Localized provoked vestibulodynia: outcomes after modified vestibulectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and estimate both short-term and long-term effectiveness of a large cohort of women treated with modified vestibulectomy in a single surgical service. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 202 patients who were treated with modified vestibulectomy for localized provoked vestibulodynia at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, were mailed a questionnaire to document severity of vulvar pain or discomfort before and after the surgery. RESULTS: In total, 115 patients returned the questionnaire. Of the 71 patients who before surgery reported pain when inserting a tampon, 52 reported attempting to insert a tampon after surgery. Of these 52 patients, 47 (90.4%) noticed moderate to substantial improvement. Pain with sexual intercourse occurred in 97.3% (107/ 110) of patients before surgery. After surgery, 90 (84.1%) of those 107 patients noted moderate to substantial improvement in their pain with intercourse. CONCLUSION: Modified vestibulectomy was a successful treatment for patients with localized provoked vestibulodynia and resulted in strong patient satisfaction, long-term effectiveness, minimal scarring, and few postoperative complications.

The impact of surgical guidelines and periodic quality assessment on the staging of endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of surgical guidelines and transparent periodic assessment of surgical quality on endometrial cancer (EC) staging by gynecologic oncologists in a single institution and to identify process-of-care, patient-specific, and disease-specific risk factors that influence surgical quality. METHODS: In January 2004, a prospective treatment algorithm was implemented for EC at our institution. The number of nodes harvested was a surrogate, and staging quality from 2004 to 2008 (quality assessment [QA] interval) was compared with the previous 5 years (pre-QA interval). Since 2004, low-risk cases based on frozen section examination had not undergone lymphadenectomy and were excluded. Independent patient-specific, disease-specific, and surgery-related risk factors influencing lymphadenectomy quality during both intervals were identified with multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection (LND) in surgical EC management before QA (n=420) were 77.9% and 48.8% vs 89.3% and 83.4% during the QA (n=561) (P<.001). The median number of pelvic and para-aortic nodes harvested in LND was 29 and 10 before QA vs 34 and 16 during the QA interval (P<.001). With acceptance of stringent criteria for defining systematic LND (mean node count-1 SD) during the QA, systematic pelvic (≥22 nodes) and para-aortic (≥10 nodes) LNDs occurred in 57.4% and 25.7% of cases before QA vs 77.9% and 70.7% during the QA interval (P<.001). In patients with LND, rates of systematic pelvic and para-aortic LND were 73.7% and 53.0% before vs 87.2% and 84.8% after QA (P<.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed independent factors influencing systematic pelvic and para-aortic LND (P<.01): surgeon and stage during the pre-QA interval vs surgical approach; intraoperative ascites; body mass index; surgeon; patient age; and myometrial invasion after QA implementation. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of detailed surgical guidelines and transparent periodic assessment of surgical quality translated to dramatic improvement in quality of surgical EC staging. This implementation was associated with a transition to more patient-specific risk factors influencing systematic LND. Although surgical quality metrics were markedly enhanced during QA, persistent variability observed among surgeons and the change in surgical approach render continuous QA and improvement obligatory.

Extended antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of surgical-site infections in morbidly obese women who undergo combined hysterectomy and medically indicated panniculectomy: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare surgical-site infection rates in obese women who had extended prophylactic antibiotic (EPA) vs standard prophylactic antibiotic. STUDY DESIGN: An electronic records-linkage system identified 145 obese women (body mass index, >30 kg/m(2)) who underwent combined hysterectomy and panniculectomy from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2008. The EPA cohort received standard antibiotics (cefazolin, 2 g) and continued oral antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) until removal of drains. Regression models were used to adjust for known confounders. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.0 + or - 12.1 years, and mean body mass index was 42.6 + or - 8.4 kg/m(2) (range, 30-86.4 kg/m(2)). The EPA cohort experienced fewer surgical-site infections (6 [5.9%] vs 12 [27.9%]; P < .001; adjusted odds ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.51; P < .001), had lower probability of incision and drainage (3 [2.9%] vs 5 [11.6%]; P = .05), and required fewer infection-related admissions (5 [4.9%] vs 6 [13.9%]; P = .08). CONCLUSION: Extended antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce surgical-site infections in obese women after combined hysterectomy and panniculectomy.

Human papillomavirus in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome by using a recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set that detects known papillomavirus types. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively identified 38 patients with vulvar vestibulitis who underwent therapeutic surgical excision of the vestibule. Eleven controls without vestibulitis who underwent vestibular excision for conditions unrelated to HPV infection were identified prospectively. Surgical specimens were examined for the presence of HPV DNA by PCR amplification. DNA sequencing was used to determine HPV type. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV among patients with vestibulitis was 21% vs. 36% among controls. Group B HPV types accounted for 4 of the 10 (40%) HPV types found in patients with vestibulitis. Overall, in both patient and control samples, a spectrum of HPV types was identified, encompassing many branches of the HPV phylogenetic tree. No etiologic association was apparent. CONCLUSION: This study did not support an association of HPV with vulvar vestibulitis. The low rate of observed infection in women with and without vestibulitis and the diversity of HPV types identified suggest incidental virus carriage rather than direct cause and effect. The underlying cause of this debilitating condition remains unknown.

