Can We Rely on Mobile Devices and Other Gadgets to Assess the Postural Balance of Healthy Individuals? A Systematic Review.

The consequences of falls, costs, and complexity of conventional evaluation protocols have motivated researchers to develop more effective balance assessments tools. Healthcare practitioners are incorporating the use of mobile phones and other gadgets (smartphones and tablets) to enhance accessibility in balance evaluations with reasonable sensitivity and good cost-benefit. The prospects are evident, as well as the need to identify weakness and highlight the strengths of the different approaches. In order to verify if mobile devices and other gadgets are able to assess balance, four electronic databases were searched from their inception to February 2019. Studies reporting the use of inertial sensors on mobile and other gadgets to assess balance in healthy adults, compared to other evaluation methods were included. The quality of the nine studies selected was assessed and the current protocols often used were summarized. Most studies did not provide enough information about their assessment protocols, limiting the reproducibility and the reliability of the results. Data gathered from the studies did not allow us to conclude if mobile devices and other gadgets have discriminatory power (accuracy) to assess postural balance. Although the approach is promising, the overall quality of the available studies is low to moderate.

Emotional and behavioral problems in children of depressed mothers: a school-based study in Southern Brazil.

The present study aimed to verify the association between maternal depression and emotional and behavioral problems in school children in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, considering that maternal depression increases children's vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders. This is a cross-sectional study with a school-based sample conducted between August 2015 and November 2016 and it is part of a major project entitled 'Healthy Childhood in Context: A Multidisciplinary Investigation'. Schoolchildren aged between 7 and 8 years and one of their respective parents or a primary caregiver were included in the study. Maternal depression was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The presence of emotional and behavioral problems in children was verified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) - parents version. Children of depressed mothers exhibited higher mean scores in all SDQ domains and in the total score when compared to children of non-depressed mothers. Lower socio-economic status was also associated with higher SDQ scores. Our results showed the effects of both maternal depression and poverty on children emotional and behavioral problems, which evidence the need for child mental health preventive care, and free quality assistance for both mothers and their children.

Association between obesity and suicide in woman, but not in man: a population-based study of young adults.

The relationship between obesity and suicide risk is still unclear with controversial research results. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between obesity and suicide risk for men and women in a population-based study of young adults. This is a cross-sectional population-based study that identified young adults between 18 and 35 years of age. Suicide risk was investigated through the structured clinical interview Mini. Weight and height were assessed, and participants were classified as normal-weight body mass index (BMI < 30) or obese (BMI > 30). The prevalence of obesity was of 19.9% of the total sample (n = 1953). Obesity was more prevalent among women and participants between 27 and 35 years of age. Suicide risk was present in 13.0% of the sample and more prevalent among women. In our study we found an association between obesity and suicide risk for women, but not for men. Obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of suicide risk in women. Given the strength of the relationship between BMI and suicide, identifying the mechanisms associated with obesity, especially for women, can lead to new insights into the prevention of suicide risk.

Leptin in depressive episodes: is there a difference between unipolar and bipolar depression?

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated whether peripheral leptin levels are associated with current depressive episodes in a cross-sectional study nested within a population-based study. METHODS: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) 5.0 was used to assess the presence of current depressive episodes. The sample was composed of 206 subjects (103 controls and 103 subjects with a current depressive episode) paired by gender, BMI and age. Medication use and lifestyle characteristics were self-reported. RESULTS: Serum leptin levels were lower in currently depressive subjects (10.9 ± 12.0 ng/ml) than in the control group (20.3 ± 24.0 ng/ml; p = 0.023). According to the clinical diagnosis, individuals with bipolar depression present lower leptin levels (8.4 ± 8.1 ng/ml) than those with unipolar depression (12.0 ± 13.4 ng/ml) and the control group (20.3 ± 24.0 ng/ml; p = 0.031). In addition, ANCOVA showed that leptin is an independent factor associated with current depressive episodes (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: A decreased leptin level might be a useful peripheral marker associated with depressive episodes in the context of bipolar disorder.

