The barriers to linkage and retention in care for women living with HIV in an high income setting where they comprise a minority group.

Women comprise a minority population of individuals living with HIV in Australia, and are often poorly represented in research and clinical trials so their needs remain largely unknown. Data suggests that they are diagnosed later than men and start antiretroviral therapy at a lower CD4 cell count. This raises the question whether there are sex specific barriers to linkage and retention in care. This study analyzed 484 surveys received from clinicians collecting demographic, virological, and reproductive health data along with perceived barriers to linkage and retention in care. Most women (67%) were estimated to have been linked into care within 28 days of diagnosis. For women who were not linked into care for more than 28 days, the most commonly reason cited was fear of disclosure to others, followed by fear of disclosure to their partner. The main reasons given for non-retention in care were related to transport, carer responsibilities, financial pressure, health beliefs and concern about stigma or disclosure.

Principles of haemophilia care: The Asia-Pacific perspective.

Optimal haemophilia care is best established and implemented through a well-coordinated plan guided by clearly defined principles and priorities. A document which enunciates those details is therefore important. A successful example of this approach is the definition of principles of haemophilia care (PHC) outlined by the European Association for Haemophilia and Associated Disorders (EAHAD) and also the World Federation of Hemophilia. A similar document applicable to the Asia-Pacific region must take into account not only the highly varied healthcare systems but also the tremendous socio-economic and cultural diversities which impact provision of such care. The Asia-Pacific Haemophilia Working Group (APHWG), representing the countries in this region, has prepared this perspective of the PHC. While endorsing the overall framework outlined by EAHAD, this APHWG document emphasizes regional priorities on education and training of healthcare personnel in the diagnosis and management of hereditary bleeding disorders. Central coordinating agencies with wide stakeholder input, networks of haemophilia treatment centres and national registries as well as robust processes for procurement and distribution of safe and effective clotting factor concentrates (CFCs), implementation of prophylaxis programmes and management of patients with inhibitors should also be developed. The implementation of these strategies should lead to establishment of good comprehensive care programmes. This document should also be an advocacy tool to lobby for improved care for people with haemophilia (PWH) in the region. We urge national healthcare policy makers to consider these principles and initiate strong and decisive action to reach these goals.

Using self-report surveys at the beginning of service to develop multi-outcome risk models for new soldiers in the U.S. Army.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. Army uses universal preventives interventions for several negative outcomes (e.g. suicide, violence, sexual assault) with especially high risks in the early years of service. More intensive interventions exist, but would be cost-effective only if targeted at high-risk soldiers. We report results of efforts to develop models for such targeting from self-report surveys administered at the beginning of Army service. METHODS: 21 832 new soldiers completed a self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) in 2011-2012 and consented to link administrative data to SAQ responses. Penalized regression models were developed for 12 administratively-recorded outcomes occurring by December 2013: suicide attempt, mental hospitalization, positive drug test, traumatic brain injury (TBI), other severe injury, several types of violence perpetration and victimization, demotion, and attrition. RESULTS: The best-performing models were for TBI (AUC = 0.80), major physical violence perpetration (AUC = 0.78), sexual assault perpetration (AUC = 0.78), and suicide attempt (AUC = 0.74). Although predicted risk scores were significantly correlated across outcomes, prediction was not improved by including risk scores for other outcomes in models. Of particular note: 40.5% of suicide attempts occurred among the 10% of new soldiers with highest predicted risk, 57.2% of male sexual assault perpetrations among the 15% with highest predicted risk, and 35.5% of female sexual assault victimizations among the 10% with highest predicted risk. CONCLUSIONS: Data collected at the beginning of service in self-report surveys could be used to develop risk models that define small proportions of new soldiers accounting for high proportions of negative outcomes over the first few years of service.

Predicting non-familial major physical violent crime perpetration in the US Army from administrative data.

