominal aortic calcification.

Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are reported to affect human health. However, it is unclear about the associations between exposure to these chemicals and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). A total of 959 individuals were included in a large representative survey. Urinary levels of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were measured by ion chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. AAC was diagnosed based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There were 276 (28.8%) cases of AAC among the participants. The level of urinary nitrate was significantly lower in AAC patients compared with non-AAC patients (36.4 mg/L [20.6, 59.5] vs. 42.4 [23.8, 68.3]; P = 0.013). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, urinary nitrate was associated with the prevalence of AAC. Compared with the lowest quartile, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) across increasing quartiles were 1.06 (0.69-1.61; P = 0.799), 0.64 (0.41-1.00; P = 0.049) and 0.74 (0.47-1.15; P = 0.180). Restricted cubic splines suggested that urinary nitrate ranging between 43.7 and 115.4 mg/L was associated with a lower risk of AAC. Moderate exposure to nitrate was associated with a lower risk of AAC.

Silencing of FABP3 promotes apoptosis and induces mitochondrion impairment in embryonic carcinoma cells.

Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) (also known as H-FABP) is a member of the intracellular lipid-binding protein family, and is mainly expressed in cardiac muscle tissue. The in vivo function of FABP3 is proposed to be in fatty acid metabolism, trafficking, and cell signaling. Our previous study found that FABP3 is highly regulated in patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and may play a significant role in the development of human VSD. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of FABP3 knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) on apoptosis and mitochondrial function of embryonic carcinoma (P19) cells. The results revealed that downregulated FABP3 expression promoted apoptosis, and resulted in mitochondrial deformation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and decreased intracellular ATP synthesis. In addition, the knockdown of FABP3 also led to excess intracellular ROS production. However, there was no obvious influence on the amount of mitochondrial DNA. Collectively, our results indicated that FABP3 knockdown promoted apoptosis and caused mitochondrial dysfunction in P19 cells, which might be responsible for the development of human VSD.

Insulin sensitivity in the aged heart is improved by down-regulation of KAT7 in vivo and in vitro.

Insulin has an important regulatory effect on the heart, and the important regulatory effect of insulin on the heart is the regulation of substrate utilization. Studies have shown that aging is closely related to insulin resistance, and aging is thought to be one of the underlying causes of insulin resistance. Additionally, chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for aging and aging-related diseases. How to delay or reverse insulin resistance caused by aging is an important scientific problem. In the current study, we used cardiomyocyte cell lines and isolated heart cells as an in vitro model, and aged mice as in vivo model to study the effect of KAT7 on insulin resistance, and results showed that knockdown or inhibiting KAT7 can significantly increase the insulin sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the knockdown of KAT7 could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress caused by aging. These findings indicate that KAT7 can be used as one of the potential targets for the treatment of insulin resistance caused by aging.