Immune dysfunction in bipolar disorder and suicide risk: is there an association between peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone and interleukin-1ß?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between peripheral levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) with and without suicide risk (SR), and controls. METHODS: A total of 120 young adults (40 controls, 40 subjects with BD without SR, and 40 subjects with BD with SR) were enrolled from a population-based study carried out in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. BD and SR were assessed through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 5.0), and peripheral markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Levels of CRH were significantly lower both in subjects with BD without SR (p = 0.04) and subjects with BD with SR (p = 0.02) when compared to controls. However, levels of IL-1ß were increased in subjects with BD with SR (p = 0.05) when compared to controls. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, current mood episode, and use of psychiatric medications were not associated with changes in these markers. No correlation was found between peripheral levels of CRH and IL-1ß (p = 0.60) in the population or in the BD with SR group (p = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that peripheral mechanisms linking stress hormones and the immune system might be critical patterns involved in suicidal behavior associated with BD.

High prevalence of suicide risk in people living with HIV: who is at higher risk?

A cross-sectional study was developed to evaluate suicide risk and associated factors in HIV/AIDS patients at a regional reference center for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in southern Brazil. We assessed 211 patients in regard to suicide risk, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, depression, and anxiety. Suicide risk was assessed with Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Module C. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression. Of the total sample, 34.1% were at risk of suicide. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables were independently associated with suicide risk: female gender; age up to 47 years; unemployment; indicative of anxiety; indicative of depression; and abuse or addiction on psychoactive substances. Suicide risk is high in this population. Psychosocial factors should be included in the physical and clinical evaluation, given their strong association with suicide risk.

Biological rhythm and emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren in Southern Brazil.

Emotional and behavioral problems have been considered an indicative of mental disorder in children. Mental health problems affect 10-20% of children and adolescents living in low-income and middle-income countries. Evidence suggests that disruptions in the biological rhythm may be a primary cause of emotional and behavioral changes, which affects several psychological functions and moods. Thus, this study aimed at verifying the association between biological rhythm and emotional and behavioral problems in schoolchildren living in Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with a school-based sample conducted between August 2015 and November 2016. The presence of emotional and behavioral problems in children was verified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), parents' version. This is a 25-item assessment questionnaire used to screen mental health problems in children and adolescents (from 4 to 17 years of age) in the last 6 months. The Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry-Kids (BRIAN-K) was used to measure the degree of biological rhythm disruption. The BRIAN-K consists of 20 items; from among these, 17 items are added to generate a quantitative measure, with greater scores indicating more biological rhythm disruption. The final score can also be divided into four subscales: sleep, social rhythm, eating pattern and overall activities. A total of 609 children responded to the assessment instruments. With regard to parents or primary caregiver, 596 completed the assessment and 13 (2%) were not located or refused to participate in the study. Thus, 596 dyads were included in the analysis. Children with emotional and behavioral problems presented higher scores in all domains of BRIAN-K: sleep, social, activity, eating pattern and total score (p < 0.001). The following variables remained associated with emotional and behavioral problems after adjusted analysis: BRIAN-K total score (p < 0.001) and all subscales sleep (p < 0.001), social (p < 0.001), activity (p < 0.001) and eating pattern (p < 0.001). Children with emotional and behavioral problems presented higher biological rhythm disruption when compared with children without emotional and behavioral problems. Our study emphasizes the importance of biological rhythm and its influence on emotional and behavioral problems in schoolchildren. Early detection of any biological rhythm disruption may enhance further assessment of any eventual emotional and behavioral problem and even a psychopathology.

Epidemiological characteristics of hemophilia in the pre-primary prophylaxis era: a historical cohort

Introduction: Epidemiological studies on hemophilia in the Brazilian population are historically scarce. Despite the continuous effort made by the National Program of Inherited Bleeding Disorders to map this condition, little information is available, especially on the period prior to program conception. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the epidemiological, serological, and clinical characteristics of patients with hemophilia in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: A total of 455 patients had their medical records reviewed from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007. Results: We observed a remarkable prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with both hemophilia A and B, and this prevalence significantly increased along with age (p < 0.001). No positive anti-HCV results were observed among children younger than 5 years old. There was a significant correlation between the severity of hemophilia and the number of arthropathies in all age categories. Considering the presence of inhibitors, a significant difference was observed between age groups, as older patients had higher inhibitor titers. There was a significant correlation between mean coagulation factor consumption and the number of arthropathies in patients over 5 years old. Conclusions: This profile analysis of patients with hemophilia reflects a gradual improvement in treatment safety and efficiency, as well as the need for continued investment in this population. (AU)

Physical benefits and reduction of depressive symptoms among the elderly: results from the Portuguese "National Walking Program".