BACKGROUND: Although interventions exist to reduce violent crime, optimal implementation requires accurate targeting. We report the results of an attempt to develop an actuarial model using machine learning methods to predict future violent crimes among US Army soldiers. METHOD: A consolidated administrative database for all 975 057 soldiers in the US Army in 2004-2009 was created in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Of these soldiers, 5771 committed a first founded major physical violent crime (murder-manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated arson, aggravated assault, robbery) over that time period. Temporally prior administrative records measuring socio-demographic, Army career, criminal justice, medical/pharmacy, and contextual variables were used to build an actuarial model for these crimes separately among men and women using machine learning methods (cross-validated stepwise regression, random forests, penalized regressions). The model was then validated in an independent 2011-2013 sample. RESULTS: Key predictors were indicators of disadvantaged social/socioeconomic status, early career stage, prior crime, and mental disorder treatment. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.80-0.82 in 2004-2009 and 0.77 in the 2011-2013 validation sample. Of all administratively recorded crimes, 36.2-33.1% (male-female) were committed by the 5% of soldiers having the highest predicted risk in 2004-2009 and an even higher proportion (50.5%) in the 2011-2013 validation sample. CONCLUSIONS: Although these results suggest that the models could be used to target soldiers at high risk of violent crime perpetration for preventive interventions, final implementation decisions would require further validation and weighing of predicted effectiveness against intervention costs and competing risks.

Understanding the elevated suicide risk of female soldiers during deployments.

BACKGROUND: The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) has found that the proportional elevation in the US Army enlisted soldier suicide rate during deployment (compared with the never-deployed or previously deployed) is significantly higher among women than men, raising the possibility of gender differences in the adverse psychological effects of deployment. METHOD: Person-month survival models based on a consolidated administrative database for active duty enlisted Regular Army soldiers in 2004-2009 (n = 975,057) were used to characterize the gender × deployment interaction predicting suicide. Four explanatory hypotheses were explored involving the proportion of females in each soldier's occupation, the proportion of same-gender soldiers in each soldier's unit, whether the soldier reported sexual assault victimization in the previous 12 months, and the soldier's pre-deployment history of treated mental/behavioral disorders. RESULTS: The suicide rate of currently deployed women (14.0/100,000 person-years) was 3.1-3.5 times the rates of other (i.e. never-deployed/previously deployed) women. The suicide rate of currently deployed men (22.6/100,000 person-years) was 0.9-1.2 times the rates of other men. The adjusted (for time trends, sociodemographics, and Army career variables) female:male odds ratio comparing the suicide rates of currently deployed v. other women v. men was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1-6.8), became 2.4 after excluding soldiers with Direct Combat Arms occupations, and remained elevated (in the range 1.9-2.8) after adjusting for the hypothesized explanatory variables. CONCLUSIONS: These results are valuable in excluding otherwise plausible hypotheses for the elevated suicide rate of deployed women and point to the importance of expanding future research on the psychological challenges of deployment for women.

Echocardiography has minimal yield and may not be warranted in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without clinical risk factors for endocarditis.

Current guidelines recommend performing echocardiography in all patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB), but patients at very low risk of endocarditis may not benefit from this investigation. This study seeks to identify patients at very low risk of endocarditis. A retrospective single-center consecutive case series of patients with SAB was examined. Microbiological and echocardiographic data were used to identify patients with community onset, prolonged bacteremia, and intracardiac prosthetic devices. The diagnostic performance of these criteria for endocarditis as measured against transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was calculated. 593 episodes of SAB were examined over a period of 6 years. 10 % were excluded from analysis due to death or discharge less than 48 h after the first positive blood culture or no admission to hospital, leaving 532 episodes for analysis. 64 % of the included episodes were investigated with echocardiography: 39 % with TEE and 26 % with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) only. 16 % of the episodes investigated with echocardiography were demonstrated to have endocarditis. The rate of endocarditis was higher for episodes undergoing TEE (24 %) than TTE only (5 %). There were no instances of endocarditis amongst the 23 episodes investigated with TEE where none of the three risk factors were present. This group represented 57 % of the nosocomial (non-community-onset) episodes investigated with TEE. Patients with none of the three criteria examined in this study have a very low rate of endocarditis and may fall below the test threshold for echocardiography.

Medical co-morbidities and practice.

All-oral treatments of hepatitis C (HCV) have been trialled in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders and found to be effective. Further refinements of dosing and duration are being established. Importantly for patient acceptability these regimens are interferon-free. Cohort studies in older patients with haemophilia direct the need for attention to weight control, exercice, assessment of cardiovascular risk, especially hypertension and detection of osteoporosis. Where patients live a long way from a comprehensive care centre, telemedicine connections can engage centre experts with the patient and his/her local practitioners in devising and monitoring care plans.

Tranexamic acid without prophylactic factor replacement for prevention of bleeding in hereditary bleeding disorder patients undergoing endoscopy: a pilot study.