Aggressive surgical effort and improved survival in advanced-stage ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Residual disease after initial surgery for ovarian cancer is the strongest prognostic factor for survival. However, the extent of surgical resection required to achieve optimal cytoreduction is controversial. Our goal was to estimate the effect of aggressive surgical resection on ovarian cancer patient survival. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIC ovarian cancer undergoing primary surgery was conducted between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998. The main outcome measures were residual disease after cytoreduction, frequency of radical surgical resection, and 5-year disease-specific survival. RESULTS: The study comprised 194 patients, including 144 with carcinomatosis. The mean patient age and follow-up time were 64.4 and 3.5 years, respectively. After surgery, 131 (67.5%) of the 194 patients had less than 1 cm of residual disease (definition of optimal cytoreduction). Considering all patients, residual disease was the only independent predictor of survival; the need to perform radical procedures to achieve optimal cytoreduction was not associated with a decrease in survival. For the subgroup of patients with carcinomatosis, residual disease and the performance of radical surgical procedures were the only independent predictors. Disease-specific survival was markedly improved for patients with carcinomatosis operated on by surgeons who most frequently used radical procedures compared with those least likely to use radical procedures (44% versus 17%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Overall, residual disease was the only independent predictor of survival. Minimizing residual disease through aggressive surgical resection was beneficial, especially in patients with carcinomatosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

Small bowel obstruction associated with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse.

BACKGROUND: Patients may present with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse in conjunction with small bowel obstruction. Prior pelvic surgery, malignancy, and radiation therapy may be associated with this presentation. CASE: An 83-year-old multiparous woman with a history of poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma was treated with radiation therapy, total abdominal hysterectomy, and salpingo-oophorectomy. Anterior exenteration was performed for a recurrence. Seventeen years after her last pelvic operation, she had small bowel obstruction that coincided with a worsening post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse. Surgical management included a side-to-side ileoileostomy and excision with closure of the vaginal apex. CONCLUSION: Although pelvic organ prolapse primarily affects quality of life, clinicians should be alert for bowel obstruction occurring with post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse.

Vestibulectomy for vulvar vestibulitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if surgery is an effective therapy for vulvar vestibulitis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of all patients having vestibulectomy at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from 1992 to 2001 was performed. A scoring system measuring objective and subjective findings was used both preoperatively and postoperatively to assess the effects of surgery. A paired t test was used to analyze the difference between preoperative and postoperative symptom scores. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test evaluated changes in symptom scores. RESULTS: Thirty-eight of 42 patients (90%) with "pure" vulvar vestibulitis, as determined by physical findings and pathologic confirmation, had a significant improvement (P < .01) in their symptoms. The remaining 4 patients had confounding factors that may explain their lack of improvement. CONCLUSION: Vestibulectomy is a simple and very effective treatment for vulvar vestibulitis.

Phase I trial of intraperitoneal administration of an oncolytic measles virus strain engineered to express carcinoembryonic antigen for recurrent ovarian cancer.

Edmonston vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) have shown significant antitumor activity in preclinical models of ovarian cancer. We engineered MV to express the marker peptide carcinoembryonic antigen (MV-CEA virus) to also permit real-time monitoring of viral gene expression in tumors in the clinical setting. Patients with Taxol and platinum-refractory recurrent ovarian cancer and normal CEA levels were eligible for this phase I trial. Twenty-one patients were treated with MV-CEA i.p. every 4 weeks for up to 6 cycles at seven different dose levels (10(3)-10(9) TCID(50)). We observed no dose-limiting toxicity, treatment-induced immunosuppression, development of anti-CEA antibodies, increase in anti-MV antibody titers, or virus shedding in urine or saliva. Dose-dependent CEA elevation in peritoneal fluid and serum was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis of patient tumor specimens revealed overexpression of measles receptor CD46 in 13 of 15 patients. Best objective response was dose-dependent disease stabilization in 14 of 21 patients with a median duration of 92.5 days (range, 54-277 days). Five patients had significant decreases in CA-125 levels. Median survival of patients on study was 12.15 months (range, 1.3-38.4 months), comparing favorably to an expected median survival of 6 months in this patient population. Our findings indicate that i.p. administration of MV-CEA is well tolerated and results in dose-dependent biological activity in a cohort of heavily pretreated recurrent ovarian cancer patients.

Pain relief and functional status after vaginal hysterectomy: intrathecal versus general anesthesia.

PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that the use of subarachnoid block (SAB) for vaginal hysterectomy produces superior postoperative analgesia and improves functional status at 12 weeks postoperatively. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial 89 patients received either standardized general anesthesia vs SAB with bupivacaine, clonidine, and morphine. Postoperatively, patients in both groups received multimodal pain management. Primary outcomes included evaluation of pain and functional status (SF-36 Health Survey) over the 12 postoperative weeks. RESULTS: Pain was well controlled throughout the study, as judged from the average pain numerical scale scores of < or = 3 in both groups, at all times studied. Intrathecal analgesia lessened pain and decreased the use of morphine both in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and over the first 12 hr after discharge from the PACU (P < 0.001). Although patients who received SAB had a lower frequency of postoperative nausea in the PACU than the patients in the general anesthesia group (P = 0.021), this effect was not extended beyond the PACU stay. Subarachnoid block did not affect the length of hospitalization. At the two-week follow-up 69% of patients in the SAB group and 48% patients in the general anesthesia group were pain free (P = 0.044). At all evaluation intervals patients' functional status was comparable between the SAB and general anesthesia group. CONCLUSIONS: A significantly better immediate postoperative analgesia was present in the SAB group, and the duration was consistent with the expected action of intrathecally administered drugs. Two weeks after surgery a higher percentage of the patients in the SAB group reported no pain. However, SAB had no effect on either length of hospitalization or patients' postoperative functional status.