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in physical fitness and anthropometric parameters as well as depression symptoms among the elderly after participation in the "National Walking Program" (Portugal). The sample consisted of 26 elderly people over six months with a total of 72 exercise sessions. The exercise sessions consisted of aerobics (walking and running) and strength and flexibility exercises. Participants were assessed pre- and post-intervention for physical fitness with the Rikli & Jones test. The anthropometric measurements were assessed with a bioimpedance scale and a stadiometer, and depression with Yesavage's Geriatric Depression Scale. Physical activity was only assessed with an accelerometer at the pre-intervention phase. For statistical analysis, the student t test for paired samples was performed using SPSS 21 software. Statistically significant improvements were found in depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.001), and in all physical fitness tests (p ≤ 0.05) except for flexibility tests (p ≥ 0.05). Waist circumference reduction also showed the positive effects of the intervention (p = 0.031). The conclusion drawn is that participation in the "National Walking Program" for 6 months was effective in improving the physical and psychological health of the elderly.

The impact of anxious symptoms in the remission of depressive symptoms in a clinical trial for depression: follow-up of six months.

BACKGROUND: Studies show high comorbidity between anxiety disorder and depression. Little is known regarding how anxiety symptoms affect prognosis in depression treatment, suggesting the importance of studying the impact of anxiety symptoms in the treatment of depression. We evaluated the impact of anxiety symptoms in the remission of depressive symptoms after brief psychotherapies for depression. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial of 18-29-year-old adults included individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for depression as assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD); anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The protocols of psychotherapy used were: Cognitive Narrative Psychotherapy (CNP) and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy (CBP). Both treatments included seven sessions. At the end of the treatment and six-month follow-up, an evaluation was made with the HRSD and HARS. The sample included 97 patients divided between the protocols of psychotherapy. RESULTS: There was a significant, positive, moderate correlation between the severity of anxiety symptoms at baseline and the remission of depressive symptoms at post-intervention (r=0.38 p<0.001) as well as a significant, positive, low correlation at follow up (r=0.20 p=0.049). We found remission of anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms after brief psychotherapies, and the remission persisted at follow up. LIMITATION: We did not evaluate the diagnosis of anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: The severity of anxiety symptoms did not compromise the treatment focused primarily on depressive symptoms.

Prevalence of comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders: associated factors in a population sample of young adults in southern Brazil.

This research aims to evaluate factors associated with the presence of comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders in young adults aged 18 to 24 years, from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study with a probabilistic sample by conglomerates. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders in the sample (n = 1,561) was of 26.8% of which 9.7% had comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of comorbidities on mood and anxiety disorders is almost three times higher among women than men (p < 0.001). Lower education levels, socioeconomic status (p < 0.001) and a history of divorced parents (p < 0.050) was associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The main conclusion is that social factors are highly associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. Prevention strategies on mental health should focus particularly on women in vulnerable social conditions.

Effects of cognitive psychotherapy on the biological rhythm of patients with depression.

BACKGROUND: Stability between internal and external biological regulators are essential to stable mood states. However, the literature needs studies investigating the effect of brief psychotherapies in the biological rhythm regularization. OBJECTIVE: To verify the capacity regulation of biological rhythms in two models of brief psychotherapy for the remission of depressive symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a randomized clinical trial with young adults aged 18-29 years old who met diagnostic criteria for depression according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). In order to evaluate the biological rhythm the Biological Rhythm of assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) interview was used; whereas the severity of depression was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The psychotherapy models consisted of two cognitive psychotherapies: Cognitive Narrative Therapy (CNT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 97 randomized into two models of brief psychotherapy. The patients regulated the biological rhythm from baseline to post-intervention (p=.001) and follow up (p=.003). We also found a positive moderate correlation between biological rhythm regularization and remission of the depressive symptoms (r=.594; p<.001). CONCLUSION: The two models of brief psychotherapies were effective in the remission of depressive symptoms as well as the regulation of biological rhythms in the follow-up of 6 months. LIMITATIONS: We did not assess genetic, hormonal and neurochemical factors. Also, we did not include patients in pharmaceutical treatment, and with severe symptomatology.