The risk of bleeding in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders (HBD) undergoing gastro-intestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures is unknown but guidelines generally recommend correction of factor deficiency. Investigate the safety of oral tranexamic acid (TA) without prophylactic factor replacement to prevent bleeding complications in patients with HBD undergoing elective GI endoscopic procedures. A prospective single-arm pilot study testing the feasibility of using TA, without prophylactic factor replacement or desmopressin preprocedure, for prevention of bleeding complications following elective standard risk (<1% risk of bleeding) endoscopic procedures in patients with HBD. Baseline factor levels, haemoglobin and iron studies (IS) were measured preprocedure. Primary outcome of bleeding (NCI CTCAE v3.0 Bleeding Scale) was undertaken by patient review and repeat Hb, IS on day 21. Twenty-eight patients underwent 32 GI endoscopic procedures from September 2010 until June 2012. The median age was 53 years (range 24-75 years) and disease types included mild haemophilia A/B (n = 12), severe haemophilia A/B (n = 9), von Willebrand disease (n = 5), FXI deficiency (n = 1) and FVII deficiency (n = 1). Procedures performed included 11 gastroscopies, 12 colonoscopies, 8 gastroscopies and colonoscopies and 1 flexible sigmoidoscopy. Fourteen standard risk procedures and two high risk procedures were performed. Two patients experienced Grade 1 bleeding and one patient experienced Grade 2 bleeding. This study suggests that TA without prophylactic factor replacement may be a safe approach for mild and moderate HBD patients undergoing standard risk endoscopic procedures, particularly where no biopsy is performed. These findings should be confirmed in a larger study.

Prevalence of transfusion-acquired hepatitis C in an Australian bleeding disorders population.

In Australia prior to 1992, many patients with bleeding disorders were exposed to hepatitis C through blood products. However, the incidence, complications and response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in this population are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CHC and response to treatment in an Australian bleeding disorders population. Demographic data, virological data and liver disease status from these 700 patients with inherited bleeding disorders were analysed. Of these 700 patients, 424 (61%) had been tested for CHC infection and 219 (52%) were hepatitis C antibody positive, with the prevalence approaching 100% in patients with severe bleeding disorders. Of 219 patients, 73 (33%) had received treatment for their infection with a response rate of 33/73 (45%) across all genotypes. Of 219 patients, 34 (16%) had spontaneous viral clearance. When measured with transient elastography, 44/98 (45%) patients with CHC had significant liver fibrosis and 15/98 (15%) had liver cirrhosis. Of 130 patients, 38 (29%) with CHC infection had no evidence of follow-up with an appropriate clinician in the past 2 years. This study demonstrates that testing for CHC in this population is incomplete and treatment rates are low. Given the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with CHC and new therapeutic options becoming available, it seems important to reengage patients to diagnose, offer treatment and monitor this infection.

Guidelines for the management of hemophilia.

Hemophilia is a rare disorder that is complex to diagnose and to manage. These evidence-based guidelines offer practical recommendations on the diagnosis and general management of hemophilia, as well as the management of complications including musculoskeletal issues, inhibitors, and transfusion-transmitted infections. By compiling these guidelines, the World Federation of Hemophilia aims to assist healthcare providers seeking to initiate and/or maintain hemophilia care programs, encourage practice harmonization around the world and, where recommendations lack adequate evidence, stimulate appropriate studies.

Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction following total joint replacement in haemophilia--23-year experience in knees, hips and elbows.

Joint replacement surgery is an available option for end-stage haemophilic arthropathy. However, reports with long-term follow-up are limited. Moreover, patient satisfaction in this setting has never been measured. We share our institution's experience with joint arthroplasty in haemophilic arthropathy and report on clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Between 1985 and 2007, 65 consecutive joints in 45 patients (mean age: 48.6; range: 22-83) underwent joint replacement surgery. Of these, 40 total knee replacements in 31 patients, 18 total hip replacements in 16 patients and 6 total elbow replacements in 3 patients were included. Average follow-up was 10.7 years (2.4-24.3). Charts were reviewed retrospectively and patients were asked to return for clinical assessment and completion of questionnaires. According to the Knee Society clinical score, postoperative results were good to excellent in 83% of knees. According to the Harris Hip Score, results were good to excellent in 31% of hips. According to the Mayo Elbow Performance Score, results were good to excellent in 83% of elbows. Complication rates are higher than in the non-haemophilic population, while prosthesis survival rates are lower. Patient satisfaction with pain relief is higher than satisfaction with functional improvement. For 88% of joints, patients are willing to have the same operation again. This study confirms previous knowledge on the role of total joint arthroplasty in haemophilic arthropathy. Despite high complication rates and modest functional outcomes, the operations are valuable for achieving pain relief. In general, patients find that risks are outweighed by the benefits.

Tertiary prophylaxis in adults: is there a rationale?

There is lack of evidence-based recommendations or clear-cut consensus regarding the clinical and economic utility of regular prophylaxis started in adulthood, with the aim of keeping the clinical situation from getting worse by prevention of further bleeds contributing to increasing musculo-skeletal or other morbidity in haemophilia. Such a prophylaxis program has been shown in relatively small cohorts to be effective in reducing bleeding occurrence, with a variable effect on the joint status, but with significantly higher factor consumption and consequently higher costs than on-demand therapy. There has been no attempt to identify subsets of patients who may benefit from "tertiary" prophylaxis more than others, for example, due to their bleeding phenotype and/or requirements for product issued on-demand or to identify the dosage that provides the optimal balance of clinical benefit and cost effectiveness. This article reviews the published literature on prophylaxis started beyond the age of 18 years, the barriers to the uptake of prophylaxis programs particularly in adults and highlights areas in need of further research.

Effects of different pretreatments on the bond strength of a dual-cure resin core material to various fiber-reinforced composite posts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different pretreatments on the bond strength of a dual-cure resin core to 3 types of fiber posts. Bond strength was measured using a push-out design. One-sided t-Test of Hypothesis with unknown variance was performed (p-values < 5%). Sandblasting abrasion with 50 micro alumina particles at a specific distance, pressure and time was the only surface treatment in DT Light Post and Transluma Post that increased the bond strength to dual cure resin composite cores. FRC Postec Plus post did not shown an increase in bond strength in any group.

Dental surgery with minimal factor support in the inherited bleeding disorder population at the Alfred Hospital.

In oral surgery, patients with inherited bleeding disorders have historically had factor cover where possible. Factor support is expensive, time consuming to administer and places the patient at a potential risk of complications of therapy. A protocol employing rigorous local measures and minimal factor replacement was used to obtain haemostasis following simple and complex oral surgery on 50 consecutive patients with inherited bleeding disorders, referred to the Alfred Health Dental Unit from the Ronald Sawers Haemophilia Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne. Excellent haemostasis was achieved using standardized local measures of 5% tranexamic acid solution, surgicel and monocryl sutures. Oral surgery may be considered safe to perform in patients with inherited bleeding disorders using minimal factor support and meticulous local haemostatic measures.

Cost variation in diabetes care delivered in English hospitals.

AIMS: We analysed the in-hospital costs of diabetic patients admitted to English hospitals and aimed to assess what proportions of cost variation are explained by patient and hospital characteristics. METHODS: We used Hospital Episode Statistics and reference costs for all patients admitted to diabetes care for all English hospitals for the financial year 2005/2006. Our sample included 31 371 patients admitted to 148 hospitals. We applied a multi-level approach. We analysed the relationship between patient costs and patient characteristics. We estimated the average cost of being treated in each hospital after controlling for patient characteristics. In addition, we explored why these average costs vary across hospitals. RESULTS: Much of the variation in the costs of controlling diabetes was driven by the Healthcare Resource Group to which the patient was allocated, but costs were also higher for patients who were transferred between hospitals, suffered infections and other complications, or for those who died in hospital. Even so, approximately 8-9% of the variation in costs was related to the hospital in which the patient was treated, with geographical variation in factor prices being the prime reason for this variation. The volume of patients, and the number and diversity of specialties involved in caring for diabetic patients did not explain the variation in the cost of treating diabetic patients across hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare Resource Groups and diagnostic markers are significant patient-related cost drivers in diabetes care. Costs are not lower in hospitals with a high volume of patients and where diabetes care is concentrated in few specialties.

Effectiveness of a balance training home exercise programme for adults with haemophilia: a pilot study.

Adults with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders often develop lower limb musculoskeletal problems associated with bleeds into joints and muscles, which may affect balance performance and increase likelihood of falling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized balance and strength home exercise programme on improving balance and related outcomes for adults with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Twenty male adults with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders (mean age 39.4 years, 95% CI = 33.7-45.1) were recruited to participate. They underwent a comprehensive clinical and force platform assessment of balance and related measures. Based on assessment findings, the assessing physiotherapist provided an individualized home exercise programme of balance, strengthening and walking exercises. Re-assessment occurred after the 4-month exercise programme. Twelve participants (60%) completed the programme and were re-assessed. There were no safety problems or dropouts associated with the exercise programme aggravating joint status. Although there were no statistically significant changes in any of the measures (adjusted for multiple comparisons), there were improvements of between 5% and 22% on 10 of the 16 measures, with the Neurocom modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (P = 0.036) and Timed Sit to Stand (P = 0.064) approaching significance. A tailored home exercise programme targeting balance, strengthening and walking is feasible for adults with haemophilia and other bleeding disorders. These results suggest that positive physical outcomes including improved balance and mobility may be achieved with this type of programme.