Desenvolvimento da manipulação do bebê em diferentes idades motoras / Development of the baby in handling different motor ages

Verificar o desenvolvimento manipulativo de bebês de diferentes idades por meio de uma intervenção motora. Participaram do estudo 15 bebês que frequentavam escolas de Educação Infantil da cidade de Porto Alegre. A intervenção foi constituída de atividades de manipulação de uma rica variedade de objetos cotidianos, escolhidos no intuito de oferecer diferentes estímulos ao bebê. As avaliações dos bebês foram realizadas no início e ao final do período interventivo através da Escala do Desenvolvimento do Comportamento da Criança no Primeiro Ano de Vida. Foi utilizado o Teste de Wilcoxon para comparações do período pré para o pós-intervenção e descritivamente foi analisado o desenvolvimento dos bebês conforme o seu trimestre de vida. Os resultados sugerem que os bebês tiveram desempenho superior do período pré-intervenção para o pós-intervenção. Intervenções motoras e sensoriais nos primeiros anos de vida proporcionam mudanças positivas no desenvolvimento global dos bebês...(AU)

To assess the manipulative's development of babies from different ages beyound a motor intervention. Participants were 15 infants who attended early childhood education in Porto Alegre. The intervention consisted of handling activities with rich variety of everyday objects, chosen in order to provide different stimuli to the baby. The Scale of Child Development and Behavior performed the evaluations of the infants at the beginning and intervention's end in his/her First Life's Year. It was used the Wilcoxon test for comparisons in the pre and post-intervention and it was analyzed descriptively the babies development as their three months of life. The results suggest that infants have outperformed the pre-intervention and post-intervention. Sensory and motor interventions in the first ages of life provide positive changes in the overall development of infants...(AU)

Estado nutricional, idade e sexo influenciam os níveis de atividade física de escolares? / Does nutritional status, age and sex effects physical activity levels of students?

A redução dos níveis de atividade física e o aumento da obesidade já na infância são preocupantes. Esses dois fatores estão associados a diversos problemas de saúde. A escola e as aulas de educação física são meios importantes de promover hábitos saudáveis de atividade física. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os níveis de atividade física (NAF) durante aulas de Educação Física em relação ao estado nutricional e verificar se existem diferenças em relação ao sexo e a idade (7 a 9 anos). Os NAF de 92 meninos e 95 meninas foram mensurados com pedômetros. O índice de massa corporal foi classificado conforme as curvas do Center of Disease Control. Os resultados evidenciam que 1) crianças obesas apresentaram menores NAF do que crianças saudáveis; 2) meninos apresentaram maiores NAF do que meninas; 3) crianças saudáveis de 8 anos foram mais ativas do que as obesas; aos 9 anos as crianças saudáveis e com excesso de peso apresentaram maiores NAF do que as obesas. A regressão linear mostrou que o sexo e o estado nutricional são preditores significativos dos NAF, explicando 47% e 22% a variância dos NAF, respectivamente. Os resultados encontraram ressaltam a necessidade de estratégias que incluam o aumento dos níveis de atividade física de todas as crianças nas aulas de educação física, principalmente meninas e crianças com excesso de peso.

The reduced levels of physical activity and increased obesity in childhood are concerning. These two factors are associated with several health problems. The school and physical education classes are important means to promote healthy physical activity habits. The aim of the study was to compare the levels of physical activity (LPA) during physical education classes in relation to nutritional status and verified possible differences in relation to sex and age (7 ­ 9 years). The NAF of 92 boys and 95 girls were measured with pedometers. The body mass index was classified according to the curves of the Centers for Disease Control. The results show that 1) obese children have lower LPA than healthy weight children, 2) boys had higher LPA than girls; 3) 8 year old healthy weight children were more active than the obese; healthy weight nine year old children and overweight showed higher LPA than obese children. Linear regression showed that sex and nutritional status are significant predictors of LPA, explaining 47% and 22% of LPA variance, respectively. The results underscore the need to find strategies that include raising levels of physical activity for all children in physical education classes, especially for girls and overweight children.

Physical benefits and reduction of depressive symptoms among the elderly: Results from the Portuguese "National Walking Program" / Benefícios físicos e redução de sintomas depressivos em idosos: resultados do Programa Nacional de Caminhada Português

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in physical fitness and anthropometric parameters as well as depression symptoms among the elderly after participation in the "National Walking Program" (Portugal). The sample consisted of 26 elderly people over six months with a total of 72 exercise sessions. The exercise sessions consisted of aerobics (walking and running) and strength and flexibility exercises. Participants were assessed pre- and post-intervention for physical fitness with the Rikli & Jones test. The anthropometric measurements were assessed with a bioimpedance scale and a stadiometer, and depression with Yesavage's Geriatric Depression Scale. Physical activity was only assessed with an accelerometer at the pre-intervention phase. For statistical analysis, the student t test for paired samples was performed using SPSS 21 software. Statistically significant improvements were found in depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.001), and in all physical fitness tests (p ≤ 0.05) except for flexibility tests (p ≥ 0.05). Waist circumference reduction also showed the positive effects of the intervention (p = 0.031). The conclusion drawn is that participation in the "National Walking Program" for 6 months was effective in improving the physical and psychological health of the elderly.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as alterações nos idosos após a participação no Programa Nacional de Marcha e Corrida de Portugal, em relação ao nível de aptidão física, medidas antropométricas, bem como os sintomas depressivos. Fizeram parte da amostra 26 idosos por um período de 6 meses com total de 72 aulas, que foram conduzidas com exercícios aeróbicos (marcha e corrida), de força e flexibilidade. Os dados de aptidão física foram mensurados pelo teste de Rikli & Jones, os dados antropométricos através de balança de bioimpedância/estadiômetro e a depressão pela Escala de Depressão Geriatria de Yesavage, estas informações foram coletadas pré e pós-intervenção. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por acelerômetro apenas na pré-intervenção. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa SPSS através do teste t-Student para amostras pareadas. Encontramos uma melhora significativa no pré para o pós-teste nos sintomas depressivos (p ≤ 0.001) e em todos os testes de aptidão física (p ≤ 0.05), com exceção dos de flexibilidade (p ≥ 0.05). A redução da circunferência da cintura também demonstrou os efeitos positivos da intervenção (p = 0.031). Podemos concluir que a participação no programa de Marcha e Corrida durante 6 meses foi eficaz na melhora da saúde física e psicológica do idoso.

Percepção de competência motora e índice de massa corporal influenciam os níveis de atividade física? / Do perceived motor competence and body mass index effect physical activity levels?

A obesidade associada aos baixos níveis de atividade física (NAF) está aumentando. A obesidade é motivo de grande preocupação relacionada à saúde física e psicossocial. Crianças obesas são frequentemente excluídas de esportes, jogos e brincadeiras ativas, porque acreditam ser menos habilidosos, possivelmente afetando a percepção de competência motora (PCM). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as relações entre a PCM, o estado nutricional e o NAF nas aulas de educação física de meninas e meninos de 5-10 anos de idade (n = 259). A PCM foi avaliada com as escalas Percepção de Competência e Aceitação para Crianças Jovens e Escala de Auto Percepção para Crianças (HARTER, PIKE, 1984; HARTER, 1985); o estado nutricional foi avaliado a partir do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e categorizado conforme os critérios do Center of Disease Control (2008). Os NAF foram mensurados através da utilização de pedômetros em 4 aulas de educação física. Estatística descritiva, ANOVA oneway, Correlação de Pearson e regressão linear (p≤0,05) foram utilizados para analisar os dados. Crianças com alta PCM foram mais ativas nas aulas de educação física do que crianças com moderada e baixa PCM (P< 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para IMC (P<0,05) e NAF (P<0,05). Correlações significativas fracas a moderadas entre: NAF e PCM; PCM e IMC foram observadas. O modelo de regressão linear com PCM e IMC como preditoresfoi significativo somente para meninas e para crianças de 8-10 anos explicando 4% e 8% da variância de NAF, respectivamente. PCM foi o único preditor de NAF. A PCM é um fator importante de ser considerado ao delinear intervenções e aulas de educação física que almejam aumentar NAF especialmente para meninas e crianças de 8-10 anos de idade.

Obesity levels are increasing associated with lower levels of physical activity (PA) nowadays. The obesity levels are reason of great concern related to physical and psychosocial health related issues. Overweight and obese children are often excluded from sports, games and active play because they are believed to be less skillful, possibly affecting their perceived motor competence (PMC).The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between PMC, nutritional status and PA in physical education classes of 5-10 year old students. The PMC was assessed with Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance for Young Children and The Self-Perception Profile for Children(HARTER, PIKE, 1984; HARTER, 1985); the nutritional status was assessed and categorized according to Center of Disease Control (2008) guidelines; PA were assessed with pedometers in 4 physical education sessions. To analyze the data descriptive statistics, ANOVA one way, Pearson Correlations and linear regression (p≤0,05) were used. Children with high PMC were more active than children with moderate and low PMC. No differences were found in PA for children in different BMI categories. We found low to moderate correlations between: PA and PMC; PMC and BMI. Linear regression model with PMC and PA as predictors was significant for girls and 8-10 years old children and explained 4% and 8% of the variance of PA respectively. PMC was the only predictor of PA. PMC is an important factor to be considered for planning interventions and physical education classes with the goal to increase PA especially for girls and 8-10 year old children.

Prevalence of comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders: associated factors in a population sample of young adults in southern Brazil / Prevalência de comorbidades entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade: fatores associados em uma amostra populacional de adultos jovens no Sul do Brasil / Prevalencia de la comorbilidad entre el estado de ánimo y los trastornos de ansiedad: factores asociados en una muestra de población de adultos jóvenes en el sur de Brasil

This research aims to evaluate factors associated with the presence of comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders in young adults aged 18 to 24 years, from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study with a probabilistic sample by conglomerates. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders in the sample (n = 1,561) was of 26.8% of which 9.7% had comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of comorbidities on mood and anxiety disorders is almost three times higher among women than men (p < 0.001). Lower education levels, socioeconomic status (p < 0.001) and a history of divorced parents (p < 0.050) was associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The main conclusion is that social factors are highly associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. Prevention strategies on mental health should focus particularly on women in vulnerable social conditions.

Esta investigação teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de comorbidades entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade, assim como seus fatores associados, em adultos jovens entre 18 e 24 anos de idade em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em estudo transversal de base populacional a seleção amostral foi feita por conglomerados. O Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) foi utilizado para avaliar os transtornos de humor e ansiedade. A prevalência de transtornos mentais na amostra estudada (n = 1.561) foi de 26,8%, dos quais 9,7% apresentaram comorbidade entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade. A comorbidade entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade foi quase três vezes maior entre as mulheres quando comparadas aos homens (p < 0,001). Níveis mais baixos de escolaridade, nível socioeconômico (p < 0,001) e histórico de pais divorciados (p < 0,050) apresentaram-se associados com comorbidade entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade. A principal conclusão é que os fatores sociais são altamente associados com comorbidade entre transtornos de humor e ansiedade.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la presencia de comorbilidad entre el estado de ánimo y la ansiedad, así como sus factores asociados en adultos jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años de edad, en Pelotas, sur de Brasil. Es un estudio poblacional transversal, basado en una selección de la muestra realizada por conglomerados. Se utilizó el Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) para evaluar los trastornos del estado de ánimo y la ansiedad. La prevalencia de los trastornos mentales en la muestra de estudio (n = 1.561) fue de 26,8%, de los cuales 9,7% tenían trastornos del estado de ánimo comórbidos y ansiedad. La comorbilidad entre el estado de ánimo y la ansiedad fue casi tres veces mayor entre las mujeres en comparación con los hombres (p < 0,001). Los niveles más bajos de educación, nivel socioeconómico (p < 0,001), y con padres divorciados (p < 0,050) se asociaron con trastornos del estado de ánimo comórbidos y ansiedad. La principal conclusión es que los factores sociales están altamente asociados con la comorbilidad entre el estado de ánimo y la ansiedad.

Estratégias de ensino nas aulas de dança: demonstração, dicas verbais e imagem mental / Teaching strategies in dance classes: modeling, verbal cues and mental imagery

Estratégias de ensino, como demonstração, dicas verbais e imagem mental, têm sido consideradas importantes mediadores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de revisitar os estudos clássicos de aprendizagem motora, bem como a literatura atual com o foco na aprendizagem e no uso das estratégias de ensino na dança. O objetivo da revisão é discutir formas práticas de implementar o uso sistemático dessas estratégias no ensino da dança. Esta revisão conclui com reflexões críticas a respeito de como a teoria pode ser aplicada nas práticas cotidianas de um professor de dança.

Teaching strategies such as modeling, verbal cues and mental imagery have been regarded as important mediators of the learning process. This review has the goal of revisiting the classical studies of motor learning as well as current literature focusing on learning and the use of these strategies in dancing. The goal of the review is to focus on practical ways to implement the use of these strategies systematically in dance instruction. This review concludes with critical insights on how this theoretical framework can be applied in everyday practices of dance teachers.

Educação infantil e intervenção motora: um olhar a partir da teoria bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner / Educación infantil e intervención motriz: una mirada a partir de la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner / Children education and motor intervention: a look from the bioecological theory of Bronfenbrenner perspective

Este estudo investigou a relação entre o enriquecimento do contexto da creche e a legislação vigente. Três estudos de caso com bebês foram conduzidos no paradigma da Teoria Bioecológica. Os resultados demonstraram que os bebês apresentaram novas competências de manipulação, controle postural e interação social. Entretanto a qualidade dos cuidados oferecidos na creche era restrita à higiene e alimentação. A intervenção pode ser implementada no espaço da creche; entretanto faz-se necessário se fazer cumprir a legislação no que diz respeito à formação e capacitação de educadores e à razão criança-educadores para efetivamente transformar o caráter assistencialista da educação infantil.

This study investigated the relations between the enrichment of the daycare context and legislation. Three case studies of babies took place with the theoretical support of the Bioecological theory of human development, designed by Bronfenbrenner. The results showed that the babies developed: many new competencies, manipulative, postural control and social interaction skills. However the quality of care offered by the daycares was restricted to hygiene and feeding. The motor intervention can be implemented in the day care context; however it is necessary to assure that the legislation is held liable when it comes to teacher education and children-teacher ratio to effectively change the assistance character of children education.

El estudio ha investigado la relación entre enriquecimiento del contexto de la guardería infantil y la legislación vigente. Tres estudios de caso con bebés fueron conducidos en el paradigma de la Teoría Bioecológica. Los resultados han demostrado que los bebés presentaron nuevas competencias de manipulación, control postural e interacción social. Sin embargo, la calidad de los cuidados que brinda la guardería era restricta a higiene y alimentación. La intervención puede ser implementada en el espacio de la guardería; pero es necesario hacer cumplir la legislación con respecto a la formación y capacitación de educadores y razón niños educadores para efectivamente transformar el carácter asistencialista de la educación infantil.

Teste de Desenvolvimento Motor Grosso: Validade e consistência interna para uma população Gaúcha / Test of Gross Motor Development: expert validity, confirmatory validity and internal consistence

O Teste de Desenvolvimento Motor Grosso (TDMG-2) é um instrumento usado para avaliar o nível de desenvolvimento motor de crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de traduzir e verificar a validade dos critérios motores quanto à clareza e pertinência por juizes; a validade fatorial confirmatória; e, a consistência interna teste-reteste da versão portuguesa do TGMD-2. A versão na língua portuguesa foi obtida a partir do método de tradução cross-cultural. Participaram do estudo 7 profissionais e 587 crianças de 27 escolas (ensino infantil e fundamental), com idades entre 3 e 10 anos (51.1% meninos, e, 48,9% meninas). Cada criança foi filmada realizando o teste duas vezes. Os escores foram obtidos a partir do vídeotape. Os resultados indicam que a versão portuguesa do TGMD-2 contém critérios motores claros e pertinentes; apresenta índices satisfatórios de validade fatorial confirmatória (χ2/gl = 3,38; Goodness-of-fit Index = 0,95; Ajusted Goodness-of-fit index = 0,92 e Tucker e Lewis´s Index of Fit = 0,83) e consistência interna teste-reteste (locomoção: r= 0,82; objeto: r = 0,88). A versão em português do TGMD-2 mostrou-se válida e fidedigna na amostra estudada.

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) is an instrument used to evaluate children’s level of motor development. The objective of this study was to translate and verify the clarity and pertinence of the TGMD-2 items by experts and the confirmatory factorial validity and the internal consistence by means of test-retest of the Portuguese TGMD-2. A cross-cultural translation was used to construct the Portuguese version. The participants of this study were 7 professionals and 587 children, from 27 schools (kindergarten and elementary) from 3 to 10 years old (51.1% boys and 48.9% girls). Each child was videotaped performing the test twice. The videotaped tests were then scored. The results indicated that the Portuguese version of the TGMD-2 contains clear and pertinent motor items; demonstrated satisfactory indices of confirmatory factorial validity (χ2/gl = 3.38; Goodness-of-fit Index = 0.95; Adjusted Goodness-of-fit index = 0.92 and Tucker and Lewis’s Index of Fit = 0.83) and test-retest internal consistency (locomotion r = 0.82; control of object: r = 0.88). The Portuguese TGMD-2 demonstrated validity and reliability for the sample investigated.