Balance dysfunction in adults with haemophilia.

The main focus of lower limb physical performance assessment in people with haemophilia (PWH) has usually been on function, muscle strength and joint flexibility. The impact of haemophilic arthropathy on balance and falls risk is relatively under-explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate balance and related performance in PWH compared with age and gender matched healthy controls. It involved a comprehensive suite of clinical and laboratory measures of static and dynamic balance, mobility, strength, physical activity and falls efficacy completed in 20 PWH (mean age 39.4, 100% male) and 20 controls. Fifty percent of PWH reported falls in the past 12 months. Moderate impairment of balance and related measures were identified in PWH compared with the controls, with an average 35% difference between groups. Significant differences were evident between groups on both clinical and laboratory measures, including measures of dynamic bilateral stance balance [limits of stability measures on the laboratory test, functional reach; (P < 0.001); dynamic single leg balance (Step Test, P < 0.001)], gait and mobility (gait speed, step width and turning measures on the laboratory test, timed up and go test; P < 0.001); muscle strength (timed sit to stand, P = 0.002; quadriceps strength, P < 0.001); and activity level and falls efficacy, (P < 0.004). The dynamic clinical and laboratory measures testing similar domains of balance, gait and mobility had moderate correlations (0.310 < r < 0.531, P < 0.01). Moderate impairments in balance, mobility and related measures were identified in PWH, compared with the control group. Clinicians should include assessments of balance and related measures when reviewing adults with haemophilia.

Clinical efficacy and safety of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor concentrate BIOSTATE in patients with von Willebrand's disease: a prospective multi-centre study.

von Willebrand's disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by deficient levels of or dysfunctional von Willebrand factor (VWF). This phase II/III open-label, multicentre study evaluated the efficacy and safety of BIOSTATE, a high purity plasma-derived double-virus inactivated FVIII/VWF concentrate, when used in non-surgical bleeds, surgical procedures and prophylactic therapy in VWD patients for whom desmopressin treatment was deemed ineffective, inadequate or contraindicated. Twenty three patients (7 type 1, 9 type 2 and 7 type 3; 12 male, 11 female), who received FVIII/VWF concentrate as part of their VWD management, were recruited prospectively between December 2004 and May 2007 from eight centres in Australia and New Zealand. BIOSTATE dosing was based on pre-treatment FVIII:C and/or VWF:RCo plasma levels and a predetermined dosing guide. Haemostatic efficacy of BIOSTATE was rated as excellent or good for all major and minor surgery events, long-term prophylaxis, and for four of the six assessable non-surgical bleeding events. Blood transfusions were required by two major surgery patients as well as one patient with a non-surgical bleed. The median overall exposure to BIOSTATE across all groups was 8 days, greater in the prophylactic group (range 53-197) compared with major surgery (3-24), minor surgery (1-8) and non-surgical bleeds (1-10). BIOSTATE was shown to be efficacious and well tolerated when treating patients with VWD. This study also provides important insights into dosing regimens with BIOSTATE and the role of monitoring therapy with FVIII:C and VWF:RCo.

Psychosocial adaptation in female partners of men with prostate cancer.

The objective was to explore the psychosocial adaptation of female partners living with men with a diagnosis of either localized or metastatic prostate cancer. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 50 women at two time points (baseline and 6 months later). The interviews examined emotions, experiences, attitudes to sexual and continence issues and treatment decision making. As part of a larger prospective observational study, demographic data and scores for depression and anxiety were collected. Initial analysis demonstrated that the group of 11 women assessed as distressed on the anxiety and depression measures described reduced coping skills and poorer adaptation after 6 months. In contrast, the 39 women in the non-distressed group reported emotional adaptation that fitted the Lazarus and Folkman pattern of coping through appraisal of the impact of the diagnosis on their partner and themselves, appraisal of coping strategies and reappraisal of the situation. A surprise finding was the high level of resilience displayed by majority of these women. Results suggest that a psychosocial intervention could strengthen healthy adaptation and provide better coping skills for distressed